A 

STATISTICAL  VIEW 

OF  THE 

COMMERCE 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA: 

ITS  CONNECTION  WITH 

AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

AND    AN    ACCOUNT    OF    THE 

PUBLIC  DEBT,  REVENUES,  AND  EXPENDITURES 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES. 

WITH     A     BRIEF     REVIEW     OF     THE     TRADE,     AGRICULTURE,     AND 

MANUFACTURES     OF     THE     COLONIES,     PREVIOUS     TO 

THEIR    INDEPENDENCE. 

ACCOMPANIED    WITH  TABLES,    ILLUSTRATIVE    OF   THE 
PRINCIPLES  AJ\"D  OBJECTS  OF  THE  WORK. 


BY  TIMOTHY  PITKIN, 

A   MEMBER  OF  THE  HOljSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATESj 
FROM  THE  STATE  OF  COXXECTICUT 


HARTFORD : 

PRINTED    BY    CHARLES    HOSMER. 

1816. 


DISTRICT  OF  CONNECTICUT,  ss 

(seal.)  BE  it  SEsiEMBMiEi),  That  on  the  twelfth  day  of  January,  in  the  for- 
s — y  tieth  year  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
Timothy  Pitkix,  of  the  said  district,  deposited  in  this  office  the  title 
of  a  hook,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  Author,  in  the  words  following-, 
to  wit : 

"  A  statistical  view  of  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  of  America  : 
its  connection  with  agriculture  and  manufactures  :  and  an  account  of  the 
public  debt,  revenues,  and  expenditures  of  the  United  States.  With  a  brief 
view  of  the  trade,  agriculture,  and  manufactures  of  the  colonies,  previous 
to  Lheir  independence,  accompanied  with  tables,  illustrative  of  the  princi- 
ples and  objects  of  the  work.  By  Tjmothv  Pitkix,  a  member  of  the  house 
of  Representatives,  of  the  United  States,  from  the  State  of  Connecticut." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  State,  entitled, 
rt  An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of 
maps,  charts,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies, 
during  the  times  therein  mentioned." 

HENRY  W.  EDWARDS, 

Clerk  of  the  District  of  Connecticut. 

A  true  copy  of  record,  examined  and  sealed  by  me. 

HENRY  W.  EDWARDS, 

Clerk  of  the  District  of  Connecticut. 


I 

ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  greater  part  of  the  following  collection  of  tables  and 
facts  was  made  without  any  view  to  publication.  Being 
shewn  to  some  of  our  friend?,  they  thought  it  would  be  useful, 
that  additions  should  be  made  to  it,  of  other  important  ta- 
bles, relative  to  the  same  subject,  scattered  through  a  mass  of 
public  documents,  which  few  possessed,  or  were  able  to  pro- 
cure, without  great  expense  ;  and  that  the  whole,  in  a  con- 
densed form,  should  be  presented  to  the  public. 

Influenced,  in  no  small  degree,  by  their  wishes  and  opinions, 
we  consented  to  the  undertaking.  The  original  plan  was  en- 
larged, by  adding  a  brief  review  of  the  state  of  the  Colonies, 
relative  to  commerce,  agriculture,  and  manufactures,  previous 
to  their  independence. 

Statistical  enquiries  have  been  less  the  subject  of  attention  in 
America,  than  in  Europe.  During  the  last  fifty  years,  many 
statistical  works  have  appeared,  giving  particular  accounts  of 
the  power,  wealth  and  resources  of  most  of  the  European  nations. 

As  the  United  States  have  been  considered,  and  justly  so, 
as  the  second  commercial  nation  in  the  world,  it  cannot  be  un- 
interesting to  every  American  citizen,  to  become  acquainted 
with  the  facts,  tending  to  shew,  that  they  are  entitled  to  this  rank. 

That  enquiries  of  this  nature  are  useful  and  important,  in 
many  respects,  is  acknowledged  by  all,  who  have  attended  to 
them.  They  are  particularly  so,  to  merchants,  and  to  all,  who 
are  concerned,  in  the  management  of  national  affairs :  and  ev- 
ery individual  must  feel  an  interest,  in  obtaining  a  knowledge 
of  the  wealth  and  resources  of  his  own  country. 

As  necessarily  connected  with  the  subject  of  our  enquiry, 
we  have  given  a  view  of  the  public  debt,  revenues,  and  expen- 
ditures, from  the  commencement  of  the  government,  to  as  fate 
a  period  as  we  were  abl»,  from  official  documents,  to  which  we 


Q  A  ;j7  tz  n>  q 


iV  ADVERTISEMENT. 

had  access.  The  public  debt  is  brought  down  to  the  20th  of 
February,  A.  D.  1815,  when  it  was  ascertained  to  be,  about  one 
hundred  and  eight  millions  of  dollars.  From  late  official  doc- 
uments, it  appears,  that  up  to  the  1st  of  October  following,  it 
had  increased,  to  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  millions. 

The  following  collection,  therefore,  may  be  resorted  to,  by 
all,  who  may  wish  to  be  acquainted  with  the  exports  and  im- 
ports of  the  United  States,  and  the  quantity  and  value  of  the 
various  articles  exported  and  imported,  with  the  general  com- 
merce of  the  United  States,  and  the  amount  of  their  trade 
with  particular  nations,  with  the  amount  of  their  tonnage, 
public  debt,  revenues,  and  expenditures,  at  different  periods, 
since  the  establishment  of  the  present  government. 

We  have  added,  by  way  of  appendix,  an  account  of  the  coin- 
age of  the  extensive  kingdom  of  New -Spain,  which  adjoins  the  U. 
States  on  the  West,  and  an  authentic  sketch  of  its  commerce,  in 
1810,  particularly  that  part  carried  on  from  the  port  of  La  Vera 
Cruz,  on  the  Gulph  of  Mexico  ;  also  a  statistical  view  of  the  fi- 
nances, trade,  and  commerce  of  Great-Britain  and  Ireland,  from 
1801  to  1813,  which  was  laid  before  Parliament,  in  July,  1813, 
in  the  form  of  resolutions,  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer. 

Many  of  the  tables,  in  this  collection,  were  obtained  direct- 
ly from  the  Treasury  books,  and  have  never  been  published  ; 
and  great  pains  have  been  taken,  that  the  tables  and  calcula- 
tions should  be  correct.  In  such  a  number  of  figures  and  cal- 
culations, however,  some  errors  will,  probably,  be  found.  It 
is  hoped,  they  will  be  few  and  unimportant. 

In  making  the  collection,  we  have  aimed  at  fidelity  and  im- 
partiality ;  and  in  presenting  it  to  the  public,  our  oftject  is, 
to  give,  as  far  as  the  subject  admits,  a  condensed  and  connect- 
ed view  of  the  wealth  and  resources  of  the  American  nation  at 
different  periods.  Should  it  meet  the  approbation  of  the  pub- 
lic, and  serve,  in  some  degree,  to  lay  the  foundation  of  more  ex- 
tensive and  useful  enquiries  on  the  subject,  in  future,  we  shall 
be  satisfied,  January,  1810 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER  I. 


nor.. 


A  spirit  of  commercial  enterprise  led  to  the  discovery  and  settle- 
ment of  America — Policy  of  the  European  nations  with  respect  to 
their  American  Colonies — Trade  of  the  Colonies  restricted  at  dif- 
ferent periods — Report  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  concerning  the 
trade  and  manufactures  of  the  Colonists,  in  the  year  1731  and 

■  1732 — Colonies  restricted  in  some  manufactures — Bounties  given 
en  the  importation  of  certain  articles  into  England,  the  produce  of 
the  Colonies — Population,  exports,  and  imports  at  different  peri- 
ods— Plan  of  union  agreed  upon,  by  Commissioners  fvom  several 
Colonies — Tcnnage  and  vessels  built  in  the  Colonies  about  the 
vear  1770. 


CHAPTER  U. 


Commerce  interrupted,  during  the  American  revolutionary  war — 
Old  Congress  no  power  to  regulate  commerce,  or  to  levy  duties  on 
imports' — Amount  of  the  public  debt  in  1783 — Requisitions  upon 
die  states  for  the  payment  of  it  not  complied  with — Power  to  levy 
certain  duties  on  imports  not  granted  to  the  old  Congress  by  the 
states — Depreciation  of  the  public  debt — Exports  from  the  United 
States  to  Great-Britain,  and  imports  from  Great-Britain,  from  1784, 
to  1790 — Distressed  state  of  the  country — Meeting  of  Commission- 
ers at  Annapolis  in  1786 — Adoption  of  the  new  Constitution,  and 
(he  organization  of  the  government  under  it  in  1789. 


VI  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  HI. 


Exports — Divided  into  those  of  domestic,  and  those  of  foreign  ori- 
gin.— Exports  of  domestic  produce,  distinguished  into  those,  which 
are  1st.  the  produce  of  the  sea — 2d.  the  produce  of  the  forest — 3d. 
the  produce  of  agriculture — and  4th,  manufactures — Products  of 
the  sea,  derived  from  the  cod  and  whale  fisheries — State  of  the  cod 
fishery  previous  to  the  American  revolution,  and  to  the  time  of  the 
establishment  of  the  present  government — Number  of  vessels  em- 
ployed in  the  fishery  from  1791  to  1813,  and  quantity  of  fish  ex- 
ported during  the  same  period — Whale  fishery  originated  at  Nan- 
tucket in  1690 — Amount  of  tonnage  and  number  of  seamen  em- 
ployed in  it  at  different  periods — Value  of  exports,  the  produce  of 
the  fisheries  from  1803  to  1814 — Products  of  the  forest — viz.  lum- 
ber, naval  stores,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  skins  and  furs,  ginseng,  and 
oak  bark,  and  other  dyes — Value  and  quantity  of  each  exported 
at  different  periods.         ....  . 

CHAPTER  IV. 


The  produce  of  agriculture  divided  into  that,  1st.  which  constitutes 
vegetable  food,  as  wheat,  flour,  rice,  indian  com,  rye,  &c. — 2d.  the 
products  of  animals,  as  beef,  pork,  butter,  lard,  cheese,  and  cattle, 
horses,  &c. — 3d.  tobacco — 4th.  cotton,  and  5th.  others  of  less  im- 
portance,  as  flax-seed,  indigo,  wax,  &c. — The  quantity  and  value  of 
each  of  these  exported  at  different  periods — Value  of  manufactures 
exported — A  comparative  view  of  the  value  of  the  products  of  the 
sea,  of  the  forest,  of  agriculture,  and  manufactures  exported  in 
chicIi  year  from  1803  to  1814. 89 


CHAPTER  V 


EXPORTS  OF  FOREIGN"  PRODUCE. 

Neutral  trade  of  the  United  States  increased  by  the  wars  in  Europe— 
Their  trade  in  foreign  produce  greater,  than  in  domestic,  in  1805, 
1806,  and  1807— Quantity  of  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  pepper,  and  goods 


CONTENTS.  Vll 

paying  ad  valorem  duties  exported,  in  each  year,  from  1791  to  1814 
— Quantity  of  sugar  and  coffee,  and  goods  subject  to  ad  valorem 
duties  imported  from  different  countries  in  1807 — Quantity  of  su- 
gar and  coffee  exported  to  different  countries,  in  different  years — 
Average  quantity  of  wines,  spirits,  teas,  cocoa,  and  pepper,  export- 
ed in  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807.         135 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Imports  into  the  United  States — Their  trade  with  different  parts  of 
the  world  at  different  periods — Particular  account  of  the  trade 
with  Great-Britain,'  France,  and  other  countries — A  comparative 
view  of  exports  and  imports  in  different  years — Value  of  the  prin- 
cipal articles  imported  at  different  periods — Amount  of  cotton  and 
woollen  goods  imported  from  Great-Britain  in  1806  and  1807,  and 
wines  and  brandies  from  France — Origin  of  their  trade  with  China 
and  the  East-Indies — Quantity  of  teas  imported  in  different  years 
from  1790  to  1812. 151 

CHAPTER  Vn. 

Amount  of  trade  with  the  different  quarters  of  the  world — Balance 
of  trade — Estimate  of  the  quantity  of  certain  imported  articles 
consumed  in  the  United  States,  at  different  periods.         -         -         -     241 

CHAPTER  Vni. 

Public  debt  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  government — Fund- 
ed, and  on  what  terms — Sinking  Fund — Increase  or  decrease  of  the 
debt  at  different  periods — By  whom  owned  in  1803 — Amount  at 
the  time  of  the  declaration  of  the  late  war  between  the  United 
States  and  Great-Britain — Its  increase  since — Amount  and  terms 
of  the  late  loans,  and  issues  of  Treasury  Notes — Sketch  of  the  na- 
tional debt  and  sinking  fund  of  Great -Britain.  ....     261 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Revenues,  derived,  principally,  from  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage 
— Amount  received  from  the  customs,  from  the  commencement  of 


V1U  CONTJiNTS. 


t lie  Government,  lo  1814 — Gross  and  net  amount  of  the  customs, 
accruing  annually,  in  each  state  and  territory,  from  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Government,  to  December  31st,  1810,  with  the  amount 
of  drawbacks,  &c. — An  account  of  internal  duties  laid  prior  to 
1802 — Amount  received,  prior  to,  and  since  their  repeal  in  that 
year — Various  internal  taxes  laid  since  1812 — Direct  taxes,  which 
have  been  laid,  at  different  periods — Amount  of  the  valuation  of 
lands  and  houses,  in  1799 — Comparative  view  of  the  value  of  lands 
and  houses,  in  1799,  and  1814,  in  several  states — Proceeds  of  sales 
of  public  lands — Estimate  of  the  quantity  of  public  lands  yet  un- 
sold— Post-Office  establishment — Amount  of  postage  received- 
Receipts  and  expenditures,  at  different  periods.         t  -         -         -         307 


CHAPTER  X 


Tonnage  of  the  United  States — Amount  employed  in  loreigii  trade, 
and  in  the  coasting  trade,  at  different  periods — Increase  of  Ame- 
rican tonnage,  from  1793  to  1810 — Tonnage  owned  in  each  state, 
in  1810,  and  in  the  ports  of  Boston,  NeW-York,  Philadelphia,  Bal- 
timore, and  Charleston — Vessels  built,  from  1804  to  1813 — Compar- 
ative view  of  American  tonnage,  with  that  of  other  nations — 
Amount  of  foreign  tonnage,  in  American  foreign  trade,  at  differ- 
ent periods,  and  the  nations  to  which  it  belonged — American 
navy,  in  1815.         -         -  -----         38; 


CONTENTS 

OF  THE  TABLES  ANNEXED  TO  THE  CHAPTERS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

PAGE. 

Table  No.  I. — Value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  North-Ame- 
rican Colonies,  in  1769, 19,20 

No.  II. — An  account  of  the  principal  articles  exported  from  the 
North-American  Colonies,  including'  the  islands  of  New-Found- 
land,  Bahama,  and  Bermuda,  and  the  countries  to  which  the 
articles  were  sent,  with  their  official  value,  in  the  year  1770,  21 — 23 

CHAPTER  IH. 

Table  No.  I. — A  summary  statement  of  the  value  of  the  exports 
of  the  several  states  and  territories,  annually,  from  the  1st  of 
October,  1790,  to  the  30th  of  September,  1810,         -        -        -    51—53 

No.  n. — Value  of  exports,  the  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture 
of  the  United  States,  from  each  state  and  territory,  annually, 
from  1st  October,  1802,  to  3Qth  September,  1810,         -         -  54 

No.  HI. — Value  of  exports,  the  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture 
of  foreign  countries,  from  each  state,  &c.  annually,  from  October 
1st,  1802,  to  September  30th,  1810, 55 

No.  IV. — Aggregate  of  articles  exported  from  the  United  States, 

for  each  year,  from  1791  to  1814,         -         -        ,         -        -         56—73 

No.  V. — State  of  the  cod  fishery  in  Massachusetts,  from  1765  to 

1775,  and  from  1786  to  1790, 74 

No.  VI. — Produce  of  the  fisheries,  exported  from  the  United  States, 
from  about  August  20th,  1789,  to  September  30th,  1790,        -  75 

No.  VII. — The  countries  to  which  cod  fish,  dried  and  pickled,  was 
exported  in  each  year,  from  1800  to  1811,  with  the  quantity 
exported  to  each  country, 76,77 

Nos.  VIII.  and  IX. — State  of  the  whale  fishery  in  Massachusetts, 
from  1771  to  1775,  and  from  1787  to  1789,         -        -         -  78,79 

No.  X. — The  countries,  to  which  whale  and  spermaceti  oil  was  ex- 
ported, with  the  quantity  exported  to  each  country,  from  1800 
to  1811, 80,81 

Nos.  XI.  Xn.  and  XIH.— The  conntries,  to  which  staves  and  head- 
ing, shingles,  boards  and  plank,  were  exported,  from  1800  to  1811,     82—84 

Nos.  XIV.  XV.  XVI.  and  XVII.— The  countries,  to  which  tar  and 
turpentine,  pot  ajid  pearlashes,  were  exported,  from  1800  to  1811,    85— 8K 

B 


No.  II. 

do. 

Flour, 

do. 

No.  III. 

do. 

Rice, 

do. 

No.  IV. 

do 

Beef, 

do. 

No.  V. 

do 

Pork, 

do. 

No.  VI. 

do. 

Tobacco, 

do. 

No.  VII. 

do. 

Sea-Island  Cotton, 

do. 

No.  VIII 

do. 

other  Cotton, 
CHAPTER  V. 

do. 

X  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  IV 

PAGE. 

Table  No.  I. — Countries  to  which  wheat  was  exported,  from  1800 

to  1811,  -        -  1'25 

126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132,133 


I'Ar.i.E  No.  I.     do.         Brown  Sugar,  do.  145,146 

No.  II.  do,         White  Sugar,  clayed  or  powdered,    do.  147 

No.  Ill  do.         Coffee,  do.         148,149 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Table  No.  I. — Value  of  imports  into  the  United  States,  from  each 
nation  and  dependencies  in  each  year,  from  1795  to  1801,  inclu- 
sive, .......         212—214 

No.  II — Value  of  exports  from  the  United  States,  to  each  nation 

and  dependencies,  from  1795  to  1802,         ....         215 — 217 

No.  III. — Amount  of  goods  imported  into  the  United  States,  for  the 
year  ending  September  30th,  1807 — including  goods  paying  du- 
ties ad  valorem,  and  the  quantity  and  estimated  value  of  all  other 

articles, 218,219 

No.  IV. — Imports  into  Great-Britain,  from  the  United  States,  (ex- 
clusive of  Scotland)  in  1806,  1807  and  1808,  including  the  ar- 
ticles and  their  value,         220,221 

No.  V. — Exports  from  Great-Britain  (exclusive  of  Scotland)  to  the 
United  States,  for  1806, 1807  and  1808,  includingthe  articles  and 

their  value, 222,223 

.No.  VI. — Total  official  and  real  value  of  all  imports  into,  and  ex- 
ports from,  Great-Britain,  (exclusive  of  Scotland,  and  the  East- 
Indies,  and  China)  in  1806,  1807  and  1808,  distinguishing  for- 
eign merchandize  from  British  produce  and  manufacture,  -  221 
No.  VII. An  acc.uunl  of  the  total  value  of  woollen  manufac- 
ture, exported  from  Great  Britain,  from  1790,  to  1799,  with  the 
various  countries,  to  which  they  were  sent,  ....  225 
Xo.  \  III — Official  value  of  'all  imports  into, anil  exports  from  Great- 
Britain,  for  three  years,  ending  5th  of  January,  1811,  distinguish- 


CONTENT.';.  XI 

SAGE. 

mg  each  year,  and  distinguishing  the  value  of  imports  from  the 
East-Indies  and  China,  from  the  value  of  all  other  imports  ;  al- 
so distinguishing  the  value  of  British  produce  and  manufactures 
exported,  from  the  value  of  foreign  articles  exported,  with  the 
difference  between  the  official  and  declared  value  of  British  pro- 
duce and  manufactures,  exported  in  the  year,  ending  January  5th 
1811,  with  an  appendix,  containing  theparticular  articles  import- 
ed and  exported,  with  the  value  of  each,  for  those  years,       -       226 — 232 

X'o.  IX. — Exports  from  the  United  States  to  the  British  West-In- 
dies, in  1802,  1803  and  1804,  containing  the  quantity  and  value 
of  the  articles  exported,  ......  233,234 

Xo.  X. — Imports  into  the  United  States,  from  the  British  "West-In- 
dies, for  1802,  1803  and  1804,  containing  the  quantity  and  value 
of  the  articles  imported,  with  the  amount  of  duty  on  the  same,       -      235 

Xo.  XI. — Principal  exports  from  St.  Petersburgh  in  Russia,  to  the 
United  States,  in  each  year  from  1783,  to  1804,  with  the  num- 
ber of  American  ships  employed,  in  each  year,  in  the  intercourse 
between  that  port  and  the  United  States,        ....    236 — 239 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Table  Xo.  I— Statement  of  the  value  and  quantities  respectively 
of  merchandize  (paying  duties  ad  valorem,)  spirits,  molasses, 
wines,  teas,  coffee,  sugar,  and  salt,  paying  duties  on  their  im- 
portation in  each  year  from  1790  to  1800,  and  consumed  in  the 
United  States, -  -  250,251 

Xo.  II. — Amount  of  goods  paying  duties  ad  valorem,  imported  into 
the  United  States,  with  the  duties  accruing  thereon — also,  the 
amount  of  the  same  goods  exported,  distinguishing  those  enti- 
tled to  drawback,  and  those  not  entitled  to  drawback,         -         -         252 

No.  III. — Quantity  of  spirits,  molasses,  wines,  teas,  coffee,  sugar, 
and  salt,  imported  into  the  United  States,  also  the  quantity  of 
the  same  articles  exported,  and  consumed  in  the  United  States, 
for  each  year,  from  1801  to  1812, 253—255 

Xo.  IV.— Number  of  Inhabitants  in  the  United  States,  and  in  each 

state  and  territory  in  1790, 256 

Xo.  V.     do.      do.    in  1800,  - 257,258 

Xo.  VI.   do.      do.    in  1810, 259,260 

CHAPTER  VIE. 

Table  Xo.  I.— Amount  of  the  national  debt  of  Great-Britain,  in 
1689,  and  at  the  commencement  and  termination  of  each  war 
.since,  to  February  1st,  1813, 305 


Ill  CONTENTS. 

TABi. 

"No.  II. — Amount  of  money  applied  to  the  redemption  of  the  nation- 
al funded  debt  of  Great-Britain,  and  of  capital  and  interest  re- 
deemed from  1786,  to  1st  February,  1813,  and  the  produce  of 
the  sinking  fund  at  that  time,         ....  -  -  306 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Table  No.  I. — Statement  exhibiting-  the  gross  and  net  amount  of 
the  customs,  together  with  the  amount  of  drawbacks,  &c.  and 
expenses  of  collection,  in  each  state  and  territory,  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  Government,  annually,  to  31st  day  of 
December,  1810, 347— 37+ 

No.  II. — Statement  exhibiting1  the  amount  of  duties  collected  on 

wines,  spirits,  &.c.  from  1793  to  1810,        ....  373,374 

No.  III. — Amount  of  duties  accruing- on  the  following-  articles,  im- 
ported in  1806,  with  the  rates  of  duties  on  each,         -  -  375,376 

No.  IV*. — A  g-eneral  view  of  the  assessment  and  apportionment  of 
the  direct  tax,  laid  by  the  acts  of  Congress,  of  July  9th,  and  July 
14th,  1798, 377,378 

No.  V. — Table  of  the  post-office  establishment,  from  1789,  to  Octo- 
ber 1,  1813, 379 

No  VI. — An  account  of  the  post-office  establishment,  in  each  state 
and  territory,  in  the  year  1802, 380,381 

No.  VII. — A  statement  of  the  annual  revenue  of  the  United  States, 
from  the  commencement  of  the  federal  government,  until  the 
30th  of  September,  1812,  comprising  the  net  amount  derived 
from  the  customs,  internal  taxes,  direct  tax,  sale  of  lands,  and 
all  other  sources  ;  also,  an  account  within  the  same  period,  of 
the  annual  expenditures,  on  account  of  the  army,  Indian  depart- 
ment, the  navy,  foreign  intercourse,  Barbary  powers,  civil  list, 
miscellaneous  civil,  formed  in  pursuance  of  a  resolution  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  Suites,  of  the  24th  of 
December,  1812, 382—386 

CHAPTER  X 

Table  No.  I. — Registered  tonnage  employed  in  foreign  trade  in 
each  state,  from  1793  to  1810, 397 — 399 

No.  II. — Enrolled  tonnage  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  in  each 

state,  from  1793  to  1810,      -         -         -         -         -         -      '   -       400 — 104 

No.  III. — Statement  of  the  amount  of  American  and  foreign  ton- 
nage, respectively  employed  in  foreign  trade,  for  each  of  the 
years  1790  to  1799,  as  taken  from  the  records  of  the  Treasury,  40.i 

No.  IV. — A  comparative  statement  of  the  tonnage  of  vessels,  enter- 
ed into  the  United  States,  from  1st  January,  1790,  to  31st  De- 
i''  tuber,  1796,         -         -  -  ...  406.407 


CHAPTER  I. 


A  SPIRIT  of  commercial  enterprise  led  to  the  discovery  and  settlement  or 
America — Policy  of  the  European  nations  with  respect  to  dieir  American 
Colonies' — Trade  of  the  Colonies  restricted  at  different  periods — Report 
of  the  Board  of  Trade,  concerning  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  the  Co- 
lonists, in  the  year  1731-2 — Colonies  restricted  in  some  manufactures — 
Bounties  given  on  the  importation  of  certain  articles  into  England,  the 
produce  of  the  Colonies — Population,  exports,  and  imports  at  different 
periods — Plan  of  union  agreed  upon,  by  Commissioners  from  several  Co- 
lonies— Tonnage  and  vessels  built   in  the  Colonies  about  the  year  1770. 

J\-  SPIRIT  of  commercial  enterprise,  which  prevailed  in  the 
14th  century,  and  a  desire  to  find  a  new  route,  to  the  wealth  of  In- 
dia, led  to  the  important  discovery  of  the  western  Continent.  The 
new  race  of  beings  which  inhabited  the  new  world,  as  it  was  called, 
excited  the  curiosity  of  all  Europe  ;  and  the  valuable  productions 
found  there,  particularly  the  vast  quantities  of  the  precious  metals, 
soon  interested  most  of  the  commercial  nations  in  that  quarter  of  the 
old  world.  Individuals,  as  well  as  governments,  were  solicitous  to  share 
in  the  advantages  of  this  discovery  ;  and  numerous  adventures,  both 
public  and  private,  were  set  on  foot,  some  for  the  purpose  of  furthei 
discoveries  and  conquest,  and  others  for  the  purpose  of  trade  and  com- 
merce. The  Spaniard-,  the  English,  the  French,  the  Portuguese,  the 
Dutch,  and  the  Danes  and  Swedes,  at  different  periods,  in  conse- 
quence of  prior  discoveries  or  settlements,  had  claims,  more  or  less  ex- 
tensive, to  different  parts  of  the  western  Continent.  The  avarice  of 
Henry  VII.  of  England,  prompted  him  to  employ  the  Cabots,  in 
the  discovery  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Continent,  which  was  after- 
wards called  North-America. 

In  consequence  of  the  discoveries  made  by  these  bold  navigators,  al- 
most the  whole  of  North-America  was  claimed  by  him,  and  at  subso 

1 


(juent  periods,  was  by  Ins  successors  granted,  from  the  48th  to  the  29th 
degree  of  north  latitude,  and  in  extent,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
South-Sea. 

Under  these  various  grants,  at  different  periods,  tlie  North-Ameri- 
can Colonies  were  settled,  and  principally  from  the  enterprise  ot  in- 
dividuals. 

The  Colonies,  thus  settled  by  emigrations  from  Europe,  were  con- 
sidered as  a  part,  or  rather  an  appendage  of  the  nation,  from  which 
they  originated,  and  under  whose  patronage  they  were  settled.  But 
a  new  kind  of  policy,  which  has  been  called  a  colonial  policy,  was 
adopted  respecting  them,  by  all  the  European  nations ;  a  policy,  which 
had  for  its  object,  the  particular  interest  and  prosperity  of  the  parent 
country,  without  much  regard  to  the  interest  and  prosperity  of  the 
Colonies  themselves.  The  trade  and  commerce  of  the  Colonies  was 
generally  confined  to  the  parent  country.  The  right  of  trading  with 
their  Colonics  was,  by  some  of  the  European  nations,  granted  ex- 
clusively to  particular  companies.  By  others,  the  colonial  trade 
was  limited  to  particular  ports,  and  afterwards  to  particular  ships, 
called  registered  ships.  The  policy  of  Great-Britan,  though  general- 
ly more  liberal  than  any  other  European  nation,  has  always  been, 
to  secure  to  herself  the  carriage  of  the  produce  of  her  Colonies,  to 
monopolize  their  raw  materials,  and  to  furnish  the  Colonists,  with  all 
(he  manufactures  or  other  imported  articles  they  consume.  Lore! 
Sheffield,  in  his  "  Observations  or  American  commerce"'  says.  "  the 
only  use  and  advantage  of  American  Colonies,  or  West-India  island-, 
is  the  monopoly  of  their  consumption,  and  the  carriage  of  their  pro- 
duce." In  pursuance  of  this  policy,  as  early  as  1660,  in  the  celebra- 
ted act  of  Parliament,  entitled  '•  An  Act  tor  the  encouraging  and  in- 
creasing of  shipping  and  navigation,"  it  is  enacted  (Chap.  18. ; 
■•  That  from  and  alter  the  1st  day  of  April  1661,  no  ''sugars,  to- 
bacco, cotton-wool,  indigo,  ginger,  fustick,  or  other  dying  woods, 
of  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  any  English  Plantations  in 
America.  Asia,  or  Africa,  shall  be  shipped,  carried,  conveyed,  or  trans- 
ported from  any  of  the  said  English  Plantations,  to  any  land,  island, 
territory,  dominion,  port  or  place  whatsoever,  other  than  to  such 
either  English  Plantation-  as  do  belong  to  his  Majesty,  his  heirs  and 
successors,  or  to  the  Kingdom  of  England  or  Ireland,  or  Principality 


of  Wales,  or  town  of  Berwick  upon  Tweed,  there  to  be  laid  on  shore, 
under  the  penalty  of  the  forfeiture  of  the  said  goods,  or  the  full  value 
thereof,  as  also  of  the  ship,  with  all  her  guns,  tackle,  apparel."  <$:c. — 
And  all  vessels  sailing  to  the  Plantations,  are  to  give  bonds,  to  bring 
said  commodities  to  England. 

In  1663,  another  act  of  Parliament  prohibited  the  importation,  in- 
to any  of  the  English  Colonies,  in  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  of  any 
commodities  of  the  growth,  production,  or  manufacture  of  Europe,  ex- 
cept they  were  laden  or  shipped  in  England,  Wales,  or  the  town  of 
Berwick  upon  Tweed,  and  in  English  built  shipping,  or  which  were 
bought  before  the  first  day  of  October,  1662,  &c.  and  which  were  to  be 
carried  directly  to  the  said  Colonies,  &.c.  with  an  exception  of  "  salt 
for  the  fisheries,  wines  from  Madeira  and  Azores,  and  all  sorts  of 
victuals  from  Scotland  and  Ireland. '"* — The  British  Colonies,  there- 
lore,  by  this  act  could  obtain  no  European  goods,  but  through  the 
ports  in  England.  A  drawback  of  the  duties,  however,  was  generally 
allowed  on  the  exportation  of  those  goods  to  the  Colonies. 

Before  the  Independence  of  the  United  States,  and  subsequent  to 
die  year  1766,  the  trade  of  the  British  Colonies,  as  to  their  exports,  was 
limited  to  the  parent  country,  to  that  part  of  Europe,  which  lies  south 
of  Cape  Finisterre,  to  certain  parts  of  Africa,  and  to  the  West-Indies. 
Many  of  the  most  valuable  articles  of  colonial  produce  were  confined  to 
the  market  of  the  parent  country. — To  those  enumerated  in  the  act  of 
navigation  before  recited,  many  others  were,  afterwards,  at  different 

*  The  preamble  to  this  act  (15  Charles  II.)  shews  the  policy  which 
then  prevailed  in  Europe,  respecting  distant  Colonies.  It  is  in  the  follow, 
ing  words. — "  And  in  regard  his  Majesty's  Plantations  beyond  the  seus> 
are  inhabited  and  peopled  by  his  subjects  of  tins  his  Kingdom  of  England, 
tor  the  maintaining  a  greater  correspondence  and  kindness  between  them, 
and  keeping  them  in  a  firmer  dependence  upon  it,  and  rendering  them  vet 
more  beneficial  and  advantageous  unto  it,  in  the  further  employment  and 
increase  of  English  shipping  and  seamen,  vent  of  English  woolens,  and  oth- 
er  manufactures  and  commodities,  rendering  the  navigation  to  and  from  the 
same  more  safe  and  cheap,  and  making  this  Kingdom  a  staple,  not  only  of 
the  commodities  of  diese  plantations,  but  also  of  the  commodities  of  other 
countries  and  places  for  the  supplying  of  them,  and  it  being'  the  usage  of 
other  nations,  to  keep  th^lr  plantation  trade  to  themselves,  Re  it  Enar'- 
;d,"  &c. 


periods,  added,  such  as  molasses,  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  hemp,  masts, 
yards,  copper  ore,  pig  and  bar  iron,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  beaver  skins, 
whale  fins,  hides,  &c.  Rice  and  lumber  were  once  among  the  €7iu- 
■merated  commodities,  as  those  were  called,  which  could  only  be  ship- 
ped to  Great-Britain.  They  were  afterwards  however  permitted  to 
be  carried  to  that  part  of  Europe,  lying  south  of  Cape  Finisterre. 
The  non  enumerated  commodities,  as  those  were  called,  which  were 
not  confined  to  the  market  of  Great-Britain,  could  originally  be  ship- 
ped to  any  part  of  the  world  ;  but  by  the  Oth  of  George  111.  (1766) 
were  limited,  in  the  same  manner  as  rice  and  lumber,  to  the  part  of 
Europe  south  of  Cape  Finisterre. 

The  Colonies  sent  to  Africa,  New-England  rum,  and  such  articles 
as  were  necessary  lor  the  purchase  of  slaves.     The  trade  of  the  Col- 
onies,  and  particularly  the  northern  Colonies,  to  the  West-India   isl- 
and.-, was,   from  their  first  settlement,  of   great  importance.     They 
sent  their  fish,  grain,    and   other  provisions,  lumber.   >S:c.    to  the  for- 
eign West-India   islands,  as  well    as  to  the  British  ;   and  received,  in 
return,   rum.   sugar,  coffee,  salt,   molasses,   and  such  other  article-  as 
were  permitted  to  be  brought    from  them.      This  trade  with  the  for- 
eign West-India  islands  was  always  considered,  by  the  Colonists,   as 
highly  advantageous,  but  was  viewed   by  die  British  merchants,  and 
the   West-India    planters,    with   no   small   degree    of  jealousy.     As 
the  population  of  the  Colonies  increased,  this  trade   also  increased  ; 
and  the  superior  fertility  of  some  of   the   foreign   West-India  islands 
gave  them  great   advantages    over  the  British  planter.      With  the  in- 
crease of  wealth  and  population,  the  Colonists  began  also  to  introduce 
sundry  manufacture-,  tor   their  own  consumption,   such  as  woolen  and 
linen  cloths,  iron,  hats,  paper,  «xc.      This  excited  the  jealousy  of  the 
British  manufacturer,  and  various  complaints  were  made  to  the  Lords 
Commissioners  of  trade  and  Plantations,  and  to  Parliament,    by  the 
merchant-,  Planters,  and  manufacturers,  that  the  Colonists  were  car- 
rying on  trades,  and  setting  up  manufactures   injurious    to  them,  and 
to  the  interest  of  the  parent  country.      In  consequence  of  these  com- 
plaint-, the  British   house  of  Common-,    in  1731,  directed  the  Board 
of  trade   and  Plantation.-,    to  make   a  report    ''with  respect   to  laws 
made,  manufactures  set   up,  or  trade  carried  on  in  the  Colonies,   de- 
trimental to  the  trade,  navigation,  or  manufactures  of  Great-Britain." 


In  pursuance  of  this  order,  the  Board  of  trade,  on  the  15th  of  Feb. 
1731-2  made  a  report,  which,  as  it  contains  a  statement  rela- 
tive to  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  the  Colonies,  at  that  period,  is 
here  inserted. — They  say  "  The  following  complaints  have  been 
lately  made  to  this  Board,  against  some  plantation  laws,  viz.  in 
Massachusetts  Bay,  an  act  was  made  to  encourage  the  manufacture 
of  paper,  which  law  interferes  with  the  profit  made  by  the  British 
merchants  on  foreign  paper  sent  thither. 

'•  In  New-England,  New-York,  Connecticut,  Rhode-Island,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  in  the  county  of  Somerset  in  Maryland,  they  have  fallen 
into  the  manufacture  of  woolen  cloth  and  linen  cloth,  for  the  vise  ot 
their  own  families  only  ;  for  the  product  of  these  Colonies  being  chief- 
ly catie  and  grain,  the  estates  of  the  inhabitants  depended  wholly  on 
farming,  which  could  not  be  managed,  without  a  certain  quantity  of 
sheep;  and  their  wool  would  be  entirely  lest,  were  not  their  servant- 
employed  during  winter,  in  manufacturing  it,  for  the  use  of  their 
families. 

•k  Flax  and  hemp  being  likewise  easily  raised,  the  inhabitants  man- 
ufactured them  into  coarse  sort  of  cloth,  bags,  traces,  and  halters  for 
their  horses,  which  they  found  did  more  service,  than  those  they  had 
from  any  part  of  Europe. 

"  However,  the  high  price  of  labour  in  general  in  America,  rendered 
it  impracticable  for  people  there  to  manufacture  their  linen  cloth  at 
less  than  29  per  cent,  more  than  the  rate  in  England,  or  woolen 
cloth  at  less  than  50  per  cent,  dearer,  than  that,  which  is  exported 
from  home  for  sale.  It  were  to  be  wished,  that  some  expedient  might 
be  fallen  upon,  to  direct  their  thoughts  from  undertakings  of  this  nature ; 
.-o  much  the  rather,  because  these  manufacture-,  in  process  of  time, 
may  be  carried  on,  in  a  greater  degree,  unless  an  early  stop  be  put 
to  their  progress  by  employing  them  in  naval  stores.  Wherefore. 
we  take  leave  to  renew  our  repeated  proposals,  that  reasonable  en- 
couragement be  given  to  the  same.  Moreover,  we  find  that  certain 
trades  carried  on,  and  manufactures  set  up  there,  are  detrimental  to 
the  trade,  navigation,  and  manufactures  of  Great-Britain.  For  the 
state  of  these  Plantations  varying  almost  every  year,  more  or  less, 
in  their  trade  and  manufactures,  as  well  as  in  other  particulars,  W( 
Ihought  it  necessary  for  his  Majesty's  service,  and  for  the  dischargo 


G 

of  our  trust,  from  time  to  time,  to  send  general  queries  to  the  sclera! 
Governours  in  America,  that  we  might  be  the  more  exactly  informed 
of  the  condition  of  the  Plantations,  among  which  there  were  several, 
that  related  to  their  trade  and  manufactures,  to  which  we  received  the 
following  returns  viz.  :  The  Govemour  of  New-Hampshire,  in  his  an- 
swer said,  that  ther*  were  no  settled  manufactures  in  that  Province, 
and  that  their  trade  principally  consisted  in  lumber  and  fish. 

"  The  Govemour  of  Massachusetts  Bay  informed  us,  that  in  some- 
parts  of  this  Province,  the  inhabitants  worked  up  their  wool  and  flax 
into  an  ordinary  coarse  cloth  for  their  own  use,  but  did  not  export  any. 
That  the  greatest  part  of  the  woolen  and  linen  clothing,  worn  in  this 
Province,  was  imported  from  Great-Britain,  and  sometimes  from  Ire- 
land ;  hut  considering  the  excessive  price  of  labor  in  New-England, 
the  merchants  could  afibrd  what  was  imported  cheaper,  than  what  was 
made  in  that  country.  That  there  was  also  a  few  hat  makers  in  the 
maritime  towns,  and  that  the  greater  part  of  the  leather  used  in  that 
country,  was  manufactured  among  themselves.  That  there  had  been 
for  many  years,  some  iron  works  in  that  Province,  which  had  afforded 
the  people  iron  for  some  of  their  necessary  occasions ;  but  that  the 
iron  imported  from  Great-Britain  was  esteemed  much  the  best,  and 
wholly  used  by  the  shipping  ;  and  that  the  iron  works  of  the  Province 
were  not  able  to  supply  the  twentieth  part  of  what  was  necessary  for 
die  use  of  the  country. 

';  They  had  no  manufactures  in  the  Province  of  New-York,  that 
deserve  mentioning.  Their  trade  consisted  chiefly  in  furs,  whale-bone, 
oil,  pitch,  tar,  and  provisions.  No  manufactures  in  New-Jersey,  thai 
deserve  mentioning,  their  trade  being  chiefly  in  provisions  shipped 
from  New-York  and  Pennsylvania.  The  chief  trade  of  Pennsylvania 
lay  ,11  their  exportation  of  provisions  and  lumber;  no  manufactures 
being  established,  and  their  clothing  and  utensils  for  their  houses  be- 
ing all  imported  from  Great-Britain.  By  further  advices  from  New- 
Hampshire,  the  woolen  manufacture  appears  to  have  decreased,  the 
common  lands,  on  which  the  shoe})  used  to  feed,  being  now  appro- 
priated, and  the  people  almost  wholly  clothed  with  woolen  from 
Great-Britain.  The  manufactures  of  tlax.  into  linens,  some  coarse, 
-oine  fine,  daily  increased,  by  the  great  resort  of  people  from  Ireland 
■  hither,  who  are  well  -killed  in  that  business.     Bv  lite  account-  fron 


Massachusetts  Bay,  in  New-England,  the  Assembly  have  voted  a 
bounty  of  thirty  shillings  for  every  piece  of  duck  or  canvass  made  in 
the  Province.  Some  other  manufactures  are  carried  on  there,  as 
brown  holland,  for  women's  wear,  which  lessens  the  importation  of 
calicoes,  and  some  other  sorts  of  East-India  goods. 

"  They  also  make  some  small  quantities  of  cloth,  made  of  linen 
and  cotton  for  ordinary  sheeting.  By  a  paper  mill  set  up  three  years 
ago,  they  make  to  the  value  of  £200  sterling  yearly.  There  are  also 
several  forges  for  making  bar  iron,  and  some  furnaces  for  cast  iron 
or  hollow  ware,  and  one  slitting  mill,  and  a  manufacture  for  nails. 
The  Governour  writes  concerning  the  woolen  manufacture,  that  the 
country  people,  who  used  formerly  to  make  most  of  their  clothing  out  of 
their  own  wool,  do  not  now  make  a  third  part  of  what  they  wear,  but 
are  mostly  clothed  with  British  manufacture.  The  surveyor  general 
of  his  Majesty's  woods  writes,  that  they  have  in  New-England,  six 
furnaces  and  nineteen  forges,  for  making  iron,  and  that  in  this  Prov- 
ince many  ships  are  built  for  the  French  and  Spaniards,  in  return 
for  rum,  molasses,  wines,  and  silks,  which  they  truck  there  by  con- 
nivance. Great  quantities  of  hats  are  made  in  New-England,  of 
which  the  company  of  hatters  in  London  have  complained  to  us, 
that  great  quantities  of  these  hats  are  exported  to  Spain,  Portugal, 
and  our  West-India  Islands.  They  also  make  all  sorts  of  iron  work 
for  shipping.  There  are  several  still  houses  and  sugar  bakers  es- 
tablished in  New-England.  By  late  advices  from  New-York,  there 
are  no  manufactures  there,  that  can  affect  Great-Britain.  There 
is  yearly  imported  into  New-York,  a  very  large  quantity  of  the  wool- 
en manufactures  of  this  Kingdom,  for  their  clothing,  which  they  would 
be  rendered  incapable  to  pay  for,  and  would  be  reduced  to  the  neces- 
sity of  making  for  themselves,  if  they  were  prohibited  from  receiving 
from  the  foreign  sugar  Colonies,  the  money,  rum,  molasses,  cocoa,  in- 
digo, cotton-wool,  &c.  which  they  at  present  take  in  return  for  provis- 
ions, horses,  and  lumber,  the  produce  of  that  Province  and  of  New- 
Jersey,  of  which  he  affirms  the  British  Colonies  do  not  take  off  above 
one  half.  But  the  company  of  hatters  of  London  have  since  inform- 
ed us,  that  hats  are  manufactured  in  great  quantities  in  this  Province. 

"  By  the  last  letters  from  the  Deputy  Governour  of  Pennsylvania, 
he  does  not  know  of  any  trade  carried  on,  in  that  Province,  that  car: 


be  injurious  lo  tins  Kingdom.  The}'  do  nut  export  any  woolen  or 
linen  manufactures;  all  that  they  make,  which  are  of  a  coarse  sort, 
being  for  their  own  use.  We  are  farther  informed,  that  in  this  Prov- 
ince are  built  many  brigantines  and  small  sloops,  which  they  sell  to 
the  West-Indies.  The  Governour  of  Rhode-Island  informs  us,  in  an- 
swer to  our  queries,  that  there  are  iron  mines  there,  but  not  a  fourth 
part  iron  enough  to  serve  their  own  use  :  but  he  takes  no  notice  of 
any  manufactures  there.  No  return  from  the  Governour  of  Connec- 
ticut. But  we  find,  by  some  accounts,  that  the  produce  of  this  Colo- 
ny is  timber,  boards,  all  sorts  of  English  grain,  hemp,  flax,  sheep, 
black  cattle,  sw  inc.  horses,  goats,  and  tobacco.  Thai  they  export  hor- 
se.- and  lumber  to  the  West-Indies,  and  receive,  in  return,  sugar, 
salt,  molasses,  and  rum.  We  likewise  find,  that  their  manufactures 
are  very  inconsiderable  ;  the  people  there  being  generally  employed 
in  tillage,  some  few  in  tanning,  shoemaking,  and  other  handicrafts; 
others  in  building,  and  in  joiner's,  taylor's  and  smith's  work,  without 
which  they  could  not  subsist.  No  report  is  made  from  Carolina,  the 
Bahama,  nor  the  Bermuda  isles.*1 

The  Commissioners  then  proceed  to  say — "  From  the  foregoing 
state,  it  is  observable,  that  there  are  more  trades  carried  on,  and  man- 
ufacture- set  up,  in  the  Provinces  on  the  Continent  of  America,  to  the 
northward  of  Virginia,  prejudicial  to  the  trade  and  manufactures  of 
Great-Britain,  particularly  in  New-England,  than  in  any  other  of  the 
British  Colonies;  which  is  not  to  be  wondered  at.  for  their  soil,  cli- 
mate, and  produce,  being  pretty  nearly  the  same  wi.'h  ours,  they 
have  no  staple  commodities  of  their  own  growth  to  exchange  for  our 
manufactures,  which  puts  them  under  greater  necessity,  as  well  as 
under  greater  temptations,  for  providing  for  themselves  at  home  ;  to 
which  may  be  added,  in  the  charter  governments,  the  little  depend- 
ence they  have  upon  the  mother  country,  and  consequently  the  small 
restraint  they  are  under,  in  any  matters  detrimental  to  her  interests. 
And,  therefore,  we  humbly  beg  leave  to  repeat  and  submit  to  the  wis- 
dom of  this  honourable  house,  the  substance  of  what  we  formerly  pro- 
posed in  our  report,  on  the  silk,  linen,  and  woolen  manufactures 
herein  before  recited,  namely,  whether  it  mi^ht  not  be  expedient  to 
•dive  these  Colonies  proper  encouragements  tor  turning  their  industry 
!o  such  manufactures  and  products,  as  might  be  of  service  to  Great- 


Britain,  and  more  particularly  to  the  production  of  all  kinds  of  naval 
stores."* 

*  Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce,  vol.  3. 

Note.  The  British  merchants  and  manufacturers  were  always  jealous 
of  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  the  northern  Colonies  and  particularly  of 
New-England.  Sir  Josiah  Child,  in  his  discourse  on  trade,  written  about 
the  year  1680,  says  "That  New-England  is  the  most  prejudicial  Plantation 
to  this  Kingdom."  In  attempting  to  prove  this  he  says  "  I  am  now  to  write 
of  a  people,  whose  frugality,  industry,  and  temperance,  and  the  happiness  of 
whose  laws  and  institutions,  promise  to  them  long  life,  with  a  wonderful 
increase  of  people,  riches,  and  power ;  and  although  no  men  ought  to  envy 
that  virtue  and  wisdom  in  others,  which  themselves  eidver  can  or  will  not 
practise,  but  radier  to  commend  and  admire  it ;  yet  I  think  it  is  the  duty 
of  every  good  man  primarily  to  respect  the  welfare  of  his  native  coun 
try ;  and  therefore,  though  I  may  offend  some,  whom  I  would  not  wil 
lingly  displease,  I  cannot  omit,  in  the  progress  of  tliis  discourse,  to  take  no- 
tice of  some  particulars,  wherein  old  England  suffers  diminution  by  the 
growth  of  these  Colonies  settled  in  New-England,  and  how  that  Plantation 
differs  from  those  more  southerly,  with  respect  to  the  gain  or  loss  of  this 
Kingdom,  viz. 

"  1.  All  our  American  Plantations,  except  that  of  New -England,  produce 
commodities  of  different  natures  from  those  of  this  Kingdom,  as  sugar,  to- 
bacco, cocoa,  wool,  ginger,  sundry  sorts  of  dying  woods,  Etc.  Whereas 
New-England  produces  generally  the  same  we  have  here,  viz.  com  and  cat- 
tle ;  some  quantity  offish  they  do  likewise  kill,  but  that  is  taken  and  saved 
altogedier  by  their  own  inhabitants,  which  prejudices  our  Newfoundland 
trade,  where,  as  has  been  said,  very  few  are,  or  ought  according  to  pru- 
dence, to  be  employed  in  those  fisheries,  but  the  inhabitants  of  old  England. 
The  other  commodities  we  have  from  them,  are  some  few  great  masts,  furs-, 
and  train  oil,  of  which  the  yearly  value  amounts  to  very  little,  the  much 
greater  value  of  returns  from  them  being  made  in  sugar,  cotton,  wool,  to- 
bacco, and  such  like  commodities,  which  they  first  receive  from  some  other 
of  his  Majesty's  Plantations,  in  barter  for  dry  cod  fish,  salt  mackerel,  beef, 
pork,  bread,  beans,  flour,  peas,  &.C  which  they  supply  Barbadoes,  Jamaica, 
&c.  with,  to  the  diminution  of  the  vent  of  those  commodities  from  this 
Kingdom-,  the  great  experience  of  which  in  our  West-India  Plantations,  would 
soon  be  found  in  the  advantage  of  the  value  of  our  lands  in  England,  were 
it  not  for  the  vast  and  almost  incredible  supplies  these  Colonies  have  from 
New-England.  2.  The  people  of  New -England,  by  virtue  of  their  primitive 
charter,  being  not  so  strictly  tied  to  the  observation  of  die  laws  of  this  King- 
dom, do  sometimes  a?sume  the  liberty  of  trading,  contrary  to  the  act  ofn? 


10 

This  report  exhibits  a  view,  although  a  very  imperfect  one,  of  the 
Mate  of  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  the  Colonies,  about  the  year 
(731—2. 

The  Governours  of  the  several  Provinces  and  Colonies,  especially 
(hose  who  were  independent  of  the  crown,  aware  of  the  object  of  the 
queries  put  to  them  by  the  Lords  Commissioners,  returned  answers  as 
favourable  as  possible  to  the  Colonists,  and  which  would  least  excite 
the  jealousy  of  the  British  merchant  and  manufacturer. 

The  disputes,  however,  between  the  British  West-India  sugar 
Colonies  and  the  northern  Colonies,  concerning  the  trade  of  the  latter 
with  the  foreign  West-India  islands,  still  continued  with  great 
warmth,  and  in  1733,  in  order  to  settle  this  dispute,  and  to  encour- 
age their  own  sugar  Colonies,  Parliament  passed  an  act  (6  George  II. 
c.  13)  "  For  the  better  securing  and  encouraging  the  trade  of  his  Ma- 
jesty's sugar  Colonies  in  America.'' 

This  act  imposed  a  duty  of  nine  pence  sterling  on  every  gallon  of 
ruin,  six  pence  on  every  gallon  of  molasses,  and  five  shillings  on  eve- 
ry hundred  weight  of  sugar,  imported  into  any  of  the  British  Planta- 
tions in  America  from  foreign  sugar  Colonies.  This  duty  was  af- 
terwards reduced  to  six  pence  on  rum,  and  three  pence  on  mo- 
lasses. The  duty  was  always  very  odious  to  the  northern  Colo- 
nists. It  was  justly  considered  by  them  as  sacrificing  their  interest 
to  the  interest  of  the  sugar  planter.  And  it  is  well  known  that  al- 
though this  duty  was  attempted  to  lie  collected  in  tin  Colonies.  l._ 
officers  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  by  severe  legal  penalties,  yet. 

vigation,  by  reason  of  which,  many  of  our  American  commodities,  especial- 
ly tobacco  and  sugar,  arc  transported  in  New-English  shipping',  directly  in 
to  Spain,  and  other  foreign  countries,  without  being  landed  in  England,  or 
paying  any  duty  to  his  Majesty  ;  which  is  not  only  a  loss  to  the  King-,  and  a 
prejudice  to  the  navigation  of  old  England,  &.c. 

"3.  Of  all  the  American  Plantations,  his  Majesty  has  none  so  apt  for  the 
building  of  slopping  a.s  New-England,  nor  none  comparably  so  qualified  for 
the  breeding  of  seamen,  not  only  by  reason  of  the  natural  industry  of  that 
people,  but  principally  by  reason  of  their  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries  ;  and 
in  my  poor  opinion,  there  is  nothing  more  prejudicial,  and  in  prospect  more 
dangerous  to  any  mother  Kingdom,  than  the  increase  of  shipping  in  her  Co- 
lonics. Plantations,  or  Provinces " 


11 

by  smuggling  or  some  other  way,  the  payment  of  it  was  general- 
ly evaded.  In  consequence  of  the  statements  in  this  report,  relative 
to  the  manufacture  and  exportation  of  hats  from  the  Colonies,  and  un- 
doubtedly at  the  instigation  of  the  manufacturers  of  that  article  in 
Great-Britain,  Parliament  passed  an  act  (5  George  II.  1732)  "  to 
prevent  the  exportation  of  hats  out  of  any  of  his  Majesty's  Colonies  or 
Plantations  in  America,  and  to  restrain  the  number  of  apprentice^ 
taken  by  the  hat-makers  in  the  said  Colonies  or  Plantations,  and  for 
the  better  encouraging  the  making  of  hats  in  Great-Britain."  By 
this  act,  not  only  was  the  exportation  of  hats  prohibited  to  a  foreign 
port,  but  their  transportation  from  one  Britisli  Plantation  to  ano- 
ther British  Plantation,  was  also  prohibited,  under  severe  penalties  ; 
nor  could  they  ';  be  loaden  upon  any  horse,  cart,  or  other  carriage, 
to  the  intent  or  purpose  to  be  exported,  transported,  shipped  off,"  k.c. 
By  the  same  act  no  person  could  make  hats,  unless  he  had  serv- 
ed  an  apprenticeship  for  seven  years,  nor  could  he  employ  more 
than  two  apprentices  at  any  one  time. 

The  making  of  pig  and  bar  iron  had  become  an  object  of  some, 
consequence  in  the  Colonies.  The  British  government  were  willing 
to  encourage  the  importation  of  it  into  England,  in  its  raw  and  un- 
manufactured state,  but  were  opposed  to  the  manufacture  of  it  in  the 
Colonies.  In  the  year  1750,  therefore,  an  act  was  passed  (23 
George  II.)  "  to  encourage  the  importation  of  pig  and  bar  iron  from 
his  Majesty's  Colonies  in  America,  and  to  prevent  the  erection  of  any 
mill,  or  other  engine  for  flitting  or  rolling  of  iron,  or  any  plating 
forge  to  work  with  a  tilt  hammer,  or  any  furnace  for  making  steel,  in 
any  of  said  Colonies."  By  this  act,  pig  iron  is  admitted  into  Eng- 
land duty  free,  and  bar  iron  is  admitted  duty  free,  into  the  port 
of  London.  But  the  erection  of  any  slitting  mill,  plating  forge,  or 
furnace  for  making  steel,  is  prohibited  under  severe  penalties. 
While  the  British  government  were  thus  jealous  of  the  trade  and  ma- 
nufactures of  the  Colonies,  which  were  supposed  to  interfere  with  the 
particular  interests  of  the  mother  country,  they  were  disposed  to  en- 
courage the  production  of  such  raw  materials  as  were  necessary  lor 
their  manufactures,  and  such  other  articles  as  could  not  be  raised  in 
England,  but  for  ^\hich  they  were  entirely,  or  in  a  great  measure, 
dependent   upon   other  countries.     At  different  periods,  therefore, 


12 

Parliament  offered  liberal  bounties  on  the  importation  of  various  arti- 
cles into  Great-Britain,  which  were  the  growth  and  production  of  the 
Colonies.  By  the  3  and  4  Ann,  c.  10,  (1706)  a  large  bounty  was 
given  on  the  importation  of  tar,  pitch,  rosin,  turpentine,  masts,  yards^ 
and  bowsprits,  from  the  Colonies  ;  and  at  subsequent  periods,  a  boun- 
ty was  given  upon  indigo,  hemp,  and  flax,  and  timber  of  different 
kinds,  raw  silk,  and  on  pipe,  hogshead,  and  barrel  staves.  The  so- 
ciety also  instituted  at  London,  in  1753,  "  for  the  encouragement  of 
arts,  manufactures,  and  commerce,"  offered  liberal  premiums  for  the 
production  and  culture  of  certain  articles  in  the  British  Colonies. 

In  1762,  this  society  gave  premiums  on  the  importation  of  the  fol- 
lowing articles  from  the  Colonies,  viz.  cochineal,  sturgeon,  raw  silk, 
scammony,  opium,  pesiman  gum,  silk  grass,  saffiower,  pot  and  pearl 
ashes  ;  and  on  the  culture  of  logwood,  olive  trees,  vines  for  raisins, 
vines  for  wines,  cinnamon,  aloes,  hemp,  silk,  and  sarsnparilla. 

POPULATION,  EXPORTS,  AND  IMPORTS  OF  THE  COLONIES. 

In  1749,  the  whole  white  population  of  the  North  American  Colo- 
nies, now  the  United  States,  was  estimated  at  1,046,000.  The  num- 
ber in  each  Colony,  was  estimated  as  follows,  viz, 

New-Hampshire  ...  30,000 

Massachusetts  Bay         -  .  -        220,000 

Rhode-Island  -  -  35,000 

Connecticut  -  -  -      100,000 

New-York       ....  100,000 

Jersies         ...  .  60,000 

Pennsylvania  and  Delaware         -  -  250,000 

Maryland         ....         85,000 
Virginia  ....      85,000 

North-Carolina  -  -  -  45,000 

South-Carolina  ....     30,000 

Georgia  ....  6,000 

At  this  period,  the  annual  value  of  the  imports  into  these  Colonic? 
from  England,  was  about  £900,000  sterling.  Dr.  Franklin*  states 
the  value  of  the  imports  from  Great-Britain,  (exclusive  of  Scotland) 

"  Fourth  volume  Franklin's  "Works,  page  69. 


13 

.tnio  the  northern  Colonies,  at  two  different  periods,  viz.  from  1744 
to  1748,  and  from  1754  to  1758,  taken,  as  is  supposed,  from  the 
English  custom-house  books,  as  follows,  viz. 

1744  -  -  -  £640,114  12     4 

1745  ....         534,316     2     5 

1746  -  -  -  754,945     4     3 

1747  -  -  .         726,648     5     5 

1748  -  -  -  830,243   16     9 


Total 


1754 
1755 

1756 
1757 

1758 


Total 


,£3,486,268 

1 

o 

,£1,246,615 

1 

11 

1,177,848 

6 

10 

1,428,720 

18 

10 

1,727,924 

o 

10 

1,832,948 

13 

10 

£7,414,057 

4 

3 

The  great  increase  of  imports  during  the  last  period  of  five  years 
was  owing,  undoubtedly,  in  no  small  degree,  to  the  war  then  existing 
between  England  and  France,  and  which  occasioned  greater  ship- 
ments than  usual  to  the  Colonies,  in  order  to  supply  the  troops  dur- 
ing those  years.  This  war,  which  has  generally  been  called  the 
French  war  of  1755,  was  occasioned,  in  a  great  measure,  by  a 
contest  for  boundaries  and  limits  in  North  America,  between  the 
English  and  French.  In  all  the  former  wars  between  these  powers. 
the  Colonists  had  been  warmly  engaged,  and  several  attempts  had 
been  made  by  them  to  take  possession  of  Canada  and  other  parts 
of  North  America  then  in  possession  of  the  French.  In  consequence 
of  these  attempts,  and  in  defending  themselves  against  the  attacks  of 
the  French  from  Canada,  great  expenses  had  been  incurred  by  the 
Colonies  ;  and  having  few  resources,  most  of  the  colonial  govern- 
ments, at  different  periods,  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  these  and 
other  expenses,  had  issued  paper  money,  but  which  in  most  if  not  in 
all  instances  depreciated. 


14 

The  Colonies  felt  themselves  more  than  ever  interested  m  the 
result  of  the  contest,  as  to  the  boundaries  between  them  and  the 
French  Canadian  settlements.  The  French  were  making  such  en- 
croachments on  the  western  and  northern  frontiers,  as,  if  acquiesced 
in,  would  leave  them  but  a  small  strip  of  territory  along  the  Atlantic. 
They  now,  more  than  ever,  felt  the  necessity  of  union  and  concert 
among  themselves,  for  their  mutual  protection  and  defence,  against 
those  encroachments,  and  also  of  a  general  treasury,  from  which,  the 
expense  of  such  protection  and  defence  might  be  defrayed.  For 
the  purpose  of  forming  such  an  union,  Commissioners  from  New- 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode-Island,  Connecticut,  New-Jersey. 
Maryland,  and  Pennsylvania,  met  at  Albany,  in  July,  1754.  Com- 
missioners from  the  other  Colonies  were  expected,  but  were  not  pre- 
sent. 

A  plan  of  union  was  agreed  upon  by  the  Commissioners  present . 
This  plan  was  submitted  to  the  King  and  Parliament  for  their  appro- 
bation, and  to  the  Assemblies  of  the  several  Colonies,  but  was  reject- 
ed by  the  former,  as  vesting  too  much  power  in  the  Colonies,  and 
was  disapproved  by  the  latter  as  giving  too  much  power  to  the 
crown.  By  this  plan,  "  the  general  government  was  to  be  admin- 
istered by  a  president  general  to  be  appointed  and  supported  by  the 
crown,  and  a  general  council  to  be  chosen  by  the  representatives 
of  the  several  Colonies  met  in  their  respective  Assemblies."  So  far 
as  respects  the  defence  of  the  Colonies,  the  regulation  of  trade,  and 
the  collection  of  the  taxes,  this  general  government  was  authorized 
•'  to  raise  and  pay  soldiers,  build  forts  for  the  defence  of  any  of 
die  Colonies,  and  equip  vessels  of  force,  to  guard  the  coasts  and  pro- 
tect  the  trade  on  the  ocean,  lakes,  or  great  rivers  ;  but  they  were  not  to 
impress  men  in  any  Colony,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature. 
That  for  these  purposes,  they  had  power  to  make  laws,  and  levy 
such  general  duties,  imposts,  and  taxes,  as  to  them  should  appear 
most  equal  and  just  (considering  the  abilities,  and  other  circumstanc- 
es ol  the  inhabitants  in  the  several  Colonies)  and  such  as  may  bo 
collected  with  the  least  inconvenience  to  the  people  ;  rather  discour- 
aging luxury,  than  loading  industry  with  unnecessary  burdens." 

Had  this  plan  been  adopted,  the  separation  of  the  Colonies  from 
'he  parent  country,  might  have  been  postponed  for  many  year-- 


15 


The  importation  and  consumption  of  foreign  articles  into  the  Co- 
ionies  increased  with  the  increase  of  wealth  and  population. 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the  value  of  imports  from  Great- 
Britain,  into  Pennsylvania,  at  different  periods.* 

In  1723  the  imports  amounted  only  to  £15,993  19     4 

1730  they  were         -  -  -         48,592     7     5 

1737  -  -  -  56,690     4     7 

1742  -  -  -  75,295     3     4 

1747  -  -  -  82,404   17     7 

1752  -  -  -  201,666   19   11 

1757  ....        248,426     6     6 

In  1766  Doctor  Franklin,  in  his  examination  before  the  House  of 
Commons,  stated,  that  the  value  of  imports  at  that  time  into  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  computed  by  the  merchants,  to  be  above  £500,000. 
The  tables  of  Lord  Sheffield,  in  his  "  Observations  on  American 
Commerce,"  taken  undoubtedly  from  the  custom-house  books,  shew 
the  value  of  the  trade  between  Great-Britian,  and  that  part  of  Ame- 
rica now  the  United  States,  from  1700  to  1780,  to  be  as  follows  : 

IMPORTS  FROM  EXPORTS  TO 

THE  COLONIES,  NOW  UNITED  STATES. 


Average 
from  1700"to  1710 

£265,783 

0 

10 

£267,205 

3 

4 

from   1710  to  1720 

392,653 

17 

H 

365,645 

6 

»S 

from   1720  to  1730 

578,830 

16 

4 

471,342 

12 

io* 

from  1730  to  1740 

670,128 

16 

^ 

660,136 

11 

H 

from  1740  to  1750 

708,943 

9 

64 

812,647 

13 

°i 

from  1750  to  1760 

802,691 

6 

10 

1,577,419 

14 

2 

from  1760  to  1770 

1,044,591 

17 

0 

1,763,409 

10 

3 

from   1770  to  1780 

743,560 

10 

10 

1,331,206 

1 

5 

It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  with  accuracy,  the  value  of  the  trade  of  the 
Colonies,  previous  to  the  year  1776.     A  smuggling  trade  wan  carried 


*  Fourth  volume  of  Franklin's  Work* 


16 

on  to  a  considerable  extent,  not  only  with  the  foreign  West-India 
islands,  but  some  parts  of  Europe.  The  custom-house  books,  there- 
fore, do  not  furnish  a  true  account  of  the  whole  trade  of  the  Co- 
lonies. They  must,  however,  be  resorted  to,  as  the  best  source 
of  information.  We  have  before  stated,  that  for  some  years  previous 
to  the  American  revolution,  the  trade  of  the  Colonies  was  limited 
to  Great-Britain,  to  that  part  of  Europe  lying  south  of  Cape  Finis- 
terre,  to  the  West-Indies  and  to  Africa.  Table  No.  I.  at  the  end  of 
this  chapter  contains  the  official  value  in  sterling  money  of  the  ex- 
ports and  imports  from  each  of  these  countries,  for  the  year  1769. 
From  this  it  appears,  that  the  exports  from  the  several  Colonies,  now 
Jhe  United  States,  during  that  year,  to  Great-Britain  amounted  to 

£1,531,516     8  6 
*To  the  South  of  Europe  -  552,736   11  2 

To  the  West-Indies  -         747,910     3  7 

To  Africa         ....         20,273     5   1 


Total         £2,852,441     8  4 
or  about  thirteen  millions  of  dollars. 

And  that  the  imports  from  Great-Britain,  amounted  to 

£1,604,975  11  11 

From  the  South  of  Europe         -         76,684  9  11 

From  the  West-Indies                        789,754  4  5 

From  Africa          -                   -          151,998  0  0 


Total         £2,623,412     6     3 
or  about  twelve  millions  of  dollars. 

Those  who  are  anxious  to  see  the  quantity,  as  well  as  the  value 
of  the  various  articles  exported  from  the  Colonies  prior  to  the  revo- 
lution, and  the  countries  to  which  they  were  sent,  so  far  as  the  cus- 
tom-house books  will  shew,  may  consult  table  No.  II.  annexed  to 
this  chapter,  which  contains  an  account  of  the  principal  articles 
exported  from  the  North  American  Colonies,  including  the  islands  of 
Newfoundland,  Bahama,  and  Bermuda,  with  their  official  value,  and 
places  of  destination,  for  the  year  1770.| 

*  Taken  from  Macpherson's  Annuls  of  Commerce,  vol.  3,  page  571. 
+  Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce,  and  Lord  Sheffield. 


1? 

The  total  value  of  the  articles  exported,  as  American  produce, 
during  the  year  1770,  from  the  Colonies  now  the  United  States,  in- 
cluding those  exported  from  other  Provinces,  and  from  NeW-Found- 
land,  Bahama,  and  Bermuda,  was  £3,356,159  10  2 

As  little  was  exported  from  the  other  Provinces  and  the  islands, 
except  fish  from  New-Foundland,  the  value  of  the  exports  from  the 
Colonies,  now  the  United  States,  in  that  year,  must  have  been,  at 
least,  three  millions  sterling,  or  about  thirteen  and  a  half  millions  of 
dollars. 

The  value  of  the  imports  from  Great-Britain  into  the  Colonies,  for 
several  years  previous  to  a  final  rupture  between  them,  in  1775,  was 
different  in  different  years,  in  consequence  of  those  disputes,  which 
led  to  a  separation,  and  of  the  non-importation  agreement  entered 
into  among  the  Colonists.  The  average  value  for  the  years  1771, 
2,  and  3,  is  stated  by  some,  at  more  than  three  millions.*  It  is  al- 
lowed, however,  that  the  imports  for  those  years  were  beyond  ex- 
ample great. 

It  is  difficult  also  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  tonnage  employed  in 
the  trade  of  the  Colonies,  and  particularly  the  amount  owned  by  the 
Colonists  themselves. 

The  amount  of  tonnage  entered  from  January  5th,  1770,  to  Janu- 
ary 5th,  1771,  was  three  hundred  thirty-one  thousand  six  hundred 
and  forty-four,  and  the  amount  cleared,  three  hundred  fifty -one  thou- 
sand six  hundred  and  eighty-six. |  It  will  be  obser^d,  that  the 
amount  is  taken  from  the  custom-house  books,  and  includes  the  entry 
of  the  same  vessel,  two  or  three  times,  or  as  often  as  the  voyages  were 
in  the  course  of  the  year,  and  repeated  although  the  tonnage  as  regis- 
tered is  generally  less  than  the  real  amount,  yet  the  tonnage  as  entered 
and  cleared  is  probably  much  above  its  real  amount.  The  tonnage  of 
vessels  built  in  the  Colonies  in  the  years  1769,  1770,  and  1771,f 
was  as  follows,  viz. 

Tonnage. 
In  1769  -  -  -  20,001 

1770  -  -  20,610 

1771  -  -  -  24,068 

*  See  Lord  Sheffield.  \  Chalmer's  Estimate 

-'.-  See  Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce,  vol  3,  p.  57Q. 

3 


18 

Oi  this  amount,  a  little  more  than  one  half  was  built  in  Massachu- 
setts and  New-Hampshire.  The  trade  of  the  Colonies  was  no  doubt 
highly  Beneficial  to  Great-Britain,  and  was  made  more  so,  as  she  con- 
ceived, by  her  system  of  colonial  policy ;  and  while  she  confined  herself 
to  the  regulation  of  the  external  trade  of  the  Colonies,  the  Colonists  ac- 
quiesced, though  many  of  those  regulations  were  considered  by  them, 
as  injurious  and  oppressive.  But  when  Parliament  not  only  imposed 
internal  taxes  upon  the  Colonies,  without  their  consent,  but  declared, 
that  they  had  a  right  to  bind  them  in  all  cases  whatsover,  this  led  to 
a  resistance  on  their  part,  which  finally  ended  in  a  separation. 
Some  account  of  the  footing  on  which  the  trade  of  the  United  States 
ivas  placed  with  Great-Britain,  and  her  dependencies  subsequent  to 
Uie  peace  of  1783.  will  be  given  hereafter, 


19 


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21 


TABLE  No.  U. 


An  account  of  the  principal  anic 
nental  Colonies,  including  the 
Bermuda.,  with  the  places  to  \v 
ue,  nt  the  ports  of  exportation. 


:les  exported  from  all  the  British  Conti- 
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*  In  this  account  I  have  omitted  the  fractional  parts  of  the  quantities,  -which 
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ular numbers,  owing  partly  to  the  omission  of  the  fractional  parts,  and  partly 
to  errors  which  J  saw,  but  had  no  means  of  correcting. 


22 

TABLE   No.   II.— CONTINUED. 


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1 

CHAPTER  II. 


Commerce  interrupted,  during  the  American  revolutionary  war — Old  Con- 
gress no  power  to  regulate  commerce,  or  to  levy  duties  on  imports — 
Amount  of  the  public  debt  in  1783 — Requisitions  upon  the  states  for  the 
payment  of  it  not  complied  with — Power  to  levy  certain  duties  on  imports 
not  granted  to  die  old  Congress  by  the  states — Depreciation  of  the  public 
debt — Exports  from  die  United  States  to  Great-Britain,  and  imports  from 
Great-Britain,  from  1784,  to  1790 — Distressed  state  of  the  country — 
Meeting  of  Commissioners  at  Annapolis  in  1786— Adoption  of  the  new 
Constitution,  and  the  organization  of  the  government  under  it  in  1789. 

During  the  war  of  the  revolution,  the  commerce  of  the  United  States 
was  interrupted,  not  only  with  Great-Britain,  but  in  a  great  measure 
with  the  rest  of  the  world.  They  were  then  compelled,  to  depend 
almost  entirely  upon  themselves  for  supplies,  not  only  of  arms  and 
munitions  of  war,  but  of  those  articles  of  common  consumption,  which 
they  had  previously  imported  from  Great-Britain  and  elsewhere. 
Those  articles,  which  their  soil  would  not  produce,  or  which  they 
were  unable  to  make,  they  were  obliged  to  obtain,  at  great  risque 
and  expense,  from  other  countries,  or  to  be  content  without  them. 
Encouragement  was  given  to  all  the  necessary  manufactures,  and  the 
zeal,  ingenuity,  and  industry  of  the  people,  supplied  the  place  of  a 
foreign  market. 

At  the  close  of  the  war,  when  we  became  an  independent  nation, 
our  commercial  as  well  as  our  political  situation  was  new,  and  we 
had  many  difficulties  to  encounter.  During  a  contest  of  more  than 
seven  years,  our  commerce  was  annihilated,  our  shipping  nearly  de- 
stroyed, public  credit  impaired,  a  vast  e'ebt  accumulated  upon  our 
hands,  and  the  general  government  was  illy  calculated  to  repair  those 
losses,  and  to  bring  into  active  operation  the  energies  and  resources 
of  the  nation.  The  whole  expense  of  the  war,  was  more  than  one 
hundred  and  thirty-five  millions  of  dollars.*     About  one  half  of  this 

*  The  whole  expense  of  the  revolutionary  war  cannot  be  ascertained. 


26 

expense  was  paid  by  tax.es,  levied  and  collected  during  the  war,  and 
the  residue  remained  a  debt  due  from  the  United  States,  or  from  the 
individual  states,  on  the  return  of  peace.     In  April,   1783,  the  debl 

with  certainty.  The  following  are  estimates  of  this  expense,  made  out  by 
the  Register  of  the  Treasury  in  the  year  1790,  and  furnished  a  committee 
of  the  house  of  representatives  of  Congress. 

"  General  abstract  of  the  annual  estimates,  and  abstract  statements  of  the 
total  amount  of  the  expenditures  and  advances  at  the  Treasury  of  the  Unit- 
ed States. 
"  The  estimated  amount  of  the  expenditures  of  Dolls.        90ths 

1775  and  1776  is  in  specie  -  -  -         20,064,666  66 

1777 24,986,646  85 

1778 24,289,438  26 

1779 10,794,620  65 

1780 3,000,000  00 

1781 1,942,465  30 

1782 3,632,745  85 

1783 3,226,583  45 

To  Nov.  1st,  1784,  as  pr.  schedule  D.  and  subordi- 
nate accounts,         ......         548,525  63 


Forming  an  amount  total  of       ....        §92,485,693  15 
"  The  foregoing  estimates  being  confined  to  actual  Treasury  payments,  are 
exclusive  of  the  debts  of  the  United  States,  which  were  incurred  at  various 
periods,  for  die  support  of  die  late  war,  and  should  be  taken  into  a  general 
view  of  the  expense  thereof,  viz. : — 

Dolls.        90th- 
Army  debt,  upon  commissioners'  certificates,  11.080,576     1 

For  supplies  furnished  by  die  citizens  of  the  sever- 
al  states,  and  for  which  certificates  were  issued 

by  the  commissioners, 3,723,625  20 

For  supplies  furnished  in  the  quarter-master,  com- 
missary, hospital,  clothing,  and  marine  depart- 
ments, exclusive  of  die  forageing,  -  -  -  1,159,170  5 
For  supplies,  on  accounts  settled  at  the  Treasury, 
and  for  which  certificates  were  issued  by  die 
Register, 744,638  49 

16,708,009  7.5 
••Note.     The  loan  office  del)  t  formed  a  part  of  the  Treasury  expendi- 
tures. 

"  The  foreign  expenditures,  civil,  military,  naval, 


27 

of  the  United  States  (inclusive  of  the  state  debts)  was  estimated  at 
$42,000,375,  and  the  annual  interest  at  $2,415,956.  No  funds  had. 
at  this  time,  been  provided  for  the  payment  either  of  the  interest  or 
principal  of  this  debt.  As  the  war  was  now  brought  to  a  close,  it  be- 
came necessary  for  Congress  to  provide  permanent  funds  for  this  pur- 
pose. It  had  been  foreseen  by  many,  that  this  could  not  be  done, 
unless  Congress  had  the  power  to  regulate  the  commerce  of  the  coun- 
try, or  at  least,  were  vested  with  a  power  to  levy  duties  on  import?. 
By  the  articles  of  confederation,  this  power  was  not  delegated  to 
them,  but  remained  in  the  respective  states,  who  had  the  right  of  lay- 
ing and  collecting  such  duties  on  imports,  as  they  judged  proper  for 
their  own  benefit.  Congress  could  only  recommend  to  the  states,  the 
•propriety  and  necessity  of  delegating  to  them  this  power  for  the  ben- 

and  contingences,  amount,  by  computation  to 

the  sum  of 5,000,000  00 

"  The  expenditures,  of  the  several  states,  from  the 
commencement  of  the  war,  to  the  establishment 
of  peace,  cannot  be  stated  with  any  degree  of 
certainty,  because  the  accounts  thereof  remain 
to  be  settled.  But  as  the  United  States  have 
granted  certain  sums  for  the  relief  of  the  several 
states,  to  be  funded  by  the  general  government, 
therefore,  estimate  the  total  amount  of  said 
assumption, 21,000,000  00 


"  Estimated  expense  of  the  late  war,  specie  dolls,  135,193,703  00 
The  advances  made  from  the  Treasury,  were  principally  in  a  paper  medi 
urn,  which  was  called  continental  money,  and  which  in  a  short  time  depre- 
ciated ;  the  specie  value  of  it  is  given  in  the  foregoing  estimate.  The  advan- 
ces made  at  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  in  continental  money  in  old 
and  new  emissions,  are  estimated  as  follows,  viz.  : — 

OLD  EMISSION.  SEW  EMISSION. 

Dolls.        90ths.  Dolls.       90ths. 

In  1776     ....     20,064,666  66 

1777  -        -        -  26,426,333     1 

1778  ....     66,965,269  34 

1779  -         ■        -        149,703,856  77 

1780  ....     82,908,320  47      -      -      891,236  80 

1781  -        -        -  11,408,095  00      -     •      1,179,249  00 


§357,476,541  45  $2,070,485  80 


28 

efit  of  all.  Accordingly,  as  early  as  the  3d  day  of  July,  1781,  they 
passed  a  resolution,  recommend ing  it  to  the  several  states  "  as  indis- 
pensably necessary,  that  they  vest  a  power  in  Congress,  to  levy,  for 
the  use  of  the  United  States,  a  duty  of  five  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  at 
the  time  and  place  of  importation,  upon  all  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
chandize of  foreign  growth  and  manufacture,  which  may  be  imported 
into  any  of  the  said  states,  from  any  foreign  Port,  Island,  or  Planta- 
tion, after  the  first  day  of  May,  1781,"  with  the  exception  of  certain 
articles.  They  also,  at  the  same  time,  resolved,  "  that  the  monies, 
arising  from  the  said  duties,  be  appropriated  to  the  discharge  of  the 
principal  and  interest  of  the  debts  already  contracted,  or  which 
may  be  contracted,  on  the  faith  of  the  United  State,  for  support- 
ing (lie  war,  and  that  the  said  duties  be  continued  until  the  said 
debts  be  fully  and  finally  discharged."  The  journals  of  the  old  Con- 
gress shew,  that  this  resolution,  in  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  mem- 
bers of  that  body  was  not  sufficiently  extensive  ;  but  that  Congress 
ought  to  have  the  general  power  of  regulating  the  whole  commerce  of 
die  states,  and  the  exclusive  right  of  laying  duties  on  imported  arti- 
<  les.  A  substitute  was,  therefore,  proposed,  couched  in  more  gene- 
ral terms,  declaring  it  to  be  "  indispensably  necessary,  that  the  Unit- 
ed States  in  Congress  assembled,  should  be  vested  with  a  right  of  su- 
perintending the  commercial  regulations  of  every  state,  that  none  may 
take  place,  that  shall  be  partial  or  contrary  to  the  common  interest ; 
and  that  they  should  be  vested,  with  the  exclusive  right  of  laying  du- 
ties upon  all  imported  articles. "  This  substitute  was  negatived,  and 
the  resolution  which  passed  was  not  accepted  by  the  states.  On  the 
loth  of  April,  1783,  Congress  again  urged  the  several  states  to  estab- 
lish some  permanent  funds  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  of  the  United 
States.  For  this  purpose,  by  a  resolution  of  that  date,  they  recom- 
mended to  the  states,  "  as  indisensably  necessary  to  the  restoration 
of  public  credit,  and  to  the  punctual  discharge  of  the  public  debts,  to 
invest  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  with  a  power  to  levy, 
lor  the  use  of  the  United  States,  the  following  duties  upon  goods  im- 
ported into  the  said  state-,  from  any  foreign  Port.  Island,  or  Plantation. 
;'  Upon  all  rum,  of  Jam? ica  proof,  per  gall.  4-90ths  of  a  dollar. 

—  all  other  spiritous  liquors.  -  3  '•  do. 

—  Madeira  wine.  -       12  -  do. 


6  " 

do. 

24  " 

do. 

3  " 

do. 

1  a 

2 

do. 

2  " 

do. 

1  '; 

do. 

1  " 

do. 

1  ': 

do. 

29 

—  all  other  wines,  -  -  8-90ths  of  a  dollar. 

—  common  Bohea  tea,  per  lb. 

—  all  other  teas,         ... 

—  pepper,         .... 

—  brown  sugar,         ... 

—  loaf  sugar  ... 

—  all  other  sugars 

—  molasses,  per  gallon, 

—  cocoa  and  coffee, 
and  upon  all  other  goods,  a  duty  of  five  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  at  time 
rmd  place  of  importation  ;  with  a  proviso  that  none  of  the  said  duties 
should  be  applied  to  any  other  purpose,  than  the  discharge  of  the  in- 
terest and  principal  of  the  debts  contracted  on  the  faith  of  the  United 
States,  for  supporting  the  war,  agreeably  to  the  resolution  of  the  16th 
of  December  last,  nor  be  continued  for  a  longer  term,  than  twenty- 
five  years,"  &.c.  It  was  calculated,  that  the  proposed  duties  would 
raise  an  annual  sum  of  915,956  dollars.  This  would  fall  short  of 
paying  the  annual  interest  of  the  debt,  about  one  million  and  a  half 
of  dollars,  Congress,  therefore,  at  the  same  time,  recommended  to  the 
states  "  to  establish  for  a  time  limited  to  25  years,  and  to  appropriate 
to  the  discharge  of  the  interest  and  principal  of  the  debt,  substantial 
and  effectual  revenues,  of  such  nature,  as  they  may  judge  convenient, 
for  supplying  their  respective  proportions  of  1.500,000  dollars,  annu- 
ally, exclusive  of  the  aforementioned  duties." 

This  system  was  not  to  take  effect,  until  acceded  to,  by  all  the 
states,  but  when  adopted  by  all,  was  to  be  a  mutual  compact,  irrevo- 
cable by  one  or  more,  without  the  concurence  of  the  whole,  or  a  ma- 
jority of  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled.  To  induce  its 
adoption,  an  appeal  was  made  to  the  states,  by  Congress  in  an  able 
address,  in  which  they  urged  the  propriety  and  justice  of  making 
some  permanent  provision,  for  the  payment,  at  least,  of  the  interest  of 
a  debt,  which  was  the  price  of  their  independence.  These  proposi- 
tions, however,  were  not  agreed  to  by  all  the  states,  in  such  a  manner. 
as  to  take  effect.  Congress,  therefore,  had  no  means  of  paying  either 
the  principal  or  interest  of  the  debt,  but  by  requisitions  upon  the  states. 
Had  this  plan  been  adopted,  the  produce  of  the  duties  recommended 
by  Congress  would,  no  doubt,  have  exceeded  the  estimate.     Before 


60 

the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution,  and  the  regular  establishment 
of  custom-houses,  under  the  present  government,  there  were  no  data 
from  which  any  accurate  calculation  could  be  made,  of  the  amount  of 
exports  and  imports  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  value  of  their 
trade  with  particular  countries.  The  English  custom-house  books 
shew  the  imports  from  and  exports  to  the  United  States,  and  furnish 
the  best  account  of  the  amount  of  our  trade  with  Great-Britain  from  the 
peace  of  1783,  to  the  establishment  of  the  present  general  government. 
The  following  is  an  account  of  the  imports  into  England  from  the 
United  States,  and  exports  to  the  United-States  from  that  country  in 
sterling  money,  from  1784  to  1790,  taken  from  the  English  custom- 
house books — viz. 

Years.  Imports.  Exports. 

1781  -  -  -  -  £  749,345  -  -  -  £3,679,407 
178.")  ...  -  893,594  -  -  -  -  2,308,023 
178b'     ---.--    843,119     -     -     -     -       1,603,465 

1787  -     -     -     -       893,637       -     -     -     -     2,009,111 

1788  -     -     -     -       1,023,789     -     -     -     -       1,886,142 

1789  ....     1,050.198     ....     2,525,298 

1790  -  -  -  -  1,191,071  -  -  -  -  3,431,778 
During  the  first  two  years  after  the  war,  goods  imported  from  Eng- 
land alone,  amounted  to  nearly  six  millions  sterling.  As  the  value  here 
stated  is  the  official  value,  which  is  considerably  less  than  the  real,  the 
amount  of  goods  imported  from  England  into  the  United  States  in  the 
year  1784  must  have  been  about  eighteen  millions  of  dollars,  and  in 

1785,  about  twelve  millions,  making,  in  those  two  years,  thirty  mil- 
lions of  dollars ; — while  the  exports  from  the  United  States  to  Eng- 
land during  that  time,  were  only  between  eight  and  nine  millions. 
This  vast  influx  of  goods  soon  drained  the  United  States  of  a  great, 
part  of  the  specie  they  had,  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Congress  in 
vain  therefore  made  requisitions  upon  the  states,  for  money  to  fill  the 
public  treasury.  The  impoverished  state  of  the  country,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  \\ar,  the  want  of  regular  markets  for  its  produce,  the 
burden  of  the  states,  in  providing  for  the  payment  of  their  own  particu- 
lar debts,  incurred  during  the  war,  and  a  jealousy  which  began  to  exist 
among  the  states,  all  combined  to  retard  a  compliance  with  these  requi- 


ai 

-itions.*  The  interest  of  the  debt  was,  therefore,  unpaid,  public  credit 
was  gone,  the  debt  itself  was  considered  of  little  value,  and  was  sold 
at  last  by  many  of  the  original  holders  for  about  one-tenth  of  its  nom- 
inal value.  In  addition  to  this,  private  credit  was  much  impaired. 
During  the  war,  the  collection  of  debts  was,  in  a  great  measure,  sus- 
pended, and  on  the  return  of  peace,  goods  were  imported  to  a  larger 
amount,  than  we  had  the  means  of  paying  for  ;  many,  therefore,  con- 
tracted debts  beyond  their  abilities  to  pay.  The  courts  of  justice 
were  filled  with  suits  against  delinquent  debtors.  The  importing 
states  took  advantage  of  their  situation,  and  levied  a  duty  on  imports, 
for  their  own  benefit,  at  the  expense  of  the  other  states. 

Thus  burdened  with  public  and  private  debts,  and  called  upon  for 
the  payment  of  heavy  taxes,  and  with  a  scarcity  of  money,  the  peo- 
ple, in  some  of  the  states,  to  remedy  those  evils,  had  recourse  to  paper 
money,  and  in  one  state,  there  was  an  open  insurrection,  which  threat- 
ened not  only  the  peace  and  existence  of  that  state,  but  the  peace  and 
existence  of  the  union. 

In  this  situation,  all  became  sensible  of  the  inefficiency  of  the  gen- 
eral government,  and  of  the  necessity  of  vesting  Congress,  with  the 
power  of  regulating  trade  and  commerce,  and  of  bringing  into  opera- 
tion, the  energies  and  resources  of  the  country,  for  the  general  benefit. 

In  September,  1786,  in  consequence  of  a  proposition  from  the  state 
of  Virginia,  Commissioners  from  that  state,  and  from  the  states  of 
Pennsylvania,  New- York,  New-Jersey,  and  Delaware,  met  at  An- 
napolis, in  Maryland,  "  to  take  into  consideration  the  trade  and  com- 
merce of  the  United  States,  to  consider  how  far  an  uniform  system,  in 

*  In  a  report  made  to  Congress,  by  the  board  of  Treasury,  dated  Septem- 
ber 20th,  irS~,  it  is  stated,  that  the  requisitions  upon  the  states,  for  the 
payment  of  the  interest  of  the  domestic  debt,  in  the  years  1782,  1784- 
5  &  6,  amounted  to  the  sum  of  §6,279,376  27,  and  the  Board  say,  "  It  is 
with  regret  we  are  constrained  to  observe,  that  to  the  31st  of  March  last, 
the  aggregate  payments,  on  account  of  these  requisitions,  do  not  appear, 
from  any  documents  in  the  Treasury  office,  to  exceed  the  sum 

of S1'003."-5  51 

Leaving  a  balance  due  of  no  less,  than         .         .         .  5,275,650  60 

§6.279,376  27 


32 

their  commercial  intercourse  and  regulations,  might  be  necessary  to 
their  common  interest  and  permanent  harmony,  and  to  report  to  the 
-everal  states,  such  an  act,  relative  to  this  great  object,  as,  when 
unanimously  ratified  by  them,  would  enable  the  United  States  in  Con- 
gress assembled,  effectually  to  provide  for  the  same."  Commissioners 
Here  appointed  also  from  the  states  of  New-Hampshire,  Massachu- 
setts, Rhode-Island,  and  North-Carolina,  but  did  not  attend.  In  con- 
sequence of  the  partial  representation  of  the  states  and  their  limited 
powers,  the  Commissioners  present  did  not  think  proper  to  proceed 
on  the  business  of  their  appointment.  They,  however,  drew  up  an 
address  and  report,  to  their  respective  state  Legislatures,  in  which, 
after  stating  the  reasons  of  their  not  proceeding,  they  say,  "  deeply 
impressed,  however,  with  the  magnitude  and  importance  of  the  object 
confided  to  them  on  this  occasion,  your  Commissioners  cannot  forbear 
to  indulge  an  expression  of  their  earnest  and  unanimous  wish,  that 
speedy  measures  may  be  taken  to  effect  a  general  meeting  of  the 
states  in  a  future  convention,  for  the  same  and  such  other  purposes,  as 
the  situation  of  public  affairs  may  be  found  to  require.''  They,  there- 
fore, suggest  the  propriety  of  a  meeting  of  Commissioners  from  all  the 
states,  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  on  the  second  Monday  in  May, 
1787,  ';  to  take  into  consideration  the  situation  of  the  United  States, 
to  devise  such  further  provision  as  shall  to  them  appear  necessary  to 
render  the  constitution  of  the  federal  government  adequate  to  the  exi- 
gences of  the  union."  &c.  This  report  and  address,  was  sent  to 
Congress,  and  to  the  Executives  of  the  several  states,  not  represented 
at  Annapolis.  In  consequence  of  the  recommendation  contained  in 
this  address  and  a  resolution  of  Congress,  of  February  21st,  1787,  a 
general  cunvention  of  the  states  was  held  at  Philadelphia,  in  May. 
1787,  and  on  the  17th  of  September  following,  a  new  constitution  was 
agreed  upon,  and  went  into  operation  on  the  4th  day  of  March,  1789. 
By  this  constitution  the  general  government,  among  other  importan: 
powers,  are  vested  with  power  "  to  regulate  commerce,  and  to  levy 
duties,  imposts"  inc.  Under  this  new  form  of  government,  with  the 
father  of  his  country  at  its  head,  trade  and  commerce  soon  revived, 
public  and  private  credit  was  restored,  a  new  spring  was  given  to  ag- 
riculture and  manufactures,  and  new  security  afforded  to  the  various 
pursuits  of  honest  industry.     Since  (he  establishment   of  the  presenl 


33 

government,  the  progress  of  national,  as  well  as  individual,  wealth  has 
kept  pace  with  the  increase  of  population  ;  and  until  the  commence- 
ment of  commercial  restrictions  in  December,  1807,  and  the  declara- 
tion of  war  against  Great-Britain,  in  1812,  no  nation,  it  is  believed, 
had  ever  increased  so  rapidly  in  wealth  as  the  United  States.  This 
will  appear,  from  an  attention  to  the  increase  in  the  quantity  and  val- 
ue of  their  exports  and  imports,  and  the  great  increase  of  duties  on  im- 
ports ;  from  the  vast  increase  of  their  shipping,  and  of  their  trade  and 
intercourse  with  different  parts  of  the  world  ;  from  the  various  monied 
institutions,  which  have  been  established  ;  from  the  great  sum  expend- 
ed in  making  roads  and  canals,  and  in  other  internal  improvements  ; 
from  the  rapid  growth  of  cities  and  towns  ;  and  from  the  rise  in  the 
value  of  lands,  in  every  part  of  the  union.  A  view  of  this  increase 
of  the  wealth  and  resources  of  the  United  States,  together  with  some 
of  the  principal  causes  of  it,  from  the  commencement  of  the  present 
government,  until  the  year  1814,  a  period  of  about  twenty-four  years, 
is  one  principal  object,  and  will  be  the  subject  of  the  following 
chapters. 


CHAPTER  III. 


Exports — Divided  into  those  of  domestic,  and  those  of  foreign  origin — 
Exports  of  domestic  produce,  distinguished  into  those,  which  are  1st,  the 
produce  of  the  sea — 2d,  the  produce  of  the  forest — 3d,  the  produce  of  ag- 
riculture— and  4th,  manufactures— Products  of  the  sea,  derived  from  the 
cod  and  whale  fisheries — State  of  the  cod  fishery  previous  to  the  Ameri- 
can revolution,  and  to  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  the  present  go- 
vernment— Number  of  vessels  employed  in  this  fishery  from  1791  to  1813, 
and  quantity  offish  exported  during  the  same  period — Whale  fishery  ori- 
ginated at  Nantucket  in  1690 — Amount  of  tonnage  and  number  of  seamen 
employed  in  it  at  different  periods' — Value  of  exports,  the  produce  of  the 
fisheries  from  1803  to  1814 — Products  of  the  forest — viz.  lumber,  naval 
stores,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  skins  and  furs,  ginseng,  and  oak  bark,  and 
other  dyes — Value  and  quantity  of  each  exported  at  different  periods. 

We  shall  begin  with  the  exports — those  consist  of  articles  of  the 
growth,  produce,  and  manufacture  of  the  United  States,  and  of  those 
which  are  of  foreign  growth  and  produce.  Provision  was  made  at  the 
Treasury,  at  an  early  period  of  the  present  government,  to  ascertain 
the  quantity  and  value  of  all  the  exports  of  the  country  ;  but  in  the 
general  accounts  no  discrimination  was  made  between  the  value  of 
domestic  or  foreign  articles,  until  1802.  In  order  to  ascertain  the 
value  of  the  exports,  directions  are  given,  from  the  Treasury  depart- 
ment, to  the  several  collectors  of  the  customs,  to  add,  in  their  quar- 
terly returns  of  duties  the  quantity  of  the  various  articles  export- 
ed, and  also  their  prices  at  the  places  of  exportation.  The  quantity 
of  the  articles  exported  is  furnished  the  collectors,  by  the  exporters, 
and  may  sometimes  fall  short,  and  sometimes  exceed  the  real  quanti- 
ty. At  the  Treasury,  an  average  is  made  of  the  prices  returned  by 
the  collectors,  from  the  principal  ports,  and  the  value  of  the  articles 
exported  is  calculated  from  the  average  price  thus  ascertained.  Ta- 
ble No.  I.  annexed  to  this  chapter,  contains  a  statement  of  the  value 
of  all  the  export^  from  each  state  and  territory,  annually ,  from  the 


36 

1st  of  October,  1790,*  to  the  30th  of  September,  1810.  Table  No. 
II.  exhibits  a  statement  of  the  value  of  the  exports  of  domestic  growth, 
produce,  and  manufacture,  from  each  state  and  territory  from  October,. 
1802,  to  September  30th,  1810,  and  Table  No.  III.  a  statement  of 
the  value  of  the  exports  of  foreign  growth  and  produce,  during  the 
same  period.  The  articles  exported  both  domestic  and  foreign  arc 
various,  and  are  contained  in  Table  No.  IV.  in  each  year,  from  1791 
to  1814 — taken  from  the  Treasury  books. 

The  whole  valve  of  exports  in  each  year,  from  1790  to  1814,  and  the 
valve  of  those  of  domestic  and  foreign  origin,  since  1803,  was  as 
follows : — 


Total  value  of 

Value  of  exports  of 

Value  of  exports  c 

exports. 

domestic  origin 

foreign  origin 

b  Sept.  30. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1791 

19,012,041 

1792       - 

20,753,098 

1793 

26,109,572 

1794       - 

33,026,233 

1795       - 

47,989,472 

1796       - 

67,064,097 

1797 

56,850,206 

1798       - 

61,527,097 

1799       - 

78,665,522 

1800       - 

70,971,780 

1801 

94,115,925 

1802 

72,483,160 

1803 

55,800,033 

42,205,961 

13,594,072 

1804 

77,699,074 

41,467,477 

-       36,231,597 

1805       - 

95,566,021 

42,387,002 

-       53,179,019 

1806 

101,536,963 

41,253,727 

-       60,283,236 

1807 

108,343,150 

48,699,592 

59,643,558 

1808       - 

22,430,960 

9,433,546 

12,997,414 

1809       - 

52,203,283 

31,405,702 

20,797,531 

•  Xo  annual  return  of  exports  had  been  made  at  the  Treasury,  prior  to 
October,  1790. 


S7 


Total  value  of 

Value  of  exports  of  Value  of  exports  of 

exports. 

domestic  origin. 

foreign  origin. 

to  Sept.  30. 

Dolls 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1810       - 

66,757,970 

42,366,675 

24,391,295 

1811       - 

61,316,833 

45,294,043 

16,022,790 

1812 

38,527,236 

30,032,109 

8,495,127 

1813       - 

27,855,997 

25,008,152 

2,847,845 

1814       - 

6,927,441 

6,782,272 

145,169 

The  exports  of  domestic  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture,   hav< 
been  distinguished,  at  the  Treasury,  into  those  which  are — 

1st.  The  produce  of  the  Sea. 

2d.  The  produce  of  the  Forest. 

3d.  The  produce  of  Agriculture. 

4th.  Manufactures  and  those  which  are  uncertain. 

This  division  of  the  exports  of  domestic  produce  has  been  made, 
and  the  value  of  the  articles  exported,  under  each  division,  has  been 
ascertained  at  the  Treasury,  and  exhibited  in  the  annual  account  of 
exports,  since  the  year  1802.  It  presents  a  useful  and  important  view 
of  the  different  pursuits  and  employments  of  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  inhabiting,  as  they  do,  an  extensive  country,  differing  in  cli- 
mate, as  well  as  soil ;  and  indicates  the  various  sources  of  the  wealth 
of  the  nation. 

F.ach  of  these  will  be  considered  in  their  order  : — 

1st.  THE  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  SEA. 

These  are  derived  from  the  cod  and  whale  fisheries,  and  from  the 
river  fisheries,  such  as  herring,  shad,  salmon,  mackarel,  &c.  The 
cod  fishery  has  been  an  object  of  the  first  importance  to  the  states  of 
Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire,  from  their  first  settlement.  It 
has  furnished  a  lucrative  employment  to  the  inhabitants  of  these 
states,  situated  as  they  are,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  fishery.  Ii 
has  given  employment  to  the  ship-builder,  and  has  always  been  con- 
sidered, as  the  best  nursery  for  seamen. 


38 

The  vast  quantities  of  tish,  which,  alter  the  discovery  ol  North- 
America,  were  found  along  the  banks  of  New-Foundland,  soon  attract- 
ed the  attention  of  the  Europeans.  The  inhabitants  of  Biscay  in 
Spain,  and  of  Britanny  in  France,  are  said  to  have  first  engaged  in 
this  fishery.  The  English  and  French  afterwards  claimed  the  ex- 
clusive right  to  it,  in  consequence  of  their  possessing  the  adjacent 
coasts.  While  we  were  Colonies,  we  had  the  right  of  fishing  there,  as 
being  a  part  of  the  British  empire  ;  and  by  the  3d  article  of  the  trea- 
ty of  peace,  between  Great-Britain  and  the  Lnited  States,  in  1783, 
'It  is  agreed  that  the  people  of  the  United  States  shall  continue  to 
enjoy  unmolested  the  right  to  take  fish  of  every  kind,  on  the  grand 
bank,  and  on  all  other  banks  of  New-Foundland ;  also,  in  the  gulph 
of  St.  Lawrence,  and  at  all  other  places  in  the  sea,  where  the  inhab- 
itants of  both  countries  used  at  any  time  to  fish  ;  that  the  inhabitants 
of  the  United  States  shall  have  liberty  to  take  fish  of  every  kind  on 
such  part  of  the  coast  of  New-Foundland,  as  British  fishermen  shall 
use  (but  not  to  dry  or  cure  the  same  on  the  island ;)  and  also  on  the 
coasts,  bays,  and  creeks  of  all  other  his  Britannic  Majesty's  domin- 
ions in  America ;  and  that  the  American  fishermen  shall  have  liberty 
to  dry  and  cure  fish  in  any  of  the  unsettled  bays,  harbours,  and  creeks 
of  Nova-Scotia,  Magdalen  islands,  and  Labrador,  so  long  as  the  same 
shall  remain  unsettled  ;  but  so  soon  as  the  same  or  either  of  them 
.-hall  be  settled,  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  said  fishermen  to  dry 
or  cure  fish  at  such  settlement,  without  a  previous  agreement  for  that 
purpose  with  the  inhabitants,  proprietors,  or  possessors  of  the  ground." 
The  cod  fishery  previous  to  tiie  American  revolution,  in  Massachu- 
setts alone,  gave  employment  annually  to  about  four  thousand  seamen, 
and  about  twenty-eight  thousand  tons  of  shipping,  and  produced  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  quintals  of  fish,  which,  at  the  place  of 
exportation,  were  valued  at  more  than  one  million  of  dollars.  Tables 
Nos.  V.  and  VI.  shew  the  state  of  the  fishery  in  Massachusetts,  from 
1765  to  1775;  and  also  from  1786  to  1790*,  containing  an  average 
of  the  number  of  vessels  annually  employed,  their  tonnage,  number 
of  seamen,  and  also  the  quantity  of  fish  exported  during   those  two 

*  Sec  the  representation  of  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  to  Congress 
•a  1790,  on  the  subjed  of  their  fisheries,  and  report  of  the  secretary  of 
btatc  on  the  subject  of  their  fisheries  in  1793- 


39 

periods,  from  August  20th,  1789,  to  September  30th,  1790,  and  the 
countries  to  which  exported.  From  this  it  will  be  seen,  that  uo  to 
the  year  1790,  the  cod  fishery  had  not  recovered  from  the  effects  of 
the  revolutionary  war.  From  1765  to  1775,  the  average  number 
of  vessels  annually  employed  was  six  hundred  and  sixty-five,  their 
tonnage  twenty-five  thousand  six  hundred  and  thirty,  seamen  four 
thousand  four  hundred  and  five,  and  fish  exported  amounted  to  three 
hundred  and  fifty-one  thousand  three  hundred  quintals  ;  and  from 
1786  to  1790,  the  average  number  of  vessels  annually  employed  was 
only  five  hundred  and  thirty-nine,  tonnage  nineteen  thousand  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-five,  seamen  three  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty- 
seven,  and  fish  exported  only  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  six  hun- 
dred and  fifty  quintals. 

In  consequence  of  a  representation  made  to  Congress,  by  the  Le- 
gislature of  Massachusetts,  in  the  year  1790,  of  the  low  and  embarrass- 
ed state  of  the  fisheries,  and  a  report  made  thereon  by  the  secretary  of 
state,  a  bounty  was  given,  on  the  exportation  of  salted  fish,  by  way  of 
draw-back  of  the  duty  on  imported  salt,  and  afterwards  an  allowance 
in  money  was  made  to  vessels  employed  for  a  certain  number  oi 
months  in  the  cod  fishery.  In  consequence  of  this  encouragement, 
and  the  happy  effects  upon  trade  and  commerce,  produced  by 
the  establishment  of  the  general  government,  the  cod  fishery  increased 
until  the  commencement  of  the  embargo  and  restrictive  system.  The 
quantity  of  dried  or  smoked  fish,  and  of  pickled  fish,  exported  from 
1791  to  1814,  was  as  follows,  viz. : — 


Ihied  Fish. 

Bbls.  of  pickled 

Kegs  of  pickled 

Quintals. 

fish. 

fish. 

1791     -     ■ 

■     -     383,237     - 

-     -     57,424 

1792     -     ■ 

•     -     364,898     -     - 

-     48,277 

1793     -     ■ 

■     -     372,825     -     ■ 

-     45,440 

1794     -     ■ 

•     -     436,907     -     ■ 

■     -     36,929 

1795     - 

-     -     400,818     -     ■ 

■     -     55,999 

1796     • 

-     -     377,713     - 

-     -      84,558     -     - 

5,256 

1797     -     ■ 

-     -     406,016     -     • 

-     -      69,782     -     - 

7.351 

1798     - 

■     -     411,175     - 

-     -      66,827     -     - 

-       6,220 

1799     - 

•     -     428,495     - 

-     -      63.542     • 

•      15.990 

40 


Dried  Fish 

Bbls.  of  pickled 

Kegs  of  pickled 

Quintals. 

fish. 

fish. 

1800     -     • 

.      -     392,726     -      ■ 

■     -      50,388 

-     - 

- 

12,403 

1801     -     • 

•     -     410,948     - 

■     -      85,935 

-     - 

- 

10,424 

1802     -     ■ 

■     -     440,925     -     - 

•     -      75,819 

-     - 

- 

13,229 

1803     - 

■     -     461,870     - 

■     -      76,831 

♦     - 

- 

11,565 

1804     - 

.     -     567,828     -     ■ 

-     -      89,482 

-     - 

- 

13,045 

1805     -     • 

■     -     514,549     - 

-     -      56,670 

-     - 

- 

7,207 

1806     - 

■     -     537,457     - 

-     -      64,615 

-     - 

- 

10,155 

1807     -     ■ 

■     -     473,924     -     ■ 

-     -      57,621 

-     - 

- 

13,743 

1808 

•     -     155,808     -     ■ 

■     -      18,957 

-     - 

- 

3,036 

1809     -     • 

■     -     345,648     -     ■ 

■     -      54,777 

-     - 

- 

9,380 

1810     -     ■ 

•     -     280,804     -     ■ 

•     -       34,674 

-     - 

- 

5,964 

1811     -     • 

•     -     214,387     -     ■ 

■     -      44,716 

-     - 

- 

9,393 

1812     - 

-     -     169,019     -     • 

■     -      23,636 

-     - 

- 

3,143 

1813     .     - 

-       63,616     -     ■ 

■     -      13,833 

-     - 

- 

568 

1814     -     - 

■     -       31,310     - 

■     -        8,436 

-     - 

- 

87 

The  amount  of  tonnage  employed  in  the  cod  fishery,  from  179; 
to  1813,  was  as  follows,  viz. : — 


Enrolled  Tonnage. 

Tonnage  of  Vessels 
Licensed  under  20  to 

Tons.  95-100. 

Tons.  95-100 

1795 

24,887     6 

6,046     5 

1796 

28,509  39 

6,453  41 

1797 

33,406  67 

7,222  31 

1793 

35,476  81 

7,269  37 

1799 

23,932  26 

6,046  17 

1800 

22,306  94 

7,120     6 

1801 

31,279  57 

8,101   85 

1802 

32,987  42 

8,533  56 

J  803 

43,416  20 

8,394  24 

1804 

43,088  08 

8,925  73 

1805 

48,479  30 

8,986  37 

1806 

50,353  20 

8,820  57 

1807 

60,689  88 

9.616  20 

41 

Enrolled  Tonnage.  Tonnage  of  Vessels, 

licensed  under  20  tons. 
Tons.  95-100.  Tons.  95-100 

1808  -         -         43,597  40         -         -         8,400  22 

1809  -         -         26,109  67         -         -         8,376  93 

1810  -         -         26,250  91         -         -         8,577  28 

1811  both  enrolled  &  licensed  under  20  tons  was  37,588     7 

1812  do.         do.  do.  27,841   17 

1813  do.         do.  do.  18,522  81 
The  vessels  employed  in  the  cod  fishery  are  owned  in  the  states  of 

New-Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode-Island,  Connecticut  and  New- 
York,  except  sixty-six  tons  in  Virginia  in  1796,  and  forty-eight  tons  in 
New-Jersey,  in  1803,  but  principally  in  Massachusetts.  The  great- 
est amount  of  tonnage  ever  employed  from  the  United  States  in  the 
cod  fishery  was  in  the  year  1807,  being  seventy  thousand  three  hun- 
dred and  six  tons.  Of  this,  Massachusetts  owned  sixty-two  thousand 
two  hundred  and  thirteen  tons.  The  number  of  seamen  employed  in 
this  fishery,  on  an  average  of  ten  years,  from  1791  to  1800,  has  been 
estimated  at  five  thousand,  and  the  average  tonnage,  for  the  same 
period,  at  thirty-three  thousand.* 

From  1801  to  1807,  the  annual  average  amount  of  tonnage  employ- 
ed, was  about  forty-four  thousand,  and  the  number  of  seamen,  ac- 
cording to  the  above  proportion,  about  seven  thousand  annually. 

The  value  of  the  dried  fish,  and  pickled  fish,  exported  since  the 
year  1802,  has  been  as  follows : — 

Cod  or  dried  fish.  Pickled  fish. 

1803  -  -  #1,620,000  -  -  $560,000 

1804  -  -  2,400,000  -  -  640,000 

1805  -  -  2,058,000  -  348,000 

1806  -  -  2,150,000  -  -  366,000 

1807  -  -  1,896,000  -  -  302,000 

1808  -  -  623,000  -  -  98,000 

1809  -  -  1,123,000  -  -  282,000 

1810  -  -         913,000  -  214,000 

*  See  letter  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, July  29th,  1803. 

6 


42 


Cod  or  dried  fish. 

Pickled  fisli 

1811 

-       $757,000 

-       $305,000 

1812 

592,000 

146,000 

1813 

210,000 

81,000 

1814 

128,000 

50,000 

The  French  had  formerly  the  greatest  share  in  the  cod  fishery.  In 
1745,  the  Governour  of  the  province  of  Massachusetts,  Shirley,  trans- 
mitted to  the  British  government,  an  estimate  of  the  French  fishery  in 
the  preceding  year,  from  the  gut  of  Canso  to  Lewi>burgh,  and  thence 
to  the  north-east  part  of  Cape  Breton.  According  to  this  estimate, 
the  French  employed,  in  1744,  four  hundred  and  fourteen  large  ships 
in  taking  and  carrying  the  fish  to  market,  and  about  twenty-four 
thousand  five  hundred  and  twenty  men,  and  the  quantity  of  fish  taken 
was  one  million  one  hundred  and  forty-nine  thousand  quintals.  The 
French  fishery  was  afterwards  reduced,  and  for  many  years  past  ha? 
been  annihilated. 

For  many  years  previous  the  late  war,  between  the  United  States 
and  Great-Britain,  this  fishery  has  been  carried  on,  principally,  by 
the  British  and  Americans.  The  usual  markets  for  American  fish  are 
the  West-Indies  and  the  southern  parts  of  Europe.  (See  Table  VII.) 

The  late  treaty  of  peace  between  the  United  States  and  Great- 
Britain  is  silent  on  the  subject  of  the  cod  fishery.  Our  right  to  take 
fish  in  the  open  sea  cannot  be  questioned  ;  what  will  hereafter  be  th<; 
state  of  the  coast  fishery,  which  we  enjoyed  under  the  treaty  of 1783. 
is  yet  uncertain. 

THE  WHALE  FISHERY. 

The  whale  fishery  first  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Americans  iw, 
1690,  and  originated  at  the  island  of  Nantucket,  in  boats  from  the  shore 
In  1715,  six  sloops,  of  thirty-eight  tons  burden  each,  were  employed  iu 
this  fishery,  from  that  island.  For  many  years  their  adventures  were 
confined  to  the  American  coast,  but  as  whaJes  grew  scarce  here,  the} 
were  extended  to  (lie  Western  Islands,  and  to  the  Brazil.-,  and  at  length 
to  the  North  and  South  Seas.*     For  a  long  time,  the  Dutch  seemec* 

>%  -See  Collections  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society 


43 

to  monopolize  the  whale  fishery,  which  they  followed,  with  success, 
in  the  Greenland  or  Northern  Seas. 

As  early  as  1663,  they  had  two  hundred  and  two  ships  employed 
in  this  fishery,  and  in  1721,  as  many  as  two  hundred  and  sixty;  in 
1788,  the  number  was  reduced  to  sixty-nine,  and  for  many  years  past, 
not  only  has  this  branch  of  their  commerce,  but  almost  every  other, 
been  completely  annihilated.  In  1731,  the  Americans  had  about 
thirteen  hundred  tons  of  shipping  employed  in  this  fishery  along  their 
coast.  About  the  year  1 750,  the  whale  left  the  American  coast.  The 
hardy  enterprise  and  activity  of  the  American  sailor,  however,  soon 
followed  him  in  every  part  of  the  Northern  and  Southern  Seas. 

From  1771  to  1775,  Massachusetts  employed,  annually,  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-three  vessels,  of  thirteen  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
twenty  tons,  in  the  northern  whale  fishery,  and  one  hundred  and  twen- 
ty-one vessels,  of  fourteen  thousand  and  twenty-six  tons,  in  the  south- 
em,  navigated  by  four  thousand  and  fifty-nine  seaman.  The  pecul- 
iar mode  of  paying  the  seamen,  in  these  hazardous  voyages,  has  con- 
tributed not  a  little  to  the  success  of  the  voyages  themselves.  Each 
has  a  share  in  the  profits  of  the  voyage,  and  is  dependent  on  his  own 
exertions  for  the  reward  of  his  toils.  Whether  he  shall  be  rich  or 
poor,  depends  on  his  activity  in  managing  the  boat,  in  pursuit  of  the 
whale,  and  his  dexterity,  in  directing  the  harpoon.  This  has  led  to 
a  spirit  of  enterprise  and  hardihood,  never  surpassed,  if  ever  equal- 
!ed,  by  the  seamen  of  any  nation  in  the  world.* 

*  The  celebrated  Burke,  in  his  speech,  in  the  House  of  Commons,  about 
the  year  1774,  on  the  subject  of  American  affairs,  has  done  ample  justice  to 
the  industrious  and  enterprising'  spirit  of  this  class  of  American  seamen. 
"  As  to  the  wealth  (said  he)  which  tire  Colonists  have  drawn  from  the  sea, 
by  their  fisheries,  you  had  all  that  matter  fully  opened  at  your  bar.  You 
surely  thought  these  acquisitions  of  value,  for  they  seemed  to  excite  your 
envy,  and  yet  the  spirit  by  which  that  enterprising  employment  has  been 
exercised,  ought  rather,  in  my  opinion,  to  have  raised  esteem  and  admira- 
tion. And  pray,  sir,  what  in  die  world  is  equal  to  it  ?  Pass  by  the  other 
parts,  and  look  at  the  manner,  in  which  the  New-England  people  of  late  car- 
ried  on  tire  whale  fishery.  While  we  follow  them  among  the  tumbling 
mountains  of  ice,  and  behold  them  penetrating  into  the  deepest  frozen  re- 
cesses of  Hudson's  and  Davis'  Straits  ;  while  we  are  looking  for  them  be- 
neath the  arctic  circle,  we  hear,  that  they  have  pierced  into  the  opposite  re 


44 

During  the  war  of  the  American  revolution,  this  fishery  was  de- 
stroyed ;  on  the  return  of  peace,  it  recovered,  by  degrees,  and  from 
1787  to  1789,  ninety-one  vessels,  of  five  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
twenty  tons,  were  annually  employed  in  the  northern  fishery,  and 
thirty-one  vessels,  of  four  thousand  three  hundred  and  ninety  tons,  in 
the  southern,  with  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  eleven  seamen.  The 
quantity  of  spermaceti  oil  taken  annually,  from  1771  to  1775,  was 
thirty -nine  thousand  three  hundred  and  ninety  barrels,  and  of  whale 
oil  eight  thousand  six  hundred  and  fifty.  From  1787  to  1789,  the 
quantity  of  spermaceti  oil  taken  annually  was  seven  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  eighty  barrels,  and  whale  oil  thirteen  thousand  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty.  In  the  representation  made  to  Congress  in  the  year 
1 790,  by  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  it  is  stated  that,  before  the 
late  war,  about  four  thousand  seamen,  and  twenty-four  thousand  ton? 
of  shipping  were  annually  employed  from  that  state  in  the  whale 
fishery,  and  that  the  produce  thereof  was  about  £350,000  lawful  mo- 
ney, or  about  $1,160,000.*     -A  great  part  of  this  fishery  has  been 

*  In  the  papers  which  accompanied  this  representation  it  is  stated,  that 
"  about  one  quarter  of  the  spermaceti  is  head  matter,  one  quarter  of  which 
was  exported  to  Great -Britain,  the  remainder  manufactured  into  candles. 
The  spermaceti  oil,  previous  to  the  revolution,  was  mostly  exported  to 
Great-Britain.  The  average  price  in  that  market,  for  five  years,  previous  to 
the  war,  was  about  £40  sterling-  for  the  spermaceti  oil  and  £50  for  head" 
The  whale  oil  was  formerly  about  one  half  exported  to  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish West-India  Islands  ;  the  other  half  sold  in  the  United  States.     The  ave- 

gion  of  polar  cold ;  that  they  are  at  the  antipodes,  and  engaged  under  the 
frozen  serpent  of  the  south.  Faulkland  Island,  which  seemed  too  remote 
and  romantic  an  object  for  the  grasp  of  national  ambition,  is  but  a. stage  and 
resting  place  for  their  victorious  industry.  Nor  is  the  equinoctial  heat 
more  discouraging  to  them  than  the  accumulated  winter  of  both  poles.  We 
know,  that  while  some  of  them  draw  the  line  or  strike  the  harpoon  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  others  run  the  longitude  and  pursue  their  gigantic  game 
along  the  coast  of  Brazil.  No  sea,  but  what  is  vexed  with  their  fisheries. 
No  climate,  that  is  not  witness  of  their  toils.  Neither  the  perseverance  of 
Holland,  nor  the  activity  of  France,  nor  the  dexterous  and  firm  sagacity  of 
English  enterprise,  ever  carried  their  most  perilous  mode  of  hardy  industry 
to  the  extent  to  which  it  has  been  pursued  by  this  recent  people ;  a  people 
who  arc  still  in  the  gristle,  and  not  hardened  into  manhood," 


45 

carried  on  from  Nantucket,  where  it  originated,  a  small  island  about 
fifteen  miles  in  length,  and  two  or  three  miles  in  breadth,  situated 
about  thirty  miles  from  the  coast.  Before  the  revolutionary  war. 
this  small  island  had  sixty-five  ships,  of  four  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  seventy -five  tons,  annually  employed  in  the  northern,  and  eighty- 
five  ships,  of  ten  thousand  two  hundred  tons,  in  the  southern  fishery. 
From  1787  to  1789,  it  had  only  eighteen  ships,  of  one  thousand  three 
hundred  and  fifty  tons,  in  the  northern,  and  eighteen  ships,  of  two 
thousand  seven  hundred  tons,  in  the  southern  fishery.*  For  many 
years  past,  this  fishery  has  been  carried  on  from  this  island  and  from 
New-Bedford,  a  large  commercial  and  flourishing  town  on  the  coast, 
in  its  neighbourhood,  and  has  employed  from  fifteen  thousand  to 
eighteen  thousand  tons  of  shipping,  principally  in  the  Southern  Seas. 
Although  Great-Britain  has,  at  various  times,  given  large  bounties  to 
her  ships  employed  in  this  fishery,  yet  the  whalemen  of  Nantucket 
and  New-Bedford,  unprotected  and  unsupported  by  any  thing  but 
their  own  industry  and  enterprise,  have  generally  been  able  to  meet 
their  competitors  in  a  foreign  market.  The  quantity  of  spermaceti 
and  common  whale  oil,  whale  bone,  and  spermaceti  candles  exported 
from  1791  to  1814  appears  from  table  No.  IV.  Their  value  since 
1802.  has  been  as  follows  : — 


Whale  (common) 

Spermaceti  oil 

oil  and  bone. 

and  candles. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

803 

280,000 

175,000 

804 

310,000 

70.000 

*  See  Tables  Xo.  VIII  and  IX. 
rage  price  of  this  oil,  about  §70  per  ton.  A  whale,  producing  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  barrels  of  whale  oil,  will  generally  produce  two  thousand 
pounds  of  bone,  which  was  chiefly  exported  to  Great-Britain,  the  price 
about  half  a  dollar  per  pound.  A  whale,  producing  fifty  to  sixty  barrels,  will 
generally  produce  nearest  ten  pounds  of  bone  to  a  barrel  of  oil.  The  ave- 
rage price  of  oil  for  three  years  past,  (viz.  1787,  1788,  and  1789)  : — 

Spermaceti   §100  per  ton 

Whale  oil  -  -  -  50     do. 

Head  matter  -  150     do. 

Bone,  about  15  cts.  per  pound.'-* 


46 


Whale  (common) 

Spermaceti  oii 

oil  and  bone. 

and  candles. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1805 

- 

315,000 

163,000 

1806 

- 

418,000 

182,000 

1807 

- 

476,000 

130,000 

1808 

- 

88,000 

33,000 

1809 

- 

169,000 

136,000 

1810 

- 

222,000 

132,000 

1811 

- 

78,000 

273,000 

1812 

- 

56,000 

141,000 

1813 

- 

2,500 

10,500 

1814 

- 

1 ,000 

9,000 

The  following  is  the  total  value  of  exports,  consisting  of  the  pro- 
duce of  the  sea,  from  1803  to  1814,  viz. 

Dolls. 

1803 2,635,000 

1804 3,420,000 

1805  -                   ....  2,884,000 

1806 3,116,000 

1807 2,804,000 

1808 832,000 

1809  ------  1,710,000 

1810 1,481,000 

1811  -  ...  1,413,000 

1812  -  -                             -  935,000 

1813  -  -          -  304,000 
1814 188,000 

The  common  whale  oil  finds  a  market  in  the  West-Indies,  Great- 
Britain,  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal.  The  greatest  part  of  the  sper- 
maceti oil,  is  carried  to  Great-Britain.  (See  Table  No.  X.)  The 
late  war  between  the  United  States  and  Great-Britain  has  again  al- 
most annihilated  the  cod  and  whale  fisheries.*  While  in  the  years 
previous  to  the  restrictive  system  and  the  war,  the  fisheries  furnished 

Twenty.four  whalemen  were  taken  by  the  British  in  the  late  war. 


47 

articles  for  exportation  to  an  amount  of  more  than  three  millions  01 
dollars,  in  1814,  the  exports  of  the  produce  of  the  fisheries  is  reduced 
to  the  sum  of  $188,000. 

2d.  THE  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  FOREST. 

The  products  of  the  forest  consist  of  lumber  of  all  kinds,  navai 
-tores  (such  as  tar,  pitch,  turpentine  and  rosin)  pot  and  pearl  ashes, 
skins  and  furs,  ginseng,  and  oak  bark  and  other  dyes. 

The  exportation  of  lumber  has  always  been  an  object  of  no  incon- 
siderable importance  to  this  country.  The  first  settlers  found  here 
immense  forests  of  wood  and  timber,  and  as  they  cleared  these  lands 
the  timber  was  of  little  value  except  for  exportation.  The  lumber 
exported  consists  of  staves  and  heading,  shingles,  hoops  and  poles, 
boards,  plank,  scantling  and  timber  of  various  sorts  for  masts,  spars, 
buildings,  &c.  The  official  value  of  lumber  of  all  kinds  exported  in 
the  year  1770,  was  about  £154,637  sterling,  or  $686,588.  From 
J  803  to  1807,  the  value  of  lumber  exported,  on  an  average,  exceeded 
i  wo  millions  and  a  half  of  dollars.  Naval  stores,  such  as  tar,  pitch, 
turpentine,  and  rosin,  have  long  been  an  object  of  importance,  not  on- 
ly for  home  consumption,  but  for  exportation.  Great-Britain  has  al- 
ways been  dependent  upon  foreign  countries  for  these  articles,  which  to 
her  are  of  the  first  necessity.  Before  they  were  produced  in  her  North- 
American  Colonies,  she  obtained  them  from  the  north  of  Europe,  and 
particularly  from  the  pitch  and  tar  company  of  Sweden.  About  the 
year  1703,  this  company  attempted  to  raise  their  price  upon  these 
articles,  by  prohibiting  the  exportation  of  them,  except  in  their  own 
-hips.  This  induced  the  British  government  to  encourage  the  produc- 
tion of  them  in  their  Colonies,  By  the  3  and  4  of  Ann,  a  bounty  of 
£4  per  ton  was  given  on  the  importation  of  tar  and  pitch,  and  £3  per 
ton  on  rosin  and  turpentine  from  the  American  Colonies.  These  arti- 
cles are  produced  principally  in  North-Carolina,  and  this  bounty,  no 
doubt,  had  its  effect  in  increasing  the  production  of  them  in  that  Pro- 
vince. In  the  year  1770,  the  quantity  of  tar  exported  was  eighty-two 
thousand  and  seventy-five  barrels,  of  pitch,  nine  thousand  one  hundred 
ami  fourteen  barrels,  and  of  turpentine,  seventeen  thousand  and  four- 
tpen,  and  their  official  value  was  £34.693  sterling,  or  about  £144,000. 


48 

Since  the  year  1791,  the  quantity  of  these  articles  has  varied  almost 
every  year  ;  in  1795,  ninety  thousand  and  sixty-six  barrels  of  tar  were 
exported.  During  the  years  1805-6  and  7,  the  average  quantity  of 
tar  exported  was  sixty-four  thousand  nine  hundred  and  seventeen  bar- 
rels— of  turpentine,  seventy-four  thoofand  six  hundred  and  seven  bar- 
rels, and  of  pitch,  nine  thousand  and  eight  barrels,  and  their  average 
value  was  about  $500,000.  Before  the  American  Revolution,  Great- 
Britain  also  encouraged  the  production  of  pot  and  pearl  ashes  in 
her  North-American  Colonies,  as  being  necessary  for  her  manufac- 
tures. In  1761,  the  society  instituted  at  London  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  arts,  manufactures,  and  commerce,  offered  large  premiums  to 
those  who  should  import  from  the  American  Colonies  the  greatest  quan- 
tity of  pot  and  pearl  ashes.  Treatises,  describing  the  method  of  mak- 
ing these  articles,  were,  about  the  same  time,  sent  over,  and  circula- 
ted among  the  Colonists.  In  the  year  1770,  one  thousand  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-three  tons  of  pot  ashes,  and  seven  hundred  thirty- 
seven  tons  of  pearl  ashes  were  exported  from  the  North-American  Co- 
lonies ;  the  value  of  these  was  then  estimated  at  £64,660  9  2  ster- 
ling, or  about  $290,000.  The  exportation  of  these  articles  has  since 
greatly  increased  ;  the  value  of  pot  and  pearl  ashes  exported  in  1807. 
amounted  to  $1,490,000. 

As  the  American  forests  abounded  in  wild  animals,  whose  skins 
;md  furs  were  valuable,  furs  and  peltry  have  always  constituted  a  part 
of  American  exports.  In  the  year  1770,  the  official  value  of  these  ar- 
ticles exported,  from  all  the  North-American  Colonies,  which  inclu- 
ded Canada,  was  £119,224  14  4  sterling,  or  about  $670,000. 
The  average  value  of  these  articles,  exported  from  the  United  States 
from  1791  to  1803,  was  about  $300,000;  fronrW804  to  1807  in- 
clusive, the  annual  average  value  was  about  $900,000.  It  is  be- 
lieved, that  during  these  years,  a  large  proportion  of  the  furs  ex- 
ported were  brought  from  Canada,  and  shipped  at  the  Atlantic 
ports. 

Ginseng,  a  root  so  highly  valued  in  China,  has  been  long  known  in 
North-America,  and  has  become  an  article  of  export.  In  1770,  the 
quantity  exported  was  seventy-four  thousand  six  hundred  and  four 
pounds,  and  was  valued  at  about  $5,000.  The  greatest  quanti- 
fy exported  since  1791.  was  in  1806,  being  four  hundred  forty-eight 


49 

thousand  three  hundred  and  ninety-four  pounds,  and  valued  &\ 
$139,000.  Oak  and  other  bark  and  wood  for  tanning  and  dying, 
have  also  become  articles  of  exportation  of  some  value.  In  1803. 
they  amounted  to  $225,000. 

The  following  is  the  value  of  all  the  exports,  which  are  the  pro- 
duce of  the  forest,  from  1803  to  1814,  viz. — 

1803 $4,850,000 

1804 4,630,000 

1805  -                                                -  5,261,000 

1806  ---,.-  4,861,000 

1807 5,476,000 

1808 1,399,000 

1809 4,583,000 

1810  -         -     •    -         -         -         -  4,978,000 

1811 5,286,000 

1812 -  2,701,000 

1813 1,107,000 

1814  - 570,000 

The  value  of  each  of  the  articles  exported  during  the  same  period; 
is  as  follows,  viz. — 


Lumber  of 

Naval 

Pot  &  pearl 

Furs  & 

Oak  bark  & 

all  kinds. 

stores. 

ashes. 

skins. 

Ginseng. 

other  dye? 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls 

1803 

2,800,000 

460,000 

735,000 

500,000 

100,000 

225,000 

1804 

2,540,000 

322,000 

640,000 

956,000 

84,000 

88,000 

1805 

2,607,000 

702,000 

776,000 

967,000 

148,000 

61,000 

1806 

2,495,000 

409,000 

935,000 

841,000 

139,000 

42,000 

1807 

2,637,000 

335,000 

1,490,000 

852,000 

143,000 

19,000 

1808 

723,000 

102,000 

408,000 

161,000 

5,000 

1809 

1,843,000 

737,000 

1,506,000 

332,000 

136,000 

29,090 

1810 

2,537,000 

473,000 

1,579,000 

177,000 

140,000 

72,000 

1811 

3,195,000 

834,000 

752,000 

314,000 

79,000 

112,000 

1812 

1,638,000 

490,000 

333,000 

123,000 

10,000 

107,000 

1813 

636,000 

91,000 

204,000 

58,000 

118,000 

1814 

258,000 

31,000 

217,000 

7 

22,009 

39,000 

3.000 

50 

The  articles  of  lumber  are  carried,  principally,  to  the  West-In- 
dies, except  staves  and  heading,  many  of  which  go  to  Great-Britain 
and  Portugal.  Nearly  all  the  naval  stores,  and  pot  and  pearl  ashes, 
go  to  Great-Britain.  For  the  destination  of  these  articles  from  1800 
to  1811,  see  Tables  No.  XI,  XII,  XIII.  XIV,  XV.  XVI.  and  XVII 
annexed  to  this  chapter. 


51 


TABLE  No.  I. 


A  summary  statement  of  the  value  of  the  exports  of  the  several  States 
and  Territories,  annually,  from  the  1st  of  October,  1790,  to  the  30t!i 
of  September,  1810. 


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1 

CHAPTER  IV. 


The  produce  of  agriculture  divided  into  that,  1st,  which  constitutes  veg- 
etable food,  as  wheat,flour,  rice,  indian  corn,  rye,  &c. — 2d,  the  products  of  an- 
imals, as  beef,  pork,  butter,  lard,  cheese, and  cattle,  horses,  &.c. — 3d,  tobacco, 
— 4th,  cotton,  and  5th,  others  of  less  importance,  as  flax-seed,  indigo,  wax, 
kc. — The  quantity  and  value  of  each  of  these  exported  at  different  periods- 
Value  of  manufactures  exported — A  comparative  view  of  the  value  of  the 
products  of  tli  e  sea,  of  the  forest,  of  agriculture,  and  manufactures  exported, 
in  each  year  from  1803  to  1814. 

The  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants  of  North- America, 
from  its  first  settlement,  has  been  that  of  agriculture.  The  first  emi- 
grants soon  found,  that  nothing  promised  such  important  advantages, 
and  furnished  such  easy  means  of  subsistence,  as  the  cultivation  of 
new  lands.  The  labour  bestowed  in  clearing  them,  not  only  furnish^ 
ed  the  surest  means  of  subsistence,  but  also  added  to  the  permanent 
value  of  the  lands  themselves.  The  immense  tracts  of  vacant,  uncleared 
lands  in  the  United  States,  has  always  rendered  it  easy,  for  those  who 
possessed  an  ordinary  share  of  industry,  to  obtain  more  than  sufficient 
for  cultivation.  The  ease  with  which  families  can  be  supported,  by 
this  mode  of  employment,  has  induced  early  marriages  ;  population 
has  increased  with  the  means  of  subsistence ;  and  wealth  and  happiness 
have  generally  attended  the  independent  cultivator  of  the  soil. 

The  surplus  produce  of  the  agriculture  of  the  United  States  ha= 
been  exchanged  for  those  articles,  either  of  necessity,  convenience,  or 
luxury,  which  they  did  not  manufacture,  or  which  could  only  be  pn> 
cured  from  foreign  nations  ;  and  the  productions  of  agriculture,  both 
before  and  since  the  American  revolution,  have  constituted  much 
the  greatest  portion  of  their  domestic  exports.  These  productions 
have  been  classed  into  those — 

1st,  which  constitute  vegetable  food,  such  as  wheat,  flour,  rice,  in< 
dian  corn,  rye,  peas,  beans,  potatoes,  &c. 

\2 


•JO 

■I'd,  the  product  of  animals,  as  beef,  tallow,  hides,  butter  and 
cheese,  pork  and  lard,  or  the  animals  themselves,  as  live  cattle,  hor- 
des, mules,  sheep,  &c. 

3d,  tobacco. 

4th,  cotton. 

5th,  others  of  minor  importance,  as  indigo,  flax-seed,  wax,  &c. 

Wheat,  the  most  valuable  of  all  vegetables,  Was  brought  into  Amer- 
ica by  the  first  settlers,  and  has  been  cultivated  with  success,  from 
the  first  settlement  of  the  country.  For  a  long  time,  it  has  been  the 
staple  of  the  middle  states,  and  was  formerly  produced  in  great  abun- 
dance, in  the  eastern  states.  For  some  years  past,  however,  the 
growth  of  wheat  in  New-England  has,  in  a  great  degree,  failed.  The 
states  of  Maryland  and  Virginia,  have,  long  since,  exchanged  part  of 
their  tobacco  lands,  for  wheat ;  and  lately,  in  the  more  southern  states, 
(he  cultivation  of  wheat  has  been  substituted  for  cotton.  Wheat  and 
flour  have  always  constituted  a  large  proportion  of  the  exports  of  this 
country. 

In  the  year  1770,  the  quantity  of  wheat  exported  from  the  North- 
American  Colonies,  now  United  States,  was  seven  hundred  and  fifty - 
>me  thousand  two  hundred  and  forty  bushels;  of  this  eleven  thousand 
-even  hundred  and  thirty-nine  went  to  England  ;  one  hundred  and 
forty-nine  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eighty-five,  to  Ireland ;  five 
hundred  and  eighty-eight  thousand  five  hundred  and  sixty-one,  to  the 
south  of  Europe,  and  nine  hundred  and  fifty -five,  to  the  West-Indies. 
During  the  same  year,  forty-five  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty- 
eight  tons  of  flour  and  bread  were  also  exported,  of  which  two 
hundred  and  sixty-three  tons  went  to  England  ;  three  thousand  five 
hundred  and  eighty-three,  to  Ireland  ;  eighteen  thousand  five  hun- 
dred and  one,  to  the  south  of  Europe  ;  twenty-three  thousand  four 
hundred  and  forty-nine,  to  the  West-Indies ;  and  seventy-two,  to 
\frica.  The  official  value  of  the  wheat,  was  estimated  at 
£131,467  0  10  sterling,  and  the  flour  and  bread  at  £504,553  6  1 
making  .£636,020  6  1 1  or  about  $2,862,190.  The  amount  export- 
ed from  the  United  Slates,  from  the  peace  of  1783,  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  government,  cannot  be  ascertained  with  any 
degree  of  precision. 


91 


The  quantity  exported  from  1791,  to  1814,  with  the  value  since 
1803,  was  as  follows  : — 


Wheat 

Flour. 

Value  of  both 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

Dolls 

1791 

-   1,018,339 

619,681 

1792 

853,790 

824,464 

1793 

-   1,450,575 

1,074,639 

1794 

6:6,797 

846,010 

1795 

141,273 

687,369 

1796 

31,226 

725,194 

1797 

15,655 

515,633 

1798 

15,021 

567,558 

1799 

10,056 

519,265 

1800 

26,853 

653,052 

1801 

239,929 

1,102,444 

1802 

280,281 

1,156,248 

1803 

686,415 

1,311,853 

9,310,000 

1804 

127,024 

810,008 

7,100,000 

1805 

18,041 

777,513 

8,325,000 

1806 

86,784 

782,724 

6,867,000 

1807 

766,814 

1,249,819 

10,753,000 

1808 

87,330 

263,813 

1,936,000 

1809 

393,889 

846,247 

5,944,000 

1810 

325,924 

798,431 

6,846,000 

1811 

216,833 

1,445,012 

14,662,000 

1812 

53,832 

1,443,492 

13,687,000 

1813 

288,535 

1,260,943 

13,591,000 

1814 

. 

193,274 

1,734,000 

The  years  of  greatest  exportation  of  these  articles,  since  1791,  were 
1793,  1801-2  and  3,  1807,  and  1811,  in  the  last  of  which,  the  value 
of  wheat  and  flour  exported  amounted  to  the  sura  of  $14,662,000. 
exceeding,  by  nearly  four  millions,  that  of  any  former  year.  Thi^ 
great  increase,  however,  was  owing,  principally,  to  the  enhancer 
price  of  those  articles,  during  that  year.  In  1807,  the  average  price 
of  wheat,  at  the  principal  place?  of  exportation,  was  $1   25  perbi^h 


92 

el,  and  of  flour,  $7  per  barrel ;  in  181  J,   the  price  of  wheat  was  $i 
75,  and  of  flour,  $9  50.* 

Tables  No.  I.  and  II.  annexed  to  this  chapter,  shew  the  different 
countries  and  places,  to  which  these  articles  have  been  exported  from 
1800,  to  181 1.  The  West-Indies,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Great-Britain 
have  been  the  principal  consumers  of  our  wheat  and  flour.  The  West- 
India  Islands  have  always  furnished  a  market  for  a  large  proportion 
of  them,  and  in  times  of  scarcity  in  Great-Britain,  and  in  the  southern 
parts  of  Europe,  the  United  States  have  come  in  competition  with  the 
grain  countries  of  the  north  of  Europe.  In  1801,  in  a  time  of  scarci- 
ty in  Great-Britain,  the  United  States  exported  to  that  kingdom  two 
hundred  and  sixteen  thousand  nine  hundred  and  seventy-seven  bush- 
els of  wheat,  and  four  hundred  and  seventy-nine  thousand  seven  hun- 
dred and  twenty  barrels  of  flour.  In  1807,  six  hundred  and  sixty-nine 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  fifty  bushels  of  wheat,  and  three  hundred 
twenty-three  thousand  nine  hundred  and  sixty-eight  barrels  of  flour 
were  also  exported  to  Great-Britain.  The  late  unfortunate  and  dis- 
tressed situation  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  has  called  for  a  large  propor- 
tion of  our  grain,  not  only  for  the  ordinary  supply  for  the  inhabitants, 
but  for  the  support  of  the  allied  armies,  in  those  countries.  In  1811, 
no  less  than  five  hundred  twenty-nine  thousand  one  hundred  and  five 
barrels  of  flour,  and  fifty -five  thousand  and  thirty*three  bushels  ot 
wheat  were  shipped  to  Portugal,  and  three  hundred  six  thousand  and 
seventy-four  barrels  of  flour  and  twenty-one  thousand  one  hundred  and 

*  The  prices,  by  which  the  value  of  wheat  and  flour  exported  has  been 
calculated  at  the  Treasury  Department,  since  the  year  1806  (being  the  aver- 
age prices  at  the  principal  places  of  exportation,)  were  as  follows  : — 


Wheat  price 

Flour  price 

per  bushel. 

per  barrel 

1806 

S1  33 

-        »8 

1807 

1  25 

7 

1808 

1  25 

6  50  . 

1809 

1  25 

6 

1810 

1  50 

7  50 

1811 

1  75 

9  50 

1812 

1  94 

10  00 

1813 

1  75 

11  00 

1814 

9  50 

93 

ninety-nine  bushels  of  wheat,  to  Spain,  making  in  the  whole,  to  the 
Peninsula,  during  that  year,  eight  hundred  thirty-five  thousand  one 
hundred  and  seventy -nine  barrels  of  flour,  and  seventy-six  thousand 
two  hundred  and  thirty-two  bushels  of  wheat,  the  value  of  which  at  the 
places  of  exportation  exceeded  eight  millions  of  dollars.  If  to  this 
is  added  the  enhanced  price,  in  the  foreign  market,  the  value  cannot, 
fall  much  short  of  twelve  millions.  The  following  quantities  of  wheat 
and  flour  were  shipped  to  Spain  and  Portugal,  during  the  years  1812 
and  1813,  viz.— 

To  Spain.  To  Portugal. 

Wheat.  Flour.  Wheat.  Flour, 

bushels.  barrels.  bushels.  barrels. 

1812  8,865         381,726  33,591  557,218 

1813  74,409         431,101  214,126  542,399 

Making  nine  hundred  seventy-three  thousand  and  five  hundred  bar- 
rels of  flour  to  Spain  and  Portugal,  for  the  year  1813.  The  value  of 
wheat  and  flour,  therefore,  which  went  to  those  countries  in  that  year 
was  $1 1,213,447,  at  the  places  of  exportation.  In  a  foreign  market 
iheir  value  could  not  be  less  than  fifteen  millions. 

In  Great-Britain,  various  regulations,  at  different  times,  have  been 
made,  relative  to  the  exportation  and  importation  of  grain.  The 
limited  extent  of  that  country,  in  proportion  to  its  population,  and 
ihe  employment  of  so  many  of  its  inhabitants,  in  commerce  and  man- 
ufactures, have,  for  many  years  past,  rendered  a  foreign  supply  of 
grain  necessary,  in  case  of  any  considerable  failure  of  their  crops. 
To  encourage  the  production  of  domestic  grain,  and  to  remedy  the 
evils,  arising  from  a  scarcity  in  consequence  of  bad  crops,  the  British 
government  have  given  a  bounty  on  the  exportation  of  grain,  when 
its  price  was  below  a  certain  sum,  and  have  allowed  its  importation, 
with  a  very  small  duty,  when  it  has  risen  in  price  to  a  sum  which  is 
fixed  by  law  ;  and  for  many  years  past,  in-  times  of  great  scarcity,  a 
large  bounty  has  been  given,  on  the  importation  of  foreign  grain.  In 
1773,  when  the  price  of  middling  wheat  in  Great-Britain,  was  under 
44s.  rye  28s.  barley  22s.  oats  lis.  a  bounty  of  5s.  per  quarter  on 
wheat,  3°.  on  rye,  2s.  6d.  on  barley,   and  2=.   on  oat-?  was  given  on 


94 

its  exportation.  When  the  price  of  middling  wheal  was  44s.  or  more. 
its  exportation  was  prohibited,  under  a  forfeiture  of  20s.  per  bushel ; 
and  when  the  price  of  wheat  was  at,  or  above  48s.  rye,  peas  or  beans 
32s.  barley  24s.  oats  16s.,  the  high  duties  on  importation  ceased,  and 
wheat  was  allowed  to  be  imported,  on  paying  the  trifling  duty  of  6d. 
per  quarter,  2d.  per  cwt.  on  flour,  3d.  per  quarter  on  rye,  peas  or 
beans,  2d.  on  barley  and  2d.  on  oats.  These  prices  were  altered  at 
subsequent  periods.  In  consequence  of  a  scarcity  in  1795,  a  bounty 
was  granted  of  16  to  20s.  per  quarter,  according  to  the  quality,  on 
wheat,  and  6s.  per  cwt.  on  flour,  from  the  South  of  Europe,  till  the 
quantity  imported  should  amount  to  four  hundred  thousand  quarters, 
and  from  America,  till  it  should  amount  to  five  hundred  thousand  quar- 
ters ;  and  12s.  to  15s.  from  any  other  part  of  Europe,  till  it  should 
amount  to  five  hundred  thousand  quarters,  and  8s.  to  10s.  after  it  ex- 
ceeded that  quantity,  to  continue  till  the  30th  of  September,  1796. 
In  1800,  in  consequence  of  a  deficiency  in  the  harvest  of  the  prece- 
ding year,  the  British  government,  by  an  act  passed  the  beginning  of 
April,  granted  to  the  importer,  the  difference  between  the  average 
price  of  English  wheat,  the  second  week  after  importation,  and  90s. 
on  wheat  from  the  South  of  Europe,  Africa,  and  America ;  85s.  from 
the  Baltic,  and  Germany  ;  and  90s.  from  Archangel,  if  imported  be- 
fore the  1st  of  October  of  that  year.  In  December  of  the  same  year, 
the  prices  still  continuing  high,  by  another  act,  the  difference  between 
the  average  price  of  foreign  wheat,  the  third  week  after  entry,  and 
100s.  was  guaranteed  to  the  importers  of  all  wheat  weighing  fifty-three 
pounds  per  bushel,  or  four  hundred  and  twenty-four  pounds  per  quar- 
ter imported  after  the  1st  of  December  of  that  year, — two  hundred  and 
eighty  pounds  of  wheaten  flour,  except  American,  to  be  equal  to  a 
quarter.  American  flour  was  to  be  sold  by  auction,  and  to  receive 
the  difference  between  the  price  at  which  it  sold  and  90s.  per  each 
barrel  of  one  hundred  and  ninety-six  pounds.  In  consequence  of 
these  acts,  the  bounty  paid,  on  the  importation  of  grain,  in  1796, 
amounted  to  £599,834  sterling  ;  and  in  1801,  it  amounted  to  the 
sum  of  £1,420,355  sterling,  or  about  $6,381,000.  The  quantity  of 
grain  of  all  sorts,  imported  into  Great-Britain  in  1801,  was  two  mil- 
lion twenty -seven  thousand  five  hundred  and  fifteen  quarters,  or  more 
than  sixteen  million-  of  bushels,  and  the  quantity  of  meal  was  one 


95 

million  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
four  cwt.  The  average  price  of  wheat  in  England  in  1795  was 
74s.  2d.  per  cjuarter,  and  in  1796  was  77s.  Id. ;  in  1800,  the  aver- 
age price  per  quarter  was  113s.  7d.  and  in  1801,  118s.  3d.  In 
1803,  the  price  was  reduced  to  56s.  per  quarter,  and  the  growers  com- 
plained of  the  inadequacy  of  this  price,  and  in  1804,  a  law  was  pass- 
ed, granting  a  bounty  of  5s.  per  quarter  on  the  exportation  of  wheat. 
when  the  average  price  of  it  was  at  48s.  per  quarter,  and  when  above 
5  Is.  not  to  be  exported.  By  this  act,  also,  wheat,  if  imported  from 
Quebec,  or  other  British  Colonies,  when  the  average  price  is  under 
53s.  pays  the  high  duty  of  24s.  3d.  above  53s.  and  under  56s.  pays 
2s.  6d.,  and  above  56s.  Gd.  ;  when  imported  from  any  foreign 
country,  the  average  price  being  under  63s.  pays  the  high  duty  of 
24s.  3d.  per  quarter;  above  63s.  and  under  66s.,  2s.  6d.,  above 
66s.  6d.*  By  the  report  of  a  committee  of  the  house  of  Commons, 
made  in  July,  1814,  on  petitions  relating  to  the  corn  laws  of  Great- 
Britain,  it  appears  that,  in  consequence  of  the  advanced  price  of 
rent  and  labour,  and  the  increase  of  taxes,  particularly  the  proper- 
ty tax,  80s.  per  quarter,  or  10s.  sterling,  ($2  25)  per  bushel,  is 
the  lowest  prices  which  would  afford  the  British  grower  of  wheat,  an 
adequate  remuneration.  This  report  is  founded  on  information,  ob- 
tained from  every  part  of  the  kingdom.  In  consequence  of  this  re- 
port, the  British  Parliament  have  lately  passed  a  law,  prohibiting  the 
importation  of  foreign  wheat,  unless  the  price  of  English  wheat  is  10s. 
sterling  or  more  per  bushel.  The  law,  however,  was  not  popular  in  Lon- 
don, and  its  passage  occasioned  serious  riots  in  that  city.  This  brief 
sketch  of  the  corn  laws  of  Great-Britain,  about  which  a  diversity  of 
opinion  has  prevailed  among  the  political  economists  of  that  country, 
cannot  be  uninteresting  to  the  American  farmer,  merchant,  or  states- 
man. It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  what  price  will  remunerate  the  grow- 
er of  wheat  in  the  United  States.  In  1806  and  1807,  when  great 
quantities  of  wheat  and  flour  were  exported,  the  average  price  of 
wheat  was  only  $1  27  per  bushel,  and  the  average  price  of  flour 
$7  50  per  barrel. 

The  population  of  England  and  Wales  in  1801,  according  to  an 

'  See  Comber's  Enquiry,  1808,  and  Oddy's  European  Commerce 


00 

enumeration  then  made,  was  about  nine  millions  three  hundred  and 
thirty  thousand,  and  Mr.  George  Chalmers  estimated  the  consumption 
of  grain  of  all  sorts,  at  that  time,  in  England  and  Wales,  to  be  as  fol- 
lows, viz. — 

Quarters.  Bushels. 

Bread  corn,  one  qr.  each,  9,330,000  eight  bush,  per  qr.  74,640,000 
Corn  made  into  drink,  4,665,000  do.  do.  37,320,000 
Com  for  cattle,  poultry  ,&c.  4,665,000         do.         do.         37,320,000 


18,660,000  or  149,280,000 

How  far  the   United  States  have  come  in  competition,  with  the 

grain  countries  situated  around  the  Baltic,  in  the  articles  of  wheat  and 

flour,  will  appear  on  comparing  the  exports  of  those   articles,  from 

those  countries  respectively. 

The  whole  quantity  of  wheat,  exported  from  all  the  ports  of  the 

Baltic  in  the  years  1801  and  1802,  being  years  of  great  exportation. 

was,  for 

1801  .         .         .         .         994,609  quarters* 

1802  ....  1,032,941  do.  being,  on  an  ave- 
rage of  these  two  years,  about  one  million  of  quarters,  or  eight  millions 
of  Winchester  bushels.  The  average  quantity  exported  from  the  Uni- 
ted States,  during  the  same  years,  (allowing  five  bushels  of  wheat  to 
■&  barrel  of  flour,)  was  about  five  millions  nine  hundred  thousand  bu- 
shels, falling  about  two  millions  short  of  the  quantity  exported  from  all 
the  extensive  grain  countries  situated  around  the  Baltic.  The  value 
of  grain  of  all  kinds  annually  exported  from  the  Baltic,  in  common 
years,  amounts  to  about  two  millions  sterling,  or  about  nine  millions 
of  dollars.  In  some  years,  however,  it  has  amounted  to  eight  mil- 
lions sterling.!  The  value  of  grain,  including  rice,  shipped  from 
the  United  States,  on  an  average  of  the  years  1805-6,  and  7,  was  about 
twelve  and  a  half  millions  of  dollars,  and  in  the  years  1811-12, 
and  13,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 


Dolls. 

1811 

20,391,000 

1^12 

17,797,000 

1813 

19,041,000 

*  2  Vol.  of  Odd> 

»  2  Vol  of  Odd;.- 

97 

This  increase,  it  is  well  known,  was  occasioned  by  the  great  de- 
mand for  grain  and  provisions  of  all  kinds  in  Spain  and  Portugal  du- 
ring these  years,  and  the  enhanced  prices  of  the  articles  themselves. 
In  1811,  the  year  of  the  greatest  exportation,  the  value 

of  wheat,  flour,  and  biscuit,  was  $14,662,000 

of  Indian  corn  and  meal,  2,896,000 

of  rice,  2,387,000 

of  all  other,  rye,  oats,  pulse,  potatoes,  &c.    446,000 

Making  $20,391,000* 

RICE. 

The  culture  of  rice  was  introduced  into  South-Carolina  about  the 
year  1694.  Different  accounts  have  been  given  as  to  the  manner  of 
its  first  introduction.  The  account,  however,  given  by  Dr.  Ramsay, 
in  his  valuable  history  of  South-Carolina,  published  in  1809,  is  proba- 
bly the  most  correct,  and  which  we  shall  give  in  his  own  words : 

"  Landgrave  Thomas  Smith,  who  was  governour  of  the  Province 
in  1 693,  had  been  at  Madagascar,  before  he  settled  in  Carolina.  There 
he  observed,  that  rice  was  planted  and  grew  in  low  and  moist  ground. 
Having  such  ground,  at  the  western  extremity  of  his  garden  attached  to 
his  dwelling-house  in  East  Bay  street,  he  was  persuaded  that  rice 
would  grow  therein,  if  seed  could  be  obtained.      About  this  time  a 

*  The  value  of  grain  exported  from  the  empire  of  Russia,  in  1802,  was  a-j 
follows  :t 

Rubles. 

Wheat 4,055,907 

Rye  5,604,422 

Barley 1,004,144 

Oats 206,056 

Other  corn 99,754 

Wheat  and  rye  flour  ....  157,809 

In  spirits  made  from  native  corn  -         -  368,153 


11,496,245 


*  Oddy's  European  Commerce. 
13 


08 

vessel  irum  Madagascar,  being  in  distress,  came  to  anchor  near  Sulli' 
van's  Island.  The  master  of  this  vessel  inquired  for  Mr.  Smith  as  an 
old  acquaintance.  An  interview  took  place.  In  the  course  of  con- 
versation Mr.  Smith  expressed  a  wish  to  obtain  some  seed  rice  to  plant 
in  his  garden,  by  way  of  experiment.  The  cook  being  called  said 
he  had  a  small  bag  of  rice  suitable  for  that  purpose.  This  was  pre- 
sented to  Mr.  Smith,  who  sowed  it  in  a  low  spot  of  his  garden,  which 
now  forms  a  part  of  Longitude  lane.  It  grew  luxuriantly.  The  little 
crop  was  distributed  by  Mr.  Smith,  among  his  planting  friends.  From 
this  small  beginning,  the  first  staple  commodity  of  Carolina  took  its 
rise.     It  soon  after  became  the  chief  support  of  the  Colony."* 

Its  introduction  was  an  object  of  great  importance  to  that  country. 
It  was  valuable,  not  only  for  the  consumption  of  the  inhabitants  of 
that  Province,  but  it  soon  became  the  staple  of  the  country,  as  an  ar- 
ticle of  exportation,  liy  an  act  of  Parliament  of  the  3  and  4  of  Ann, 
(1706)  rice  was  placed  among  the  enumerated  commodities,  and  could 
only  be  shipped  directly  to  Great-Britain  ;  but  afterwards,  in  the 
year  1730,  it  was  permitted,  under  certain  limitations  and  restric- 
tions, to  be  shipped  and  carried  directly  from  Carolina,  to  any  part 
of  Europe  south  of  Cape  Finisterre.  In  the  year  1724,  eighteen 
thousand  barrels  of  rice  were  exported,  and  in  the  year  1733,  thirty- 
six  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty-four  barrels  from  South-Carolina, 
and  in  1739,  seventy-one  thousand  four  hundred  and  eighty-four  bar- 
rels, and  in  1740,  no  less  than  ninety-one  thousand  one  hundred  and 
fen  barrels.  From  November  1760  to  September  1761,  one  hundred 
thousand  barrels  were  exported.  +  From  the  table  of  exports  of  the 
North-American  Ct>lonies,  for  the  year  1770,  it  appears,  that  during 
that  year,  one  hundred  fifty  thousand  five  hundred  and  twenty-nine 
barrels  of  rice  were  exported,  and  that  seventy-four  thousand  and  se- 
venty-three were  shipped  to  Great-Britain,  thirty-six  thousand  two 
hundred  and  ninety-six  to  the  South  of  Europe,  forty  thousand  and 
thirty-three  to  the  West-Indies,  and  one  hundred  and  seventeen  to 
Africa,  the  value  of  this,  as  estimated  in  the  custom-house  books,  was 
£340,692  15  0  sterling,  or  about  $  1,530,000. 

"  Doct.  Ramsay's  History  of  South-Carolina. 

r  Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce  and  Ramsay's  History 


99 

The  quantity  exported  from  tbe  United  States,  from  1791  to  1804s 
and  its  value  since  1803,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

Tierces.  Value. 

Bolls 

1791  -  -  96,980 

1792  -  -  141,762 

1793  -  -  134,611 

1794  -  -  116,486 

1795  -  -  138,526 

1796  -  -  131,039 

1797  -  -  60,111 

1798  -  -  125,243 

1799  -  -  110,599 

1800  -  -  112,056 

1801  -  -  94,866 

1802  -  -  79,822 

1803  -  -  81,838  2,455,000 

1804  -  -  78,385    -    -    2,350,000 

1805  -  -  56,830    -    -    1,705,000 

1806  -  -  102,627    -    -    2,617,000 

1807  -  -  94,692    -    -    2,367,000 

1808  -  -  9,228    -    -  221,000 

1809  -  -  116,907    -    -    2,104,000 

1810  -  -  131,341    -    -    2,626,000 

1811  -  -  119,356    -    -    2,387,000 

1812  -  -  77,190  -    1,544,000 

1813  -  -  120,843    -    -    3,021,000 

1814  -  -  11,476    -    -  230,000 

INDIAN  CORN  AND  MEAL,  RYE,  &c. 

Indian  corn,  or  maize,  was  found  among  the  natives  on  the  first 
discovery  of  this  country,  and  from  them,  has  received  its  usual 
name  ;  and  has  always  been  considered  indigenous  in  America.  It 
was  cultivated  by  the  Indians,  for  food,  both  in  North  and  South-Ame- 
rica.    It  seems  adapted  to  the  climate  of  all  the   states,    except 


100 

in  the  extreme  parts  of  the  north,  where  the  summers  are  sometimes 
too  short  and  cold,  to  bring  it  to  maturity  ;  and  where  it  is  aiso  liable 
to  be  injured  by  early  frosts.  It  is  exported  in  large  quantities,  in  a 
raw  state,  or  when  manufactured  into  meal. 

When  manufactured,  it  is,  principally,  shipped  to  the  West-Indies, 
though  in  times  of  scarcity,  it  has,  occasionally,  gone  to  Europe.  In 
1770,  five  hundred  seventy -eight  thousand  three  hundred  and  forty- 
nine  bushels,  were  exported  from  the  North- American  Colonies ;  of 
this,  one  hundred  fifty  went  to  Ireland,  one  hundred  seventy -five 
thousand  two  hundred  and  twenty-one  to  the  south  of  Europe,  four 
hundred  two  thousand  nine  hundred  and  fifty-eight  to  the  West-In- 
dies, twenty  to  Africa  ;  and  in  the  custom-house  books,  it  was  valued 
at  £43,376  4  2  sterling,  or  about  $194,000. 

Of  late  years,  before  the  corn  is  manufactured  into  meal,  it  is  dri- 
ed by  a  fire,  in  a  kiln  prepared  for  that  purpose.  By  this  process, 
the  meal  is  much  less  liable  to  become  sour  on  the  voyage,  and  can 
be  preserved  much  longer  in  a  warm  climate. 

The  following  is  the  quantity  of  Indian  corn  and  meal  exported; 
annually,  from  1791  to  1814 — viz. 


Corn. 

Meal 

Value 

Bushels 

Bushels 

Doll? 

1791 

1,713,241 

351,695 

1792 

1,964,973 

263,405 

1793 

1,233,768 

189,715 

1794 

1,505,977 

241,570 

1795 

1,935,345 

512,445 

1796 

1,173,552 

540,286 

1797 

804,922 

254,799 

1798 

1,218,231 

211,694 

1799 

1,200,492 

231,226 

1800 

1,694,327 

338,108 

1801 

1,768,162 

919,355 

1802 

1,633,283 

266,816 

1803 

2,079,608 

133,606 

2,025,000 

1804 

1,944,873 

111,327 

2,500,000 

101 


Com. 

Meal. 

Value. 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

Dolls. 

1805 

861,501 

116,131 

1,442,000 

1806 

1,064,263 

108,342 

1,286,000 

1807 

1,018,721 

136,460 

987,000 

1808 

249,533 

30,818 

298,000 

1809 

522,047 

57,260 

547,000 

1810 

1,054,252 

86,744 

1,138,000 

1811 

2,790,850 

147,426 

2,896,000 

1812 

2,039,999 

90,810 

1,939,000 

1813 

1,486,970 

58,521 

1,838,000 

1814 

61,284 

26,438 

1 70,000 

The  West-Indies,  Spain,  and  Portugal,  are  the  principal  markets 
for  Indian  corn  and  meal. 

The  other  articles  of  vegetable  food,  exported  from  the  United 
States,  are  rye,  oats,  peas,  beans,  potatoes,  &c.  These,  however, 
constitute  but  a  small  part  of  the  value  of  their  exports.  Most  of  the 
rye  in  the  United  States  is  used  for  bread,  or  is  made  into  spirits,  at 
home.  The  distillation  of  grain  has,  within  a  few  years,  increased 
very  rapidly  in  this  country.  In  1801,  the  quantity  of  spirits,  distil- 
led from  grain  and  fruit,  was  estimated  at  ten  millions  of  gallons. 
By  the  returns  of  the  marshals,  giving  an  account  of  the  manufactures 
of  the  several  states,  in  1810,  it  appears  that  the  quantity  distilled 
during  that  year,  from  grain  and  fruit,  exceeded  twenty  millions  of 
gallons.  Much  the  greatest  part  of  this,  probably  more  than  three 
quarters,  was  from  grain.  It  is  calculated,  that  a  bushel  of  rye,  or 
corn,  will  produce  from  two  and  a  haif  to  three  gallons  of  spirits.  In 
1810,  therefore,  between  five  and  six  millions  of  bushels  of  rye  and 
corn  must  have  been  made  into  spirits.  In  Pennsylvania  alone,  in 
that  year,  there  were  three  thousand  three  hundred  and  thirty-four 
distilleries,  producing  no  less  than  six  million  five  hundred  fifty- 
two  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-four  gallons  of  spirits,  princi- 
pally from  grain.  The  whole,  or  nearly  the  whole,  of  this  is  con- 
sumed in  the  United  States.  When  we  add  to  this  the  quantity  dis- 
ailed  in  this  country  from  molasses,  and  that  which  is  imported  and 
consumed  here,  we  find  the  annual  consumption  of  spirits  in  the  Unit- 
ed Spates  amounting  to  thirty-one  million  seven  hundred  twenty- 


1U2 

tive  thousand  four  hundred  and  seventeen  gallons,  as  the  following 
calculation  will  shew  : — 

Spirits  distilled  in  the  United  States  in  1810,     Galls. 
from  foreign  and  domestic  materials,  as  by  the 
returns  of  the  marshals,  (about  five  millions  from 
molasses)  ....        25,499,382 

Exported   during    that   year,    spirits 
from  foreign  materials  -  -         474,990 

do.     do.    from  domestic  materials     133,853 

608,843 


Leaving  to  be  consumed  -  -  24,890,539 

The  average  quantity  of  spirits  imported  and 
consumed  from  1801  to  1812  inclusive  6,834,878 


Making  ...  -         31,725,417 

about  four  and  a  half  gallons  for  every  person.  Very  little  rye  is  ex- 
ported from  this  country.  In  1801,  the  year  of  scarcity  in  Great-Bri- 
tain, three  hundred  ninety-two  thousand  two  hundred  and  seventy-six 
bushels  of  rye  meal  were  exported,  which  was  more  than  three  times 
the  quantity  exported  in  any  one  year  since  1791  ;  and  the  average 
number  of  bushels  of  rye  exported,  annually  from  1791  to  1811,  has 
not  exceeded  six  or  eight  thousand.  Much  greater  quantities  were 
exported  in  the  years  1812  and  1813 ;  in  the  former  of  which,  eigh- 
ty-two thousand  seven  hundred  and  five,  and  in  the  latter,  one  hun- 
dred forty  thousand  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  bushels  were  ex- 
ported. 

Vast  quantities  of  rye  are  produced  in  Europe,  and  particularly  in 
the  northern  parts.  The  bread  of  the  common  people,  in  the  northern 
Kingdoms  of  Europe,  is  made  of  rye  meal,  and  great  quantities  are 
also  exported  from  the  Baltic.  In  France,  one  of  the  best  wheat 
countries,  rye  is  also  common.  It  is  said,  that  more  of  it  is  gather- 
ed there  than  of  wheat,  and  that  half  of  the  people  in  France  use 
rye  bread.* 

*  See  Peccohet's  Statistics  of  France,  digested  and  abridged  by  Jamee 
N.  Taylor,  Esq.  printed  in  1815. 


103 

The  average  quantity  of  oats  exported,  for  twenty  years,  has  been 
.ibout  seventy  thousand  bushels,  annually  ;  of  peas,  about  ninety 
thousand,  and  of  beans,  between  thirty  and  forty  thousand.  Potatoes, 
which  constitute  such  a  valuable  part  of  our  agricultural  productions, 
especially  in  our  domestic  economy,  are  also  exported,  but  the  ave- 
rage (juantity  will  not  exceed  about  sixty  thousand  bushels  a  year. 

The  following  is  the  aggregate  value  of  all  the  exports,  the  produce 
of  agriculture,  constituting  vegetable  food,  from  1802,  to  1814  : — • 

Dolls. 

1802  -      -      -      -    12,790,000 

1803  -      -      -     14,080,000 

1804  ...    12,250,000 

1805  -      -  11,752,000 

1806  -     11,850,000 

1807  -  -     14,432,000 

1808  -      -  2,550,000 

1809  ....  8,751,000 

1810  ....  10,750,000 

1811  -      -      -      -  20,391,000 

1812  ....  17,797,000 

1813  ....  19,041,000 

1814  ...      -  2,179,000 

PRODUCE  OF  ANIMALS. 

Beef,  pork,  tallow,  hams,  butter  and  cheese,  lard,  live  cattle  and 
horses,  have  long  been  articles  of  export,  of  no  inconsiderable  value. 
They  have  generally  been  shipped  to  the  West-Indies. 

The  colonial  custom-house  books  shew  that  in  the  year  1770,  there 
was  shipped  to  the  South  of  Europe,  two  hundred  and  forty-four  bar- 
rels, and  to  the  West-Indies  two  thousand  eight  hundred  and-seventy 
tons  of  beef  and  pork,  making  about  twenty-eight  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  forty-four  barrels,  and  which  was  then  valued  at 
£66,035  1  10  sterling,  or  about  $277,000.  Beef  and  pork,  with 
live  cattle,  have  been  among  the  most  considerable  articles  of  domes- 


104 

tic  export  from  some  of  the  Northern  states,  where  the  lands  are  bet- 
ter for  grazing  than  for  grain. 

The  following  quantities  of  beef  and  pork  have  been  exported  an- 
nually from  1791  to  1814,  viz.— 


1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 

In  the  year  1770,  one  hundred  sixty-seven  thousand  six  hundred 
and  thirteen  pounds  of  butter,  fifty-five  thousand  nine  hundred  and 
ninety -seven  pounds  of  cheese,  and  one  hundred  eighty-five  thousand 
one  hundred  and  forty-three  pounds  of  tallow  and  lard  were  exported. 


Beef. 

Pork. 

Bbls. 

Bbls 

62,771 

27,781 

74,638 

38,098 

75,106 

38,563 

100,066 

49,442 

96,149 

88,193 

92,521 

73,881 

51,812 

40,125 

89,000 

33,115 

91,321 

52,268 

75,045 

55,467 

75,331 

70,779 

61,520 

78,239 

77,934 

96,602 

134,896 

-   111,532 

115,532 

57,925 

117,419 

36,277 

84,209 

39,247 

20,101 

15,478 

28,555 

42,652 

47,699 

37,209 

76,743 

37,270 

42,757 

22,746 

43,741 

17,337 

20,297 

4,040 

105 

Large  quantities  of  these  articles  have  been  exported,  averaging  be- 
tween one  and  two  millions  of  pounds  annually,  and  in  some  years 
exceeding  two  millions.  In  1804,  two  millions  eight  hundred  and 
thirty  thousand  and  sixteen  pounds  of  butter,  and  two  millions  five 
hundred  sixty-five  thousand  seven  hundred  and  nineteen  pounds  of 
lard,  were  shipped  from  the  United  States.  Tables  No.  IV.  and  V. 
annexed  to  this  chapter,  shew  the  countries  and  places  to  which  our 
beef  and  pork  have  been  carried,  from  1800  to  1811.  Beef  and 
pork,  butter  and  lard,  as  well  as  live  stock,  have  generally  found  a 
market  in  the  West-India  Islands.  During  the  late  war  in  Europe, 
the  British  West-Indies,  for  certain  periods,  have  been  opt  n  for  our 
beef  and  pork,  and  large  quantities  have  been  shipped  directly  to 
British  West-India  ports.  In  1804,  no  less  than  forty -five  thousand 
six  hundred  and  fifty-six  barrels  of  beef,  and  forty-seven  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  twenty-six  barrels  of  pork  went  to  those  parts. 
In  the  year  1811,  ten  thousand  four  hundred  and  thirty-two  barrels 
of  beef  were  shipped  to  Spain,  and  fourteen  thousand  three  hundred 
and  eighty-one  to  Portugal. 

The  value  of  the  exports,  the  produce  of  animals,  since  1803,  a-> 
ascertained  at  the  Treasury  department,  has  been  as  follows,  viz. — 


Beef,  tallow, 

Butter  and 

Pork,  bacon, 

Horses  and 

Sheep 

hides,  and 

cheese. 

lard,  and 

mules. 

live  cattle. 

live  hogs. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls,. 

1303 

1,145,000 

585,000 

1,890,000 

460,000 

55,000 

1804 

1,520,000 

490,000 

1,990,000 

270,000 

30,000 

1805 

1,545,000 

415,000 

1,960,000 

220,000 

1,500 

1806 

1,360,000 

481,000 

1,096,000 

321,000 

*1 6,000 

1807 

1,108,000 

490,000 

1,157,000 

317,000 

14,000 

1808 

265,000 

196,000 

398,000 

105,000 

4,000 

1809 

425,000 

264,000 

1,001,000 

113,000 

8,000 

1810 

747,000 

318,000 

907,000 

185,000 

12,000 

1811 

1,195,000 

395,000 

1,002,000 

254,000 

20,000 

1812 

524,000 

329,000 

604,000 

191,000 

9,000 

1813 

539,000 

95,000 

457,000 

8,000 

2,000 

181! 

241,000 

59.000 

176.000 

1 .000 

5.000 

14 


100 
The  following  is  the  aggregate  value  of  these  articles : — 

Dolls. 
J  803        -  -  -  -        4,135,000 

1804  -  -        4,300,000 

1805  -  ....        4,141,500 

1806  ....        3,274,000 

1807  -  -  -  3,086,000 

1808  -  -  968,000 

1809 1,811,000 

1310        -  ...        2,169,000 

1811  -         -  -        2,866,000 

1812  ...  .         .        1,657,000 

1813 1,101,000 

1811        -  -         -         -         -  482,000 

The  national  legislature  have  heretofore  encouraged  the  exporta- 
tion of  salted  beef  and  pork,  by  allowing  a  bounty  on  each  barrel 
exported,  by  way  of  draw-back  of  the  duty  on  imported  salt.  This 
bounty  was  supposed  to  be  equal  to  the  amount  of  the  duty  on  the 
-nit  used  in  a  barrel  of  beef  or  pork.  It  was  discontinued  on  the  re- 
peal of  the  duty  in  1807.  It  was  not  again  allowed  by  Congress  on 
salted  beef  and  pork  on  the  renewal  of  the  duty  on  imported  salt,  in 
July,  1813,  although  allowed  on  pickled  fish.  The  policy  of  the  mea- 
sure, however,  is  too  obvious  to  admit  a  doubt,  that,  on  the  return  of 
regular  commerce,  this  bounty  on  salted  provisions  exported,  will  be 
again  allowed,  as  well  as  on  the  exportation  of  pickled  fish.  It  is 
obvious,  that  unless  it  is  allowed,  the  merchant  or  exporter  of  this 
country  cannot  be  on  an  equal  footing  with  others  in  a  foreign  mar- 
ket. The  amount  of  the  duty  on  imported  salt  will  be  charged  in 
the  price  of  the  provisions,  either  at  home  or  abroad.  If  other  nation? 
allow  a  drawback,  on  the  exportation  of  salted  provisions  equal  to  the 
amount  of  the  duty  on  salt,  and  the  United  States  do  not  make  tin 
same  allowance,  they  can  undersell  us  in  a  foreign  market. 

In  that  case,  our  salted  provisions  must  either  remain  at  home,  or 
die  price  of  the  provisions  themselves  must  lessen  in  proportion  tf 
die  amount  of  the  duty  on  salt.     Tins  loss  will  fall  on  the  farmer. 


lor 

TOBACCO. 

Tobacco  has  been  the  great  staple  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  from 
their  first  settlement.  This  plant  is  a  native  of  America,  and  was 
found  here  on  the  first  discovery  of  the  country.  It  was  introduced 
into  England,  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  about  the  year  1584.  It  soon 
got  into  general  use,  and  became  the  subject  of  regulation,  by  royal 
proclamations  and  by  acts  of  Parliament.  King  James  I.  was  violent- 
ly opposed  to  its  introduction,  and  issued  proclamations  against  the 
use  of  it,  and  against  planting  it  in  England.  About  the  year  1624 
it  became  a  royal  monopoly,  and  afterwards,  in  order  to  encourage 
its  growth  in  the  Colonies,  and  thereby  derive  a  revenue  to  the  crown, 
an  act  of  Parliament  prohibited  the  planting  of  it  in  Great-Britain. 

The  average  quantity  imported  from  the  North- American  Colonies 
into  England,  for  ten  years  preceding  the  year  1709,  was  twenty- 
eight  millions  eight  hundred  fifty-eight  thousand  six  hundred  and  six- 
ty-six pounds.* 

From  1761  to  1775,  the  quantity  imported  annually  into  England 
and  Scotland,  and  the  amount  exported  during  the  same  period,  wa* 
as  follows  : — 


1761 
1762 
1763 
1764 
1765 
1766 
1767 
1768 
1769 
1770 


Imported. 
Pounds. 
47,065,787 
44,102,491 
65,173,752 
54,433,318 
48,306,593 
43,307,453 
39,140,639 
35,515,708 
33,781,208 
39.187,037 


GLAND. 

Exported. 
Pounds. 
36,788,944 
36,445,951 
40,940,312 
54,058,336 
39,121,423 
32,986,790 
36,400,398 
30,864,536 
23,793,272 
33,238,437 


SCOTLAXI). 

Imported.  Exported 


Pounds. 
24,048,380 
27,339,433 
31,613,170 
26,310,219 
33,889,565 
32,175,223 
29,385,343 
33,261,427 
35,920,685 
39,226,354 


Pounds. 
23,525,326 
26,694,999 
30,613,738 
25,90*170 
33,379,201 
31,723,205 
28,871,522 
32,488,543 
34,714,630 
38.498.52? 


Macpherson's  \nnal>  of  Commerce. 


106 


ENGLAND. 

SCOTL  Itll. 

Imported. 

Exported. 

Imported. 

Exported. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

1771 

68,079,183 

41,439,386 

49,312,146 

48,488.681 

1772 

51,493,522 

49.784,009 

43,748,415 

42,806,548 

1773 

55,928,957 

50,349,967 

44,485,194 

43,595,102 

1774 

56,048,393 

44,829,835 

40,157,589 

39,533,552 

1775 

55,965,463 

43,880,864 

55,927,542 

Jn  1770,  eighty-four  thousand  nine  hundred  and  ninety -seven  hogs- 
heads of  tobacco  were  exported  from  the  North-American  Provinces, 
which  were  valued  in  the  custom-house  books  at  £906,637  18  1  sterl- 
ing, or  about  $4,050,000.  This  article  constituted  about  one  third 
in  value  of  all  the  exports  in  that  year,  and  exceeded  the  value  of 
wheat  and  flour  exported  during  the  same  year,  more  than  one  mil- 
lion of  dollars. 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the  quantity  exported  from  the  Uni- 
ted States,  from  1791  to  1814,  in  its  raw,  and  manufactured  state, 
and  its  value  since  1802  : — 


Manufactured. 

Snuff. 

Value. 

No.  of  finds 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Dolls 

1791 

101,272 

81,122       - 

15,689 

1792       - 

112,428 

-       117,874       - 

10,042 

1793      - 

59,947 

-       137,784       - 

35,559 

1794       - 

76,826 

23,650 

37,415 

1795      - 

61,050 

20,263       - 

129,436 

1796  •  - 

69,018 

29,181       - 

267,046 

1797      - 

58,167 

12,801       - 

73,257 

1798      - 

68,567 

-       142,269       - 

114,151 

1799       - 

96,070 

-      416,076       - 

109.682 

1800      - 

78,680 

-      457,713       - 

41.453 

1801       - 

103,758 

-      472,282      - 

52,297 

1 802      - 

77,721 

-      233,591       - 

43,161 

-      6,220,000 

1803       - 

86,291 

-       152,415       - 

17,928 

-      6,209.000 

>804 

83.343 

-       278,071 

20.678 

-      6.000.000 

109 


Manufactured. 

Snuff. 

Value 

No.  of  hhds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Dolls. 

1305 

71,252 

-       532,311       - 

33,127 

-      6,341,000 

1806 

83,186 

-       385,727       - 

42,212 

■      6,572,000 

1807 

62,186 

-      236,004       - 

59,763 

-     5,476,000 

1808 

9,576 

26,656       - 

25,845      ■ 

833,000 

1809 

53,921 

-      314,880      - 

35,955      ■ 

3,774,000 

1810 

84,134 

-      495,427       - 

46,640      ■ 

5,048,000 

1811 

35,828 

-      732,713      - 

1 9,904 

-      2,150,000 

1812 

26,094 

-      583,258       - 

3.360      • 

1,514,000 

1813 

5,314 

-      283,512      - 

- 

319,000 

1814 

3,125 

79,377      - 

. 

232,000 

The  above  value  only  includes  that  exported  in  its  raw  state. 

Tobacco  has  been  one  of  the  greatest  articles  of  export  from  North- 
America  from  its  first  settlement.  Previous  to  the  American  revolu- 
tion, it  constituted  in  value,  between  a  quarter  and  one  third  of  all  the 
exports  of  the  American  Colonies,  now  the  United  States.  The 
quantity  exported  since  1791  has  not  exceeded,  if  it  has  equalled, 
the  quantity  exported  from  1761  to  1775;  although,  with  other  arti- 
cles, it  has  increased  in  price.  From  1302  to  1807,  the  average  an- 
nual value  was  about  six  millions  of  dollars,  and  from  1808  to  1813. 
in  consequence  of  commercial  restrictions,  and  the  war  between  the 
United  States  and  Great-Britain,  the  average  annual  value  has  not  ex- 
ceeded £2,300,000.* 


*  The  average  price  of  tobacco,  at  the  places  of  exportation,  since  1806. 
has  been  as  follows,  viz. — 

Per  hhd. 
Dolls. 
1806 79 


1307 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 


88 
87 

70 
60 
60 

70 
67 

74 


110 

The  principal  markets  for  tobacco  are  Great-Britain,  France,  Hol- 
land, and  the  North  of  Europe.  (See  Table  No.  VI.)  A  great  part 
of  that  shipped  to  Great-Britain  is  sent  to  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

COTTON. 

Cotton  is  a  native  of  the  tropical  regions,  in  every  quarter  of  the 
world.  It  is  mentioned  by  Herodotus  as  growing  in  India,  at  the 
time  he  wrote  his  history.  It  was  found  among  the  Mexicans  and 
Peruvians,  on  the  first  discovery  of  America  ;  and  among  the  latter, 
the  manufacture  of  it  was  carried  to  no  inconsiderable  extent.  Pre- 
vious to  the  American  revolution,  it  was  cultivated  in  the  southern 
states  for  domestic  use. 

Soon  after  the  peace  of  1783,  small  quantities  were  exporte'd  from 
Georgia.*  It  was  not,  however,  cultivated  to  much  extent,  for  ex- 
portation, in  the  United  States,  until  about  the  year  1791  or  1792. 
Since  that  period,  it  has  become  the  great  staple  of  the  states  of 
South-Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  next  to  grain,  the  most  valuable 
of  all  the  exports  of  the  United  States. 

American  cotton  has  been  generally  known  by  the  names  of  sea- 
island  and  upland  cotton.  The  former  grows  along  the  sea  coast, 
has  a  black  seed,  is  of  a  long  staple,  and  is  easily  cleaned  or  separat- 
ed from  the  seed  ;  the  latter  grows  on  the  upland,  at  a  distance  from 
the  coast,  has  a  green  seed,  is  of  a  short  staple,  and  until  the  inven- 
tion of  a  machine  for  the  purpose,  was  so  difficult  to  be  cleaned,  or 
separated  from  the  seed,  as  to  be  scarcely  worth  the  trouble  and  ex- 
pense of  cultivation.  This  machine  was  invented  by  Mr.  Eli  Whit 
ney,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  who  was  accidentally  in  Georgia,  in 
the  year  179o:  a  gentleman  of  education,  and  distinguished  for  his 
mechanical  genius.  This  machine  has  enriched  the  southern  planter 
by  (  nabling  him  to  cultivate,  to  tiie  greatest  advantage,  one  of  the 
most  valuable  staples  in  the  world. 

Before  its  invention,  very  little  upland  cotton  was  cultivated,  and 
scarcely  a  single  pound  was  exported  from  the  United  States;  after- 
'"rwards,  the  culture  of  this  species  of  cotton  became   the  principal 

"Karr.sav's.  Hi  stow  of  Jjout.h-C'uroliuti 


Ill 

object  of  the  planter  in  South-Carolina  and  Georgia  ;  and  iii  the  year 
1807,  more  than  fifty-five  millions  of  pounds  of  upland  cotton  was  ex- 
ported, and  which  was  valued  at  more  than  eleven  and  a  half  millions 
of  dollars.  It  has  rarely  occurred,  that  the  invention  of  a  single  ma- 
chine has,  at  once,  changed  the  employment  of  so  many  thousand 
people,  and  has  added  so  much  to  the  wealth  and  resources  of  a  na- 
tion. In  the  year  1792,  the  value  of  the  exports  of  the  United 
States,  was  only  $20,753,098,  (upland  cotton,  the  growth  of  the 
United  States,  constituted  very  little,  if  any  part  of  these  exports,) 
and  in  the  short  period  of  fifteen  years,  a  new  article  of  export  is 
produced,  amounting  in  value  to  more  than  one  half  of  that  sum.* 

v 

The  rapid  increase  of  the  culture  of  cotton  in  the  United  States 
will  appear,  from  the  following  account  of  the  quantity  exported  from 
1791  to  1814,  and  the  value  of  that  of  domestic  growth  since  1802  : — 


Cotton  of  all  kinds  expor 

ted 

Value  of  cotton  of 

from  1791  to  1804. 

domestic  growth 

Pounds. 

Dolls. 

1791 

189,316 

1792 

138,328 

- 

1793 

487,600 

"  Mr.  Whitney  obtained  a  patent  for  this  invention,  at  an  early  period, 
under  the  laws  of  the  United  States ;  and  has  been  liberally  rewarded  for 
the  right  of  using  it,  by  all  the  cotton  planting"  states,  except  the  state  of 
Georgia.  South-Carolina  gave  him,  and  Mr.  Miller,  who  was  concerned 
\\ith  him,  the  sum  of  §50,000,  for  the  rig-lit  of  using  the  machine  in  that 
state.  In  the  state  of  Georgia,  his  right  to  the  invention  was  disputed, 
and  his  machine  was  use;!,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  individuals,  without 
making  him  any  compensation.  He  was  compelled  therefore,  in  that  state, 
to  have  recourse  to  the  judicial  tribunals  for  redress.  Owing,  however,  to 
a  defect  in  die  first  patent  law,  and  to  the  powerful  interest  opposed  to 
him,  he  was  unable  to  obtain  a  decision  in  his  favor,  until  thirteen  years  of 
tiii  patent  had  expired.  This  decision  was  had,  before  die  Circuit  Court  of 
the  United  States,  in  which  Judge  Johnson,  of  South-Carolina,  presided, 
in  his  charge  to  the  jury,  on  the  trial  of  the  case,  the  Judge  did  ample  jus- 
tice to  Mr.  Whitney,  as  the  original  inventor,  as  wed  as  to  the  imr;ortnnn'V 
irul  utility  of  the  invention  itself 


iU 


(Jotton  of  all  kinds  exported 

V  aluc  of  cotton  of 

from  1791  to  1804, 

domestic  growth 

Pounds. 

Polls 

1794 

- 

1,601,760 

1795 

- 

6,276,300 

1796 

- 

6,106,729 

1797 

- 

3,788,429 

1798 

- 

9,360,005 

1799 

. 

9,532,263 

1800 

- 

17,789,803 

1801 

- 

20,911,201 

1802 

- 

27,501,075 

w,250,0€tf 

1803 

- 

41,105,623 

7,920,000 

1801 

- 

38,118,041 

7,650,000 

Cotton  of  domestic  growth  exported  from  1804  to  1814: — 


Sea-island. 

Upland, 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Dolls. 

1 805 

-      8,787,659 

-      29,602,428      - 

9,445,000 

1806      ■ 

•      6,096,082      ■ 

■      29,561,383      - 

8,332,000 

1807 

-      8,926,011 

-      55,018,448      ■ 

•      14,232,000 

1808 

949,051 

9,681,394      - 

2,221,000 

1809      - 

8,654,213      ■ 

•      42,326,042      - 

8,515,000 

1810      ■ 

•      8,604,078      • 

■      84,657,384      - 

15,108,000 

1811 

■      8,029,576      ■ 

•      54,028,660      - 

9,652,000 

1812 

4,367,806      ■ 

■      24,519,571       - 

3,080,000 

1813      - 

•      4,134,849      - 

•       14,975,167      - 

2,324,000 

1814      ■ 

■      2,520,338      - 

15,208,669      - 

2,683,000- 

'*  The  price  of  cotton  at  the  places  of  exportation,  according  to  which  tlu 
value  has  been  ascertained  at  the  Treasury,  since  1804,  has  been  as  follows, 


1806 
1807 
1808 
1S0O 


Sea-island. 
lb. 

30  cents. 
80    do. 
80     do. 
;?5    do 


Upland, 
lb. 

22  cents 
21     do. 
20     do    ■ 

I 5     do. 


113 

Tables  So.  VII.  and  VIII.  shew  the  countries  to  which  cotton  has 
been  exported,  from  1800  to  1811.  Great-Britain  has  been  the 
principal  market  for  this  article.  In  1807,  before  the  commencement 
of  our  commercial  restrictions,  more  than  fifty-three  millions  of  pounds 
were  shipped  directly  to  that  country,  leaving  about  thirteen  million? 
for  all  other  parts  of  the  world. 

During  the  continuance  of  those  restrictions,  the  greatest  part 
reached  Great-Britain,  by  the  way  of  the  Floridas,  the  Azores,  Ma- 
deira, Spain,  Portugal,  and  Sweden. 

The  value  of  cotton  shipped  to  Great-Britain,  in  1807,  according 
to  the  American  custom-house  books,  was  $11,953,378.  According 
to  the  English  custom-house  books,  and  a  valuation  made  by  the  in- 
spector-general of  imports  and  exports,  the  real  value  of  cotton,  im- 
ported from  the  United  States  into  Great-Britain,  (exclusive  of  Scot- 
land) in  the  year  ending  the  10th  of  October,  1807,  was  £3,036,392 
sterling,  or  $13,481,580.  If  we  add  to  this,  the  quantity  imported 
into  Scotland,  the  value  cannot  be  less  than  about  fifteen  millions  of 
dollars.  The  increase  in  the  culture  and  manufacture  of  cotton,  of 
late  years,  has  been  astonishingly  great,  and  to  trace  its  rapid  pro- 
gress is  not  a  matter  of  idle  or  useless  curiosity.  From  1768  to 
1779,  the  average  quantity  of  cotton  annually  imported  into  England, 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  did  not  exceed  abt>ut  five  millions  of 
pounds.  From  1784  to  1787,  the  quantity  imported  into  Great- 
Britain  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

Pounds. 

3784 11,280,338 

1785 17,992,888 

1786 19,151,867 

1787  .....  22,600,000 

Sea-island.  Upland, 

lbs.  lbs. 

1810  ...        28  cents.  15  cents. 

1811  .         .        .        26     do.  ...         14    do. 

1812  ...         20     do.  ...  9     do. 

1813  -         -         -         20     do.  -         -         -         10     do 

1814  -         -         28     do.         -         •         •         13     <fr> 

15 


114 

The  cotton  imported  in  1787,  is  supposed  to  have  come  from  the 
following  places : — 

Pounds. 

British  West-Indies,         ....  6,600,000 

French  and  Spanish  Colonies,         -         -        -  6,000,000 

Dutch,                            do.  1,700,000 

Portuguese, 2,500,000 

East-Indies,  procured  from  Ostend,          -         -  100,000 

Smyrna  and  Turkey,       -         -   ■      -         -  5,700,000 


22,600,000 


In  1800,  the  quantity  imported  into  England, 

was 42,806,507 

Into  Scotland         -  13,204,225 


Making         56,010,732* 

In  the  year  1807,  the  following  quantity  was  imported  into  the 
ports  of  London,  Liverpool,  and  Glasgow,  from  different  parts  of  the 
world  :j — 

Bags. 

From  the  United  States,      -                             -  171,267 

The  British  West-Indies,                   -         -  28,960 

The  Colonies  conquered  from  the  Dutch,  43,651 

Portugal,         -                    -                     -  18,981 

East-Indies, 11,409 

All  other  parts,          -         -  8,390 


282,66" 


'  Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce. 

j  Sir  Alexander  Baring's  inquiry  relative  to  lh<  British  orders   in  con 
■il,  &c— 1808. 


115 

The  number  of  bales  imported  into  Great-Britain,  and  the  coun- 
tries from  where  imported  in  1810  and  1811,  were  as  follows,  viz.— 

1810.  1811. 

From  America           -           -           240,516  128,482 

Portugal  and  Colonies       -      142,946  118,514 

Spain  and          do.                     14,589  7,881 

East-Indies       -         -         -      79,382  14,646 
Demarara,  Berbice,  Surinam, 

and  Cayenne,        -           -     40,291  34,838 

West-India  Islands,          -         33,571  19,295 

Mediterranean,        -         -           3,592  974 

Ireland,           -            -           -      6,082  1,300 

Heligoland,            -           -              182  274 

Africa,                                                22  37 

Baltic, 40 


561,173  326,281 

In  the  year  1810,  the  number  of  bales  from  the  United  States,  wa= 
two  hundred  forty  thousand  five  hundred  and  sixteen.  As  these 
bales  would  average  three  hundred  pounds  each,  they  contained  se- 
venty-two million  one  hundred  fifty-four  thousand  and  eight  hundred 
pounds  of  cotton.  The  bales  from  Portugal  are  said  not  to  average 
more  than  one  hundred  pounds,  making  fourteen  million  two  hundred 
ninety-four  thousand  and  six  hundred.  During  this  year,  therefore, 
from  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  all  the  cotton  imported  into  Great- 
Britain,  was  from  the  United  States,  notwithstanding  seventy-nine 
thousand  three  hundred  and  eighty-two  bales  were,  during  that  year, 
imported  from  the  East-Indies.  The  foregoing  was  taken  from  Brit- 
ish accounts. 

The  following  is  the  quantity  of  cotton  exported  from  the  United 
States  to  Great-Britain,  as  appears  by  the  American  custom-house 
books,  from  1800  to  1811  :*— 

Number  of  pounds 
1800          -                              -                    -  16,179,513 

1801 18,953,065 

See  Tables  No.  VII.  and  V'HT.  annexed  to  this  chapter. 


110 

Number  of  pounds. 

1802  -  .  23,473,925 

1803  -  ....  27,757,307 

1304 25,770,748 

1805  32,571,073 

1806 24,256,457 

1807 53,180,211 

1808  -                   .  7,992,593 

1809  -                             ...  13,365,987 

1810 36,171,915 

1811                    46,872,452 

As  the  direct  intercourse  between  the  United  States  and  Great- 
Britain,  was  open  but  a  part  of  the  year  1810,  only  about  thirty-six 
millions  of  pounds  was  shipped  directly  to  that  country.  During  that 
year,  however,  more  than  five  millions  was  shipped  to  Sweden  ;  more 
than  fourteen  millions  to  Denmark  and  Norway  ;  about  nine  mill- 
ions to  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Madeira  ;  four  millions,  to  the  Azores, 
and  ten  millions  to  the  Floridas ;  the  greatest  part  of  which  un- 
doubtedly went  to  Great-Britain. 

Europe  is,  and  always  must  be,  dependent  upon  other  quarters  of  the 
world,  for  a  supply  of  cotton.  The  climate  is,  for  the  most  part,  too 
cold  for  the  production  of  this  valuable  plant.  Some  small  quantities 
have  been  raised  in  the  southern  parts  of  Spain  and  Italy.  The 
French  government,  under  Bonaparte,  attempted  to  introduce  the 
culture  of  it  in  France.  In  1807,  a  distinguished  agriculturalist, 
Monsieur  Lasteyric,  was  employed  by  the  French  government  to  give 
instructions,  relative  to  the  culture  of  the  cotton  plant.  He  accord- 
ingly published  a  treatise  on  the  subject,  entitled  "  Du  Cotonnier, 
et  de  sa  culture,"  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the  various  kinds 
of  cotton,  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  modes  of  cultivating 
it.  The  Minister  of  the  Interior  also,  at  the  same  time,  sent  a  cir- 
cular letter  to  the  Prefects  of  all  the  Departments,  requesting  their 
particular  attention,  to  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  and  informing  them 
that  he  had  sent  for  cotton  seed,  to  Spain,  Italy,  and  North-America, 
fo  br?  distributed  to  the  different  departments,   and  offering  a  premi- 


11? 


um  of  one  franc*  for  every  killogramme  (two  pounds  English)  of 
cotton  raised  and  cleaned  ready  for  spinning.  It  is  understood  that 
the  experiment,  if  ever  made,  did  not  succeed.  France  has  received 
a  great  part  of  her  cotton  fabrics,  particularly  those  of  the  finer  kind, 
from  Great-Britain.  Monsieur  Lasteyric  himself  states  that  the  value 
of  cotton  goods  imported  into  France  from  England  in  1806,  amount- 
ed to  65,000,000  francs,  or  about  $13,000,000. 

He  also  states  the  quantity  of  cotton  imported  into  France,  from 
the  year  5  of  the  republic,  (1796)  to  1806,  to  be  as  follows,  viz. — 


Year  5 

- 

- 

- 

9,000,000 

killogramme^'. 

6 

- 

- 

- 

5,145,000 

-       do. 

7 

- 

- 

- 

3,363,000 

-       do. 

8 

- 

- 

- 

5,504,000 

-       do. 

9 

- 

- 

- 

7,560,000 

-       do. 

10 

- 

- 

- 

7,890,000 

-       do. 

11 

- 

- 

- 

8,600,000 

-       do. 

12 

- 

- 

- 

9,205,000 

-       do. 

13 

- 

- 

- 

10,857,000 

-       do. 

Three  months  and  ten  days 

of  the  , 

Four  millions  of 

year  14,   and 

the 

whole  of  1806, 

>  11,850,000^ 

which  came  from 

making  15  months 

and  10  days 

Portugal. 

Total  of  ten  years 
Annual  average 


78,974,000     killogrammes 
7,897,400       -       do. 


The  annual  average  of  cotton,  therefore,  imported  into  France 
from  1796  to  1806,  was  only  fifteen  million  seven  hundred  ninety- 
four  thousand  and  eight  hundred  pounds.  The  whole  quantity  im- 
ported into  France  during  this  period,  did  not  exceed  the  quantity 
exported  from  the  United  States  in  the  years  1810  and  1811. 


*  A  franc  is  about  twenty  cent?,  making-  a  premium  of  about  ten  cent' 
for  a  pound  of  cotton 


118 

The  following  is  the  quantity  exported  from  the  United  States  to 
France,  from  1800  to  1811. 

Pounds. 

1800  -  

1801 844,728 

1802 1,907,849 

1803 3,821,840 

1804 5,946,848 

1805  .---  4,504,329 

1806  -         -         -  7,082,118 

1807  ---         -  -         6,114,358 

1808  -         2,087,450 
1 809 none  direct. 

1810  -         -  -  do. 

1811  -  -         -  do. 

The  manufacture  t)f  cotton  has  increased,  and  is  still  increasing 
very  rapidly,  in  the  United  States.  The  quantity  consumed  in  this 
country,  on  the  average  of  the  years  1811,  1812,  and  1813,  cannot 
be  less  than  twenty  millions  of  pounds. 

FLAX-SEED,  INDIGO,  &c.  &c. 

The  other  articles  of  export,  the  produce  of  agriculture,  are  flax- 
seed, indigo,  wax,  flax,  poultry,  &c.  The  principal  of  these  are  flax- 
seed and  indigo.  In  the  year  1770,  three  hundred  twelve  thousand 
six  hundred  and  twelve  bushels  of  flax-seed  were  exported  from  the 
North-American  Colonies,  of  which  six  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
eighty  went  to  England,  three  hundred  five  thousand  and  eighty - 
three  to  Ireland,  and  seven  hundred  forty-nine  to  the  South  of  Europe. 
The  custom-house  value  of  it  was  then  £31,168  18  1  sterling,  oi 
about  #  139,000. 


119 


The  following  is  an  account  of  the  quantity  exported  from  the  Uni- 
ted States  from  1791  to  1814,  with  its  value  since  1803,  viz. — 

Value. 
Bushels.  Dolls. 

1791  -  -  292,460 

1792  -  -  261,905 

1793  -  -  258,540 

1794  -  -  270,340 

1795  -  -  411,264 

1796  -  -  256,200 

1797  -  -  222,269 

1798  -  -  224,473 

1799  -  -  350,857 

1800  -  -  289,684 

1801  -  -  461,266 

1802  -  -  155,358 

1803  311,459    -        465,000 

1804  -    -    281,757    -    -    420,000 

1805  -    179,788    -    -   '360,000 

1806  -  -  352,280  529,000 

1807  -  -  301,242  -  452,000 

1808  -  102,930  -    131,000 

1809  -  -  184,311  -    230,000 

1810  -  240,579  301,000 

1811  -  -  304,114  380,000 

1812  325,022  455,000 

1813  -    -    189,538  265,000 

1814  -         14,800  31,000 

Flax-seed  has  been  generally  shipped  to  Ireland. 

INDIGO. 

Indigo  was  one  of  the  principal  articles  of  produce  and  export  from 
South-Carolina  and  Georgia,  before  the  planting  of  cotton  in  tbosf; 
states  became  an  object  of  so  much  importance. 


120 

The  culture  of  it  was  introduced  into  South- Carolina  about  the  year 
1741  or  1742,  and  that  state  is  indebted  to  a  lady  for  the  introduc- 
tion of  this  valuable  plant.  An  account  of  the  manner  of  its  introduc- 
tion is  given  by  Doct.  Ramsay  in  his  history  of  South-Carolina,  and 
serves  to  shew,  among  other  instances,  how  much  a  nation  oftentimes 
is  indebted  for  its  wealth  to  the  exertions  and  perseverance  of  a  single 
individual. 

"  The  second  great  staple  of  Carolina  (says  the  Doctor)  was  Indi- 
go. Its  original  native  country  was  Ilindostan  ;  but  it  had  been  na- 
turalized in  the  West-India  Islands,  from  which  it  was  introduced  in- 
to Carolina  by  Miss  Eliza  Lucas  the  mother  of  Major  General  Charles 
Cotesworth  Pinckney. 

"  Her  father,  George  Lucas,  Governour  of  Antigua,  observing  her 
fondness  for  the  vegetable  world,  frequently  sent  to  her  tropical  seeds 
and  fruits,  to  be  planted  for  her  amusement  on  his  plantation  at  Wap- 
poo.  Among  others  he  sent  her  some  indigo  seed  as  a  subject  of  ex- 
periment. 

"  She  planted  it  in  March  1741  or  1742.  It  was  destroyed  by 
frost.  She  repeated  the  experiment  in  April ;  this  was  cut  down  by 
a  wonn.  Notwithstanding  these  discouragements  she  persevered,  and 
her  third  attempt  was  successful.  Governour  Lucas,  on  hearing  that 
the  plant  had  seeded  and  ripened,  sent  from  Montserrat  a  man,  by  the 
name  of  Cromwell,  who  had  been  accustomed  to  the  making  of  indi- 
go, and  engaged  him  at  high  wages  to  come  to  Carolina,  and  let  his 
daughter  see  the  whole  process  for  extracting  the  dye  from  the  weed. 
This  professed  indigo  maker  built  vats  on  Wappoo  creek,  and  there 
made  the  first  indigo  that  was  formed  in  Carolina.  It  was  but  in- 
different. 

"  Cromwell  repented  of  his  engagement,  as  being  likely  to  injure 
his  own  country  ;  made  a  mystery  of  the  business,  and,  with  the  hope 
of  deceiving,  injured  the  process  by  throwing  in  too  much  lime. 
Miss  Lucas  watched  him  carefully,  and  also  engaged  Mr.  Deveaux  to 
superintend  his  operations.  Notwithstanding  the  duplicity  of  Crom 
well,  a  knowledge  of  the  process  was  obtained.  Soon  after  Miss  Lu- 
cas had  completely  succeeded  in  this  useful  project,  she  married 
Charles  Pinckney  :  and  her  father  made  a  present  of  all  the  indigo 
on  his  plantation,  the  fruit  of  her  industry,  to  her  husband.     Tl>£ 


121 

whole  was  saved  for  seed.  Part  was  planted  by  the  proprietor  next 
year  at  Ashapoo,  and  the  remainder  given  away  to  his  friends  in  small 
quantities  for  the  same  purpose.  They  all  succeeded.  From  that 
time  the  culture  of  indigo  was  common,  and  in  a  year  or  two  it  be- 
came an  article  of  export." 

In  the  year  1748,  (21  of  George  II.)  a  bounty  of  six  pence  on  the 
pound,  on  Plantation  indigo,  when  it  was  worth  three  fourths  of  the 
price  of  the  best  French  indigo,  was  granted  by  the  British  Parlia- 
ment. This  increased  its  culture  in  South-Carolina,  and  in  1754, 
two  hundred  sixteen  thousand  nine  hundred  and  twenty-four  pounds 
of  indigo  were  exported  from  that  Province.  From  November  1760 
to  September  1761,  three  hundred  ninety-nine  thousand  three  hun- 
dred and  sixty -six  pounds  were  exported ;  and  shortly  before  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  the  export  amounted  to  one  million  one  hundred  and 
seven  thousand  six  hundred  and  sixty  pounds.* 

In  the  year  1 794,  one  million  five  hundred  fifty  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  eighty  pounds  were  exported  from  the  United  States,  being 
the  greatest  quantity  exported  in  any  one  year.  Probably  a  consi- 
derable part  of  this  was  foreign  indigo. 

Since  the  planting  of  cotton  has  become  general  in  South-Carolina 
and  Georgia,  the  culture  of  indigo  has  been  in  a  great  measure  neg- 
lected. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Manufactured  articles  constitute  a  part  of  the  domestic  exports  of 
the  United  States.     The  manufactures  exported  are : — 

1st.  from  domestic  materials. 
2d.  from  foreign  materials. 

The  value  of  both  these  kinds  of  manufactures,  exported  from  1803 
to  1814,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 


From  domestic 

From  foreign 

Total  of 

materials. 

materials. 

both. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

180.3 

790,000 

565,000 

1,355,000 

1804 

1,650,000        - 

450,000       - 

2,100,000 

'  See  Ramsay's  History  and  Macphcrson's  Annals  of  Commerc 
16 


122 


Prom  domestic 

From  foreign 

Total  of 

materials. 

materials. 

both. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls, 

1805 

1,579,000       - 

721,000       - 

2,300,000 

1806 

1,889,000       - 

818,000       - 

2,707,000 

1807 

1,652,000       - 

468,000       - 

2,120,000 

1808 

309,000       - 

35,000       - 

344,000 

1809 

1,266,000 

240,000       - 

1,506,000 

1810 

1,359,000       - 

558,000       - 

1,917,000 

1811 

-       2,062,000       - 

314,000       - 

2,376,000 

1812 

1,135,000 

220,000 

1 ,355,000 

1813 

372,000       - 

18,000 

390,000 

1814 

233,200       - 

13,100       - 

246,300 

The  manufactures  from  domestic  materials  are  soap,  tallow  candles, 
leather,  boots,  shoes,  saddlery,  hats,  of  grain  (as  spirits,  beer, 
starch,  &c.)  of  wood,  (including  furniture,  coaches,  &c.)  cordage,  can- 
vass, linseed  oil,  iron,  and  various  other  articles,  such  as  snuff,  silk 
shoes,  wax  candles,  tobacco,  lead,  bricks,  turpentine,  spirits,  wool 
and  cotton  cards,  &c. 

The  manufactures  from  foreign  materials,  are  spirits  from  molasses,, 
refined  sugar,  chocolate,  gun  powder,  brass  and  copper,  and  medicines. 


The  value  of  each  of  these  for  the  years  1806  and  1 
follows,  viz. — 


DOMESTIC  MATERIALS'. 


Soap,  and  tallow  candles, 

Leather,  boots,  shoes,  and  saddlery, 

Hats, 

Wood  (including  furniture,  coaches,  &.c.)    418,000 

Cordage,  canvass,  linseed  oil, 

Grain,  (spirits,  beer,  starch,  kc.) 

Iron,  -  -  - 

Other  articles,  (snuff,  silk  shoes,  Lc.) 


rs  1806  and 

.1811  was  as 

1806. 

1811. 

Value— dls. 

Value — dls 

652,000 

-      371,000 

276,000 

-      176,000 

105,000 

55,00© 

418,000 

-      361,000 

118,000 

-      274,000 

94,000 

-      506,000 

132,000 

-      101,000 

•      94,000 

-      218,000 

1,889,000 

2.062,00ft 

123 


10REIGX  JU.TKRIi.LS. 


Spirits  from  molasses, 
Sugar  refined, 
Chocolate, 
Gun-powder, 
Brass  and  copper, 
Medicines, 


1806. 

1811, 

Value — dls. 

Value— dls 

630,000       • 

241,000 

66,000       - 

13,000 

2,000       - 

4,000 

42,000       ■ 

29,000 

25,000 

9,000 

53,000 

18,000 

$8 18,000  $314,000 


Many  small  articles  exported  are  not  ascertained,  although  their  va- 
lue is  returned  to  the  treasury  department. 

Some  of  these  are  manufactured,  and  others  are  in  a  raw  state. 
We  have  now  completed  our  view  of  the  domestic  exports  of  the  Uni- 
ted States ;  we  add  the  following  table,  exhibiting  the  value  of  the 
produce  of  the  sea,  of  the  forest,  of  agriculture  and  of  manufactures 
exported,  for  each  year,  from  1803  to  1814,  by  which  the  proportion 
of  each  can  be,  at  once,  seen,  during  that  period. 


Of  the  sea. 

Of  the  forest. 

Ofagriculture.  0 

if manufacture; 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1303 

2,635,000 

4,850,000 

32,995,000 

1,355,000 

1804 

3,420,000 

4,630,000 

30,890,000 

2,100,000 

1805 

2,884,000 

5,261,000 

31,562,000 

2,300,000 

1806 

3,116,000 

4,861,000 

30,125,000 

2,707,000 

1807 

2,804,000 

5,476,000 

37,832,000 

2,120,000 

1808 

832,000 

1,399,000 

6,746,000 

344,000 

1809 

1,710,000 

4,583,000 

23,234,000 

1,506,000 

1310 

1,481,000 

4,978,000 

33,502,000 

1,917,000 

1811 

1,413,000 

5,286,000 

35,556,000 

2,376,000 

1812 

935,000 

2,701,000 

24,555,000 

1,355,000 

1813 

304,000 

1,107,000 

23,119,000 

390,000 

3814 

188,000 

570,000 

5,613,000 

24  G, 300 

From  this,  it  appears,  that  on  an  average  of  eight  years,  from  1803 
to  1811.  the  produce  ofagriculture.  constituted  about  three  quarters, 


124 

in  value,  of  all  the  domestic  exports  of  the  United  States,  the  produce 
of  the  forest  about  one  ninth,  of  the  sea,  about  one  fifteenth,  and  man- 
ufactures, about  one  twentieth.  For  the  year  1812,  the  whole  va- 
lue of  the  domestic  exports,  was  $30,032,109,  of  this,  the  value  of 
the  produce  of  agriculture,  was  $24,555,000,  leaving  but  five  and  a 
half  millions  for  the  rest ;  and  in  the  year  ending  October  1st,  1813, 
about  sixteen  months  from  the  commencement  of  the  late  war  with 
Great-Britain,  the  whole  value  of  the  domestic  exports  was 
$25,008,152;  of  this,  the  value  of  the  produce  of  agriculture,  was 
$23,119,000,  consisting,  principally,  of  flour  and  provisions,  sent  to 
the  Peninsula  ;  in  the  year  1814,  in  consequence  of  the  blockade  of 
our  coast,  the  whole  exports  of  the  United  States  amounted  only  to 
$6,927,441,  of  which  $6,782,272  was  of  domestic  produce,  which 
found  its  way,  through  certain  ports,  which,  for  a  time,  were  not  sub- 
ject to  the  blockade. 


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CHAPTER  V. 


EXPORTS  OF  FOREIGN  PRODUCE. 

NEfTHAi.  trade  of  the  United  States  increased  by  the  wars  in  Europe — Their 
trade  in  foreign  produce  greater,  than  in  domestic,  in  1805, 1806,  and  1807 
— Quantity  of  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  pepper,  and  goods  paying  ad  valorem 
duties  exported,  in  eacli  year,  from  1791  to  1814 — Quantity  of  sugar  and 
coffee,  and  goods  subject  to  ad  valorem  duties  imported  from  different 
countries  in  1807 — Quantity  of  sugar  and  coffee  exported  to  different 
countries,  in  different  years— Average  quantity  of  wines,  spirits,  teas,  co- 
coa, and  pepper,  exported  in  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807. 

The  war  between  England  and  France,  which  began  in  1793. 
Soon  after  the  establishment  of  the  present  national  government,  and 
between  England  and  Spain  in  1796,  and  which  continued,  with  but 
a  short  interval,  until  it  involved  all  the  nations  of  Europe,  threw  in- 
to the  hands  of  the  American  merchant,  no  small  proportion  of  tin- 
trade  of  the  world. 

The  vast  superiority  of  the  naval  force  of  England,  rendered  the 
intercourse  between  the  European  powers  at  war  with  that  nation, 
and  their  Colonies,  extremely  difficult. 

They  were,  therefore,  obliged  to  depend,  in  a  great  measure,  up- 
on neutrals  to  carry  on  the  trade  between  them,  and  their  distant  pos- 
sessions. The  valuable  productions  of  the  French,  Spanish,  and  Dutch 
East  and  West-Indies,  had  no  other  mode  of  finding  their  way  to  Eu- 
rope, without  great  risque  and  expense,  but  by  the  aid  of  a  neutral  flag. 
The  local  situation  of  the  United  States,  in  relation  to  the  West-India 
Islands,  and  their  long  accustomed  habits  of  intercourse  with  them, 
.naturally  threw  a  great  proportion  of  this  trade  into  the  hands  of  the 


136 

Americans ;  and  the  great  increase  of  the  tonnage  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  spirit  and  enterprise  of  the  citizens,  led  them,  also, 
to  engage  in  the  more  distant  trade  of  the  East-Indies,  and  every  oth- 
er part  of  the  world.  The  valuable  articles  of  colonial  produce,  such 
as  sugar,  coffee,  spirits,  cocoa,  pimento,  indigo,  pepper  and  spices  of 
all  kinds,  were  carried,  either  directly  to  Europe,  or  were  first  brought 
to  the  United  States,  and  from  thence  exported  in  American  vessels. 
These  and  other  articles  imported  were  allowed,  under  certain  regu- 
lations, to  be  exported  from  the  United  States,  with  a  drawback  of 
the  duties,  paid  or  secured  to  be  paid  upon  them,  on  their  importa- 
tion. The  manufactures  of  Europe,  and  particularly  of  Great-Bri- 
tain, as  well  as  the  manufactures  and  produce  of  the  East-Indies  and 
China,  have  also  been  imported,  and  again  exported,  in  large  quanti- 
ties, to  the  West-Indies,  to  the  Spanish  Colonies  in  South-America, 
and  elsewhere.  This  trade,  which  has  been  called  the  carrying 
trade,  has,  in  some  years,  exceeded  in  value  the  trade  of  the  United 
States,  in  articles  of  domestic  produce  ;  it  has  been  the  means,  not 
only  of  increasing  our  commercial  tonnage,  but  of  enriching  the  pub- 
lic treasury,  as  welj  as  filling  the  coffers  of  individuals.  The  value  of 
the  exports  of  domestic  and  foreign  articles  from  1803  to  1814,  is 
stated  in  Chapter  III. 

From  this  it  appears,  that  in  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807,  be- 
ing years  of  trade  unshakled  by  commercial  restrictions,  the  value 
of  exports  of  domestic  produce  and  manufacture,  was  $134,590,552, 
being  on  an  average  $44,863,517  a  year,  and  of  exports  of  foreign 
produce  and  manufacture,  $173,105,813,  on  an  average  $57,701,937 
a  year,  making  a  difference  of  $38,515,261  or  $12,838,420  per 
year.  During  the  late  war  between  the  United  States  and  Great- 
Britain,  this  trade  has  been  annihilated.  We  were  unable  to  pro- 
cure supplies  of  foreign  articles,  for  our  own  consumption,  much  lei- 
for  exportation. 


13? 

The  progress  of  this  trade  from  1791  to  1814,  may  be  seen  from 
the  following  account  of  the  quantities  of  the  principal  articles  of  for- 
eign produce  or  manufacture,  exported  from  the  United  States  in 
each  year,  viz.  sugar,  coffee,  pepper,  cocoa,  and  goods  principally 
paying  duties  ad  valorem  : — 


Sugar. 

Coffee. 

Pepper. 

Cocoa. 

Goods  paying 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs.  * 

lbs. 

ad  val.  duties, 
dolls. 

1791 

74,504 

962,977 

492 

8,322 

2,840,310 

1792 

1,176,156 

2,134,742 

5,046 

6,000 

3,560,119 

1793 

4,539,8u9 

17,580,049 

14,361 

234,875 

4,110,240 

1794 

20,721,761 

33,720,983 

23,884 

1,188,302 

4,976,120 

1795 

21,377,747 

47,443,179 

301,692 

525,432 

5,670,260 

1796 

34,848,644 

62,385,117 

491,330 

928,107 

6,794,346 

1797 

38,366,262 

44,521,887 

1,901.130 

875,334 

7,835,456 

1798 

51,703,963 

49,580,927 

501,982 

3,146,445 

8,967,828 

1799 

78,821,751 

31,987,088 

441,312 

5,970,590 

18,718,477 

1800 

56,432,516 

38,597,479 

635,849 

4,925,518 

16,076,848 

1801 

97,565,732 

45,106,494 

3,153,139 

7,012,155 

17,159,016 

1802 

61,061,820 

36,501,998 

5,422,144 

3,878,526 

14,906,081 

1803 

23,223,849 

10,294,693 

2,991,430 

367,177 

5,351,524 

1804 

74,964,366 

48,312,713 

5,703,646 

695,135 

9,377,805 

1805 

123,031,272 

46,760,294 

7,559,224 

2,425,680 

15,201,483 

1806 

145,839,320 

47,001,662 

4,111,983 

6,846,758 

19,016,909 

1807 

143,136,905 

42,122,573 

4,207,166 

8,540,524 

18,971,539 

1808 

28,974,927 

7,325,448 

1,709,978 

1,896,990 

4,765,737 

1809 

45,248,128 

24,364,099 

4,722,098 

2,029,336 

5,889,669 

1810 

47,038,125 

31,423,477 

5,946,336 

1,286,010 

8,438,349 

1811 

18,381,673 

10,261,442 

3,057,456 

2,221,462 

8,815,291 

1812 

13,927,277 

10,073,722 

2,521,003 

752,148 

3,591,755 

1813  1 

7,347,038 

6,568,527 

99,660 

108,188 

368,603 

1814  | 

762 

220,594 

none. 

27,386 

41,409 

It  will  be  perceived  that  during  the  peace  concluded  at  Amiens  in 
the  fall  of  1801,  and  which  continued  about  eighteen  months,  the  ex- 
ports of  foreign  produce  were  much  less  than  in  the  years  succeeding. 
— Most  of  the  foreign  articles,  which  were  not  then  in  the  United 
States,  went  directly  to  the  places  of  their  destination,  without  first 
coming  to  this  country. 

On  the  renewal  of  the  war,  however,  in  1803,  and  until  the  com- 
mencement of  our  commercial  prohibitions,  our  trade  in  articles  of 
foreign  produce  and  manufacture  again  increased,  and  exceeded  that 
of  any  former  years.  In  each  of  the  years  1806  and  1807,  more 
than  one  hundred  and  forty-three  millions  of  pounds  of  sugar,  were 

18 


138 


exported  from  the  United  States,  making  at  one  thousand  pounds  a 
hogshead,  one  hundred  and  forty-three  thousand  hogsheads.  Nearly 
the  whole  of  this  was  imported,  and  again  exported  in  American  ves- 
sels, and  must  have  employed  about  seventy  thousand  tons  of  ship- 
ping. The  freight  of  these  cargoes,  in  the  two  different  voyages. 
could  not  be  less  than  between  three  and  four  millions  of  dollars. 

The  whole  quantity  of  sugar  imported  into  the  United  States  in 
the  same  years,  were  as  follows,  viz. — 


In  1806 
1807 


Pounds. 
200,737,940 
215,836,202 


Fn  1807,  the  following  quantities  of  sugar  were  imported  from  the 
different  quarters  of  the  world,  and  from  places  in  each  belonging  to 
particular  nations,  in  American  and  foreign  bottoms  : — 


Sugar  imported  in  Ame- 
rican vessels. 


Brown.  * 
1,414 

2,239,396 
10,598,278 


Clayed. 


Sugar  imported  in  for 
eign  vessels. 

Brown.  Clayed 


126,962 
40,892     1 ,249,072 


From 
Europe, 
Africa, 
Asia, 
West    India    IslO 

ands  and  Ame-V  148,095,225  43,453,979   12,639.362   1.902.69'.' 

rican  Colonies,  j 

From  particular 
places. 

Bourbon  &  Mauritius    2,010,697         ...  - 

Danish  East-Indies,      1,161,786  .... 

Dutch  East-Indies, 

British  East-Indies, 

Manilla  and  other 
Phillippine  Isl- 
ands, -  j 

Swedish  West-Indie*,  2,437.559  308.440 


2,467.226 
6,303,510 

664,133 


1,021,860 
097  010 


130 

From  particular      Sugar  imported  in  Ame-  Sugar  imported  in  for- 

places.                       rican  vessels.  eign  vessels. 

Brown.             Clayed.  Brown.            Clayed. 

Danish  West-Indies,  17,828,282         -         -  2,122,744        79,257 
Dutch  West-Indies,  \ 

&  American  Co- V    5,307,864         -         -  968,860 

lonies,         -        ) 

British  West-Indies,     7,660,992         -         -  3,556,715        34,338 
French  W.  Indies,  \ 

&  American  Co-  (  72,669,603     1,893,786  2,147,679 

lonies,         -         ) 
Spanish  W.  Indies,  \ 

&  American  Co.  V  41,933,784  40,729,222  3,319,946   1,779,877 

lonies.         -         ) 

Tables  Nos.  I.  and  II.  shew  the  countries  and  places  to  which  sugar 
was  exported  from  1 800  to  1811. 

From  these  it  will  be  seen,  that  previous  to  1808,  it  was  princi- 
pally shipped  to  France,  Holland,  Hamburg,  and  Bremen,  Spain  and 
Italy,  and  tbat  subsequent  to  that  period,  it  was  generally  shipped  to 
Denmark  and  Norway,  Sweden  and  Russia. 

In  1807,  it  was  shipped  to  the  following  countries,  viz. 

Brown.  Clayed, 

lbs.  lbs. 

To  Russia,                                 52,852  -          297,844 

Sweden,        -                    179,587  -            33,949 

Denmark  and  Norway,  2,286,608         -  -       1,267,227 

Holland,       -        -       48,012,198         -  -       8,719,529 

Great-Britain,       -         2,015,765          -  -          640,23] 

Hamburg,  Bremen,  &c.  2,192,991          -  -       1,066,943 

France,        -        -       27,831,968         -  -       7,029,202 

Spain,        •         -           6,906,740         -  -       5,524,852 

Portugal,         -         -         178,643         -  -          188,356 

Italy,          -          -         14,074,935          -  -       9.476,602 

Europe  generally,             184.798  159,179 


140 
COFFEE. 

The  quantity  of  coffee  exported,  on  an  average  of  the  years  1804 
1805,  1806,  and  1807,  exceeded  forty -five  millions  of  pounds. 

The  whole  quantity  imported  in  1807,  was  fifty-eight  million 
eight  hundred  twenty-four  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty -one, 
pounds,  and  principally  from  the  following  places,  viz. — 

Pound-;. 
Bourbon  and  Mauritius,  -  -  4,470,840 

Dutch  East-Indies,         ....  8,842,832 

Mocha,  Aden,  and  other  ports  on  the  Red-Sea,    1,709,533 
Danish  West-Indies,      -  10,966,411 

Dutch  West-Indies  and  American  Colonies,  1,404,659 

British  West-Indies,         ....         2,423,611 
Swedish  West-Indies,  -  -  -  1,705,670 

French  West-Indies  and  American  Colonies,      16,461,478 
Spanish  West-Indies  and  American  Colonies,       9,753,976 

Table  No.  III.  shews  the  places  to  which  coffee  was  shipped  from 
1800  to  1811.  Previous  to  1808,  it  was  shipped  principally  to 
Holland,  France,  Great-Britain,  Hamburg  and  Bremen,  and  Italy. 
Subsequent  to  this  period,  it  was  cleared  out  for  the  northern  ports  in 
Europe. 

In  1806,  1807,  and  1810,  the  greatest  part  was  shipped  to  the  fol- 
lowing places,  viz. — 


1806. 

1807. 

1810 

Pounds 

Pounds. 

Pounds, 

Russia, 

- 

149,271 

4.048,909 

Prussia, 

222,351 

- 

1,098,211 

Sweden, 

- 

- 

7,120,496 

Denmark  and  Norway, 

600,621 

756,511 

14,120,990 

Holland, 

21,833,438 

19,900,965 

44,618 

Great-Britain. 

2,543,370 

1.052,075 

141 

1806.  1807.                      1810. 

Pounds.  Pounds.                   Pounds. 

Hamburg,  Bremen,  &c.     5,306,950  2,644,511            1,206,389 

France,          -                     8,282,965  11,088,529 

Spain,        -         -         -         236,113  456,428 

Portugal,         -          -            687,006  44,801 

Italy,         -         -         -      4,948,814  3,490,495              784,423 
Europe  generally,         ------         246,540 

While  we  were  thus  carrying  to  Europe  these  valuable  articles  of 
colonial  produce,  we  imported  from  them,  and  particularly  from 
England,  great  quantities  of  manufactured  goods,  and  other  articles, 
which  were  again  exported,  and  principally  to  the  West-Indies,  and 
Spanish  American  Colonies. 

In  1806,  goods  free  of  duty  and  subject  to  duties  ad  valorem  to  the 
value  of  $18,57 1,477,  and  in  1807  to  the  value  of  $18,564,507  were 
exported  from  the  United  States.  Of  these  in  1806  $2,383,910  and 
in  1807  $2,080,114  were  free  of  duty. 

The  whole  amount  of  goods  paying  ad  valorem  duties,  imported  in 
the  years  1806  and  1807,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

In  1806 $54,461,957 

1807  ....  58,655,917 

Between  one  third  and  one  quarter,  therefore,  of  all  the  goods  paying 
duties  ad  valorem,  imported  during  these  years,  were  again  export- 
ed. These  goods  were  imported  from  the  different  quarters  of  the 
world  in  1807,  in  the  following  proportions,  viz. — 

From  Europe,         -  -  $50,915,135 

Africa,      ...  -       108,607 

Asia, 6,392,592 

West-India  Islands  and  American  Colonies,        1,239,583 

$58,655,917 


142 

And  principally  from  the  following  countries    and  places  in  each 
quarter,  viz. — 

Dolls. 

From  the  United  Kingdom  of  G.  Britain  and  Ireland,    38,901 ,838 

Russia, -  1,804,860 

Sweden,  ...  -  423,304 

Denmark  and  Norway,  ....         864,474 

Holland, 1,882,583 

Hamburg,  Bremen,  and  other  parts  of  Germany ,  2,1 90,732 
French  European  ports  on  the  Atlantic,         -         3,371,489 

do.  do.       on  the  Mediterranean,  347,571 

Spanish  ports  on  the  Atlantic,         ...  67,138 

do.      do.    on  the  Mediterranean,  -         -      112,273 

Portugal, 91,088 

Fayal  and  the  other  Azores,  -         -         -  1,188 

Italy,         ....  .  636,432 

Trieste  and  other  Austrian  ports  on  the  Adriatic,      203,461 

Danish  East-Indies, 262,685 

Dutch         do.  -  112,508 

British        do. 4,073,910 

Manilla  and  other  Phillippine  Islands,  -  -  12,316 
Turkey,  Levant,  and  Egypt,        ...  -    60,741 

Mocha,  Aden,  and  other  ports  on  the  Red  Sea,       -     49,447 

China, 1,820,067 

British  West-Indies,         -  276,565 

British  American  Colonies,  -  -  269,198 

Spanish  West-Indies  and  American  Colonies  -  457,523 
French         do.  do.  -      93,005 

Of  these  goods,  it  appears,  that  $43,525,320  were  imported  from 
the  United  Kingdom  of  Great-Britain  and  Ireland  and  their  depend- 
encies, $3,812,065  from  France  and  its  dependencies,  and  the  resi- 
due,being  $11,318,532  from  other  parts  of  the  world. 

The  other  articles  of  foreign  produce  and  manufacture  of  consider- 
able value  exported  from  the  United  States,  when  their  trade  was  free, 
before  the  late  war  between  the  United  States  and  Great-Britain,  were 
wines,  spirits,  teas  of  various  kinds,  spices  of  all  kinds,  paints-  lead 


Wines, 

gallons 

Spirits, 

do. 

Teas,      - 

-     pounds 

Cocoa, 

do. 

Pepper, 

do. 

143 

and  manufactures  of  lead,  iron,  fish,  and  many  others  of  minor  impor- 
tance. 

On  an  average  of  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807,  the  annual  quan- 
tity of  wines,  spirits,  teas,  cocoa,  and  pepper,  exported,  was  as  fol- 
lows, viz. — 


3,423,485 
1,600,301 
2,151,385 
5,937,654 

5,292,791 


That  this  trade  in  foreign  articles,  or  the  carrying  trade,  as  it  has 
been  called,  added  much  to  our  national  wealth  cannot  be  doubted. 
While  it  has  increased  our  commercial  tonnage,  it  has  enriched  the 
[•ublic  treasury,  as  well  as  individuals.  Many  of  the  goods  and  other 
articles  exported  were  not  entitled  to  a  drawback,  in  consequence  of 
(he  owners  not  having  complied  with  the  law  on  that  subject.  The 
duties  collected  and  secured  on  articles  exported,  without  the  benefit 
of  drawback,  and  which,  of  course,  were  not  paid  by  consumers  in 
die  United  States,  during  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807,  amounted 
to  the  following  sums,  viz. — 

In  1805         -                   -  #1,531,618 

1806                       -  -        1,297,535 

1807 1,393,877 


Making,  $4,223,030 

Add  to  this  the  amount  of  the  three  and  a  half  per  cent,  retained  on 
die  drawbacks,  and  which  for  the  same  years,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

1805  -  -  $328,144  79 

1806  -  -  -        334,247  39 

1807  -  368,275  50 


#1.030,667  68 


144 

and  the  whole  amount  received  into  the  public  treasury,  for  these 
three  years,  from  duties,  in  consequence  of  this  trade,  and  which  was 
not  paid  by  the  people  of  the  United  States,  will  be  $5,253,697  68 
being  about  one  ninth  of  all  the  duties,  collected  or  secured,  during 
that  period. 

The  amount,  which  this  trade  has  added  to  the  wealth  of  individU' 
als,  and  of  course  to  the  nation,  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain  with  any 
degree  of  precision.  Some  light,  however,  may  be  thrown  on  thif. 
subject,  in  the  subsequent  chapter. 


145 


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CHAPTER  VI. 


Imports  into  the  United  States — Their  trade  with  different  parts  of  the  world 
at  different  periods— Particular  account  of  the  trade  with  Great-Britain, 
France,  and  other  countries — A  comparative  view  of  exports  and  imports 
in  different  years — Value  of  the  principal  articles  imported  at  different 
periods — Amount  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods  imported  from  Great -Bri- 
tain in  1806  and  1807,  and  wines  and  brandies  from  France — Origin  of  their 
trade  with  China  and  the  East-Indies — Quantity  of  teas  imported  in  dif- 
ferent years  from  1790  to  1812. 

Having,  in  the  preceding  chapters,  given  an  account  of  the  exports 
of  the  United  States,  we  shall  now,  according  to  the  plan  proposed, 
present  a  view  of  the  imports,  together  with  an  account  of  our  trade 
with  the  different  parts  of  the  world,  and  its  increase  since  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  present  government.  We  would  here  remark,  that  no 
returns  are  made  to  the  treasury  department,  of  the  value  of  the  vari- 
ous articles  imported,  by  the  collectors  of  the  customs,  except  those, 
which  pay  duties  ad  valorem  ;  the  value  of  which,  at  the  place  of  im- 
portation, is  ascertained  by  law  as  follows,  viz. — "  by  adding  twen- 
ty per  cent,  to  the  actual  cost  thereof,  if  imported  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  or  from  any  place  beyond  the  same,  and  ten  per  cent, 
on  the  actual  cost  thereof,  if  imported  from  any  other  place  or  coun- 
try, including  all  charges,  commissions,  outside  packages,  and  insur- 
ance only  excepted." 

The  goods  or  merchandize,  thus  paying  ad  valorem  duties,  embrace, 
as  has  been  heretofore  noticed,  with  few  exceptions,  all  the  wool- 
len, cotton,  linen,  silk,  metal,  earthem,  and  paper  manufactures  im- 
ported. The  value,  of  these  goods,  ascertained  in  the  manner  before 
stated,  and  not  the  quantity  is  returned  to  the  treasury  department. 
Of  all  the  other-various  articles  imported,  the  quantity  and  not  the 
value  is  returned  to  the  treasury  by  the  collectors.  The  treasury 
books,  therefore,  do  not  shew  the  value  of  the  imports,  as  they  do 
that  of  the  exports  of  the  United  States.  This  can  only  be  ascertain- 
ed by  a  long  and  tedious  calculation  from  the  prices  of  the  various 


152 

articles  (except  those  paying  ad  valorem  duties)  at  the  places  of  im- 
portation. To  do  this,  with  accuracy,  for  each  year,  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  government,  would  require  more  time  and  labour 
than  any  one  would  be  willing  to  bestow  on  so  dry  a  subject.  At 
different  times,  however,  since  the  establishment  of  the  government,  al 
the  request  of  the  national  legislature,  official  returns  have  been  made 
to  Congress,  of  the  value  of  our  imports  for  short  periods.  From  these 
returns  and  the  documents  accompanying  them,  and  from  other  cal- 
culations, we  shall  be  able,  we  trust,  to  present  a  satisfactory  view  of 
the  value  of  our  imports  and  trade  with  different  parts  of  the  world, 
for  the  greatest  part  of  the  time  from  the  commencement  of  the  go- 
vernment. By  a  report  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  of  the  16th  of  De- 
cember 1793,  having  reference  to  the  year  1792,  it  appears,  that  the 
countries,  with  which  the  United  States  at  that  time  had  their  chief 
commercial  intercourse,  were  Spain,  Portugal,  France,  Great-Britain, 
the  United  Netherlands,  Denmark  and  Sweden,  and  their  American 
possessions  ;  and  that  the  articles  of  export,  constituting  the  basis  of 
that  commerce,  with  their  respective  amount,  was  as  follows,  viz.— . 

Dolls. 

Bread  stuffs,  that  is  to  say,  bread  grain,  meal,  7 

>■      7,64y5oo  / 
and  bread,  to  the  annual  amount  of  ) 

Tobacco,         -  ...        4,349,567 

Rice, 1,753,796 

Wood, 1,263,534 

Salted  fish, 941,696 

Pot  and  pearl  ashes,         ....  839,093 

Salted  meats, 599,130 

Indigo, 537,379 

Horses  and  mules,       -         -  -  339,753 

Whale  oil, 252,591 

Flaxseed,       -  -  -  236,072 

Tar,  pitch,  and  turpentine,      ....     217,177 
Live  provisions,         -----  137,743 

Foreign  goods,       -  -  620,274 

19,737,692 


153 

The  proportion  of  these  exports  which  went  to  each  of  the  na- 
tions he  fore  mentioned,  and  their  dominions,  the  Secretary  states  as 
follows  : — 

Dolls. 

To  Spain    and   its    dominions,  -            -       2,005,907 

Portugal  and                  do.  -             -         1,283,462 

France  and                    do.  -             -              4,698,735 

Great-Britain  and          do.  -              -         9,363,416 

United  Netherlands  &  do.  -             -             1,963,880 

Denmark  and                 do.  -              -             224,415 

Sweden    and                  do.  -           -         47,240 

Our  imports,  from  the  same  countries,  are  also  stated  to  be — from 

Dolls. 

Spain    and    its    dominions,  -           -             335,110 

Portugal  and                  do.  -              -                   595,763 

France  and                    do.  -             -           2,068,348 

Great-Britain  and         do.  15,285,428 

United  Netherlands  &  do.  -             -           1,172,692 

Denmark  and                do.  -              -                   351,364 

Sweden  and                  do.  -              -                14,325 


#19,823,030* 


The  above  account  does  not  include  the  whole  amount  of  our  ex- 
ports at  that  period,  as  many  articles  of  smaller  value,  than  those  men- 
tioned, are  not  included. 

Tables  No.  I.  and  II.  annexed  to  this  chapter,  give  a  view  of  the 
commercial  intercourse  of  the  United  States,  with  foreign  countries 
and  their  dependencies,  from  1795  to  1801  inclusive,  exhibiting  the 
value  of  the  exports  to  each  nation,  and  its  dependencies,  and  the  va- 
lue of  the  imports  from  the  same,  during  that  period.  The  exports 
were  taken  from  the  custom-house  books,  and  the  value  of  the  imports 
was  made  out,  with  g^eat  care  and  labour,  from  the  prices  of  the  va* 

*  Sec  printed  Report  of  the  Secretary  of  Sta+'- 
20 


154 

rious  articles  imported,  (except  those  paying  ad  valorem  duties)  ai 
the  places  of  importation.* 

From  these  tables,  the  following  is  the  amount  of  the  exports  and 
imports  of  the  United  States  from  the  year  1795  to  1801  : — 

Exports.  Imports. 

Dolls.  Dolls. 

1795                   -         47,855,556  -  69,756,258 

J796          -          -          67,064,097  -          -  81,436,164 

1797  -         -         56,850,206  -         -  75,379,406 

1798  -         -         61,527,097  -  68,551,700 

1799  -         -         78,665,522  -  79,069,148 

1800  -          -          70,971,780  -          -  91,252,708 

1801  -                   93,020,573  -  111,363,511 

During  the  session  of  Congress  in  the  winter  of  1806,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  furnished  the  house  of  representatives  with  several  va- 
luable statements  and  documents,  relative  to  the  trade  of  the  United 
States  with  different  parts  of  the  world,  in  the  years  1802,  1803,  and 
1804. 

These  statements  were  called  for  by  the  house,  while  various  pro- 
positions were  under  their  consideration,  as  to  a  total,  or  partial  non- 
intercourse  with  Great-Britain  and  her  dependencies,  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  amount  of  our  trade  with  that  kingdom,  in  compari- 
son with  the  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  to  enable  the  house  to  see 
to  what  extent  our  commerce  and  revenue  might  be  atfected,  by  a  non- 
intercourse  with  the  British  dominions.  From  these  statements,  the 
annual  value  of  our  imports  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  on  an  average 
of  the  years  1802,  1803,  and  1804,  amounted  to  £75,316,937,  and  the 
average  value  of  our  exports,  for  the  same  period,  was  $68,461,000. 
1  he  value  ot  the  imports  was  calculated  upon  the  same  principles,  as 
the  value  ol   goods  paying  the  ad  valorem  duties,  that  is  to  say.    b\ 

*  For  these  valuable  Tables  we  are  indebted  to  the  politeness  of  a  gentle- 
man, who  lias  long  been  one  of  the  principal  clerks  in  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, who  has  ween  much  conversant  with  the  subjects  to  winch  thev  relate 


155 

adding  from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  to  the  prime  cost  and  charges  at 
the  places  from  which  the  articles  were  imported ;  the  value  of  the 
exports  was  taken  from  the  custom-house  books. 

The  value  of  the  principal  articles  imported,  was  estimated  as  fol- 
lows : — 

Dolls 
Merchandize  paying  12  1-2  per  cent,  ad  valorem,    30,732,069 


do. 

do.       15 

do. 

-      8,303,770 

do. 

do.      20 

do. 

453,751 

Nails  and 

spikes. 

- 

479,041 

Lead  and 

manufactures  of  lead, 

- 

227,002 

Steel, 

- 

- 

-       147,957 

Beer,  ale 

and  porter, 

- 

76,020 

Cheese, 

- 

- 

77,150 

Boots  and 

shoes, 

- 

101,300 

Coal, 

- 

- 

36,407 

Salt, 

- 

-    771,996 

Rum, 

- 

- 

-       3,881,089 

Geneva, 

. 

- 

-       675,430 

Brandy, 

. 

- 

2,077,601 

Wines, 

. 

- 

-  2,962,039 

Teas, 

. 

- 

2,360,507 

Coffee, 

- 

- 

-     8,372,712 

Sugar, 

- 

7,794,254 

Molasses, 

. 

- 

-     J  ,930,592 

Cotton, 

- 

- 

804,125 

Pepper, 

- 

- 

-      633,041 

Indigo, 

- 

- 

436,941 

Cocoa, 

- 

- 

-       310,773 

Pimento, 

- 

- 

71,927 

Hemp, 

- 

- 

919,443 

All  other  a 

irticles, 

- 

-     680,000 

$75,316,937 
Rv  the  same  statements,  the  amount  of  our  commerce  with  the  dit- 


156 

ferent  parts  of  the  world,  on  an  average  of  the  same  period,  was  esti- 
mated a8  follows  : — 

F.       WITH  THE  DOMIMONS  OF  GREAT-BRITAIN    IN    EUROPE    (GIBRALTAR 
EXCEPTED.) 

The  annual  exports  are  estimated  at  about  $15,690,000,  viz. — 

Domestic  produce.  Dolls. 

Cotton,              -  -              5,C40,000 

Tobacco,              -  3,, '20,000 

Provisions,                 -                             -  -          2,160,000 

Lumber,  naval  stores,  and  pot  ashes,  -               1,510,000 

All  other  articles  of  domestic  produce.  -              900,000 


$13,430,000 
Foreign  merchandize,  -  -  2,260,000 


$15,690,000 


The  annual  imports  at  $27,400,000,  viz. — 

in  merchandize  paying  duties  on  its  value,  em- 
bracing, with  inconsiderable  exceptions,  all 
the  woollen,  cotton,  linen,  silk,  metal,  glass, 
and  paper  manufactures,  -  -  $26,060,000 

\11  the  articles  paying  specific  duties,  and 
consisting  principally  of  salt,  steel,  lead, 
nails  and  porter, 1,340,000 


$27,400,000 

II.      WITH  THE  BRITISH  EAST-INDIES. 

Annual  exports  $130,000. 

Domestic  produce,  -  -         -  $47,000 

Foreign         do.  83,000 

$130,00(1 


157 

Imports  $3,530,000  viz.— 

Jn  merchandize  paying  ad  valorem  duties 
and  consisting  principally  of  white  cot- 
tons, ....  £2,950,000 

In  all  other  articles,  consisting  principally 

of  sugar,  pepper  and  cotton.  -  -  580,000 


$3,530,000 

III.      WITH  THE  NORTHERN'  BRITISH  COLONIES   IN  AMERICA. 

The  annual  exports  amount  to  $1,000,000.  and  consist  of  the  follow- 
ing articles,  viz. — 

Domestic  produce.  Dolls. 

Provisions  and  live  stock,             -  -           -            530,000 

Lumber,  naval  stores  and,  pot  ashes,  -             -         90,000 

Skins  and  furs,                           -  -                           160,000 

All  other  articles,             -  60,000 


$840,000 

Foreign  merchandize,  160,000 


$1,000,000 


The  annual  imports  amount  to  $540,000  viz. — 

In  goods  paying  ad  valorem  duties,  and  con- 
sisting principally  of  merchandize  for  the 
Indian  trade,  and  offish,  -  -  $480,000 

Ml  articles  paying  specific  duties,  -  60,000 


$540,000* 


*  Plaister  of  Paris,  is  not  included  in  the  above  sum 


158 

IV.      WITH  THE  BRITISH  WEST-INDIES. 

The  exports  consist  of  the  following  articles,  viz. — 

Provisions  and  live  stock,  •  -  $4,720,000 

Lumber,  ....  990,000 

All  other  articles,  -  -  340,000 


$6,050,000 


And  the  imports  as  follows,  viz. — 

Spirit.,,              ....  $2,460,000 

Sugar  and  coffee,               -              -              -  1,480,000 

AJ1  other  articles,         ...  .         650,000 


$4,590,000 

IMPORTATIONS  FROM  ALL  PARTS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

The  annual  value  of  imports  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  calculated  on  the  average  of  three 
years,  -  $75,316,000 


Of  which  the  value  imported  from  the  domin- 
ions of  Great-Britain,  amounts  to  -  $35,970,000 

And  that  imported  from  all  othercountries  as  follows,  viz. — 

From  the  northern  powers,  Prussia 

and  Germany,  -  -       $7,094,000 

From  the  dominions    of   Holland, 

France,  Spain  and  Italy,  -      £5,475,000 

From  the  dominions  of  Portugal,  1,083,000 

From  China,  and  othernative  pow- 
ers of  Asia,  -"  -     4,856,000 

From  all  other  countries,  including 
some  articles  not  particularly  dis- 
criminated, -  838,000 


$39,346,000 
$75,316,000 


159 

The  value  of  the  several  species  of  merchandize,  thus    imported, 
may  be  arranged  as  followeth,  viz. — 

1st.    Articles,   principally  imported   from   the  dominions  of  Great- 
Britain,  viz. — 

Merchandize  paying  duties  on  its  value,         -  $39,489,000 

Salt, nails, lead,  steel,  beer, cheese, shoes&boots,  1 ,9 1 7,000 

Rum.  -----  3,881,000 


$45,287,000 


Of  which  are  imported  from  the 

dominions,  of  Great-Britain,       $33,46 1,000 
And  from  all  other  countries,  11,826,000 


$45,287,000 

3d.  Articles,  principally   imported  from  other  countries,  viz. — 

Coffee,                           -                           -  $8,373,000 

Sugar,          -                                                              -  7,794,000 

Molasses,             ...             -  1,930,000 

Cotton,  cocoa,  indigo,  pepper,  and  pimento,  2,257,000 

Hemp,  soap,  candles,   and  all  other  articles,  )  ,  „nn  „nn 

f    ■                    ■         ,  i        ,                   ,  \      >  1,600,000 
(nines,  teas,  Kin  and  brandy  excepted.; 


#21,954,000 


Of  which  are  imported  from  the 

dominions  of  Great-Britain,  $2,476,000 

Aid  from  all  other  countries.  19,478,000 

£2 1.954.000 


160 

3d.  Articles  only  incidentally  imported  from  Great-Britain,  viz. — 

Brandy  and  Geneva,              -             -  $2,75:3,000 

Wines,             -             -  2,962,000 

Teas,          -                         -  -                    2,360,000 


$8,07o,000 


Of  which  are  imported  from   the 

dominions  of  Great-Britain,  $33,000 

From  all  other  countries,  -  8,042,000 


$8,075,000 

EXPORTS  TO  ALL  PARTS  OF   THE  WORLD. 

I.     DOMESTIC  PRODUCE. 

The  annual  value  of  the  articles  of  domestic  pro- 
duce, exported  to  all  parts  of  the  world,  calculated  on 
the  average  of  the  same  three  years,  is  computed  at     -    $39,928,000 


Of  which  the  amount  exported  to 

the  British  Dominions  is       -  $20,653,000 

And  that  to  all  other  parts  of  the  world,  viz.— - 

To  the  northern  powers,  Prussia  and 

Germany,  -         -  $2,918,000 

To   the  dominions   of    Holland, 

France,  Spain,  and  Italy,     -  12,183,000 

To  the  dominions  of  Portugal,      -       1,925,000 

To  all  other  countries,  including,  also, 
some  articles  not  particularly  dis- 
criminated. -  -  2,249,000 

$19,275.01  'v 


161 

Considered  in  relation  to  the  several  quarters  of  the  globe,  and 
without  reference  to.  the  dominions  of  any  particular  power,  those  ex- 
ports are  distributed  in  the  following  manner,  viz. — 

Exported  to  Europe,  -  -  -  $22,957,000 

to  the  West-Indies  and  other  American 

Colonies,  -  -  -  15,607,000 

to  Asia,  Africa,  and  the  South  Seas,      -       1,364,000 


$39,928,000 


And  the  several  articles,  of  which  these  exports  consist,  are  respect- 
ively valued  as  follows,  viz. — 

Provisions,  flour,  wheat,  corn,  rice,  and  every  other 

species  of  vegetable  food,  -  -  $13,040,000 

Dried  and  pickled  fish,  -  -  -  2,848,000 

Beef,  pork,  butter,  cheese,  and  every  species  of  ani- 
mal food,  ....  3,728,000 


$19,616,000 


Cotton,  -  -  -  6,940,000 

Tobacco,  ....  6,143,000 

Lumber,  naval  stores,  and  pot-ashes,  -  4,387,000 

All  other  articles,         -  -  -  2,842,000 


$39,928,000 


II.  FOREIGN  PRODUCE. 

The  annual  value  of  foreign  produce,  re-exported  to 
all  parts  of  the  world,  calculated  on  the  average  of  the 
same  three  years,  is  estimated  at  -  -  $28,533,000 


of  which  the  amount  exported  to  the  domin- 
ions of  Great-Britain,  is  -  $3,054  .(W» 

2\ 


162 

And  to  all  other  parts  of  the  world,  is,  viz. — 

To  the  northern    powers,   Prussia   and 

Germany,  -  -  $5,051,000 

To  the  dominions  of  Holland,  France, 

Spain,  and  Italy,         -  -  18,495,000 

To  the  dominions  of  Portugal,  -  396,000 

To  all  other  countries,  including,  also, 
some  articles  not  particularly  discri- 
minated, -  -  1,537,000 

25,497,000 


$28,533,000 

Considered  in  relation  to  the  several  quarters  of  the  globe,  and 
without  reference  to  the  dominions  of  any  particular  power,  these  ex- 
ports are  distributed  in  the  following  manner,  viz. — 

Exported  to  Europe,  -  -  -  $20,648,000 

to  the  W.  Indies  and  American  Colonies,      6,688,000 
to  Asia,  Africa,  and  the  South  Sea,         -       1,197,000 


$28,533,000 

The  several  articles,  of  which  these  exports  consist,  are  respective- 
ly valued  as  follows,  viz. — 

Merchandize,  paying  ad  valorem  duties,          -  $9,772,000 

Coffee,                               -                -  7,302,000 

Sugar,                         -               -                             -  5,775,000 

Cotton,  cocoa,  indigo,  pimento,  and  pepper,       -  2,490,000 

Teas,               ....  1,304,000 

Wines,         .....  1,108,000 

Spirits  of  every  description,           ...  642,000 

All  other  articles,  140,000 

$28,533,00© 


163 


GENERAL  BALANCE. 


Annuai  value  of  importations  being  stated  at  $75, 316,000 

And  that  of  exports  of  domestic  produce  $39,928,000 
of  foreign        do.         28,533,000 

$68 ,46 1 ,000 


$6,855,000 


Leaves  an  apparent  balance,  according  to  the  statement  of  the  Se- 
cretary, against  the  United  States,  of  near  seven  millions  of  dollars.* 

During  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807,  the  imports,  as  well  as  the 
exports  of  the  United  States,  were  greater  than  in  any  former  years. 

Table  No.  III.  shews  the  quantity  and  valve  of  all  the  article8 
imported  into  the  United  States,  from  October  1st,  1806,  to  Septem- 
ber 30th,  1807.  The  value  of  the  articles  (except  those  paying  ad 
valorem  duties)  was  ascertained  from  the  prices,  at  which  the  same 
articles  were  valued  at  the  Treasury,  during  the  same  period,  on  their 
exportation.  The  value  of  the  imports  for  this  year,  thus  ascertain- 
ed, amounted  to  $138,574,876. 

The  value  of  the  principal  articles  was  as  follows,  viz  : — 

Goods  paying  ad  valorem  duties,  -           $58,655,917 

Malmsey  and  Madeira  wine,  -           -           1,023,321 

Burgundy                         do.  ...           59,279 

Sherry                               do.  -                     -         353,672 

All  other                            do.  -          -           -     3,051,397 

Foreign  spirits  from  grain,  -              -           1,477,679 

Do.           do.      from  other  materials,  -          9,221,175 

Molasses,              -              -  -                         3,064,044 

Bohea          tea,             -  -               -                493,946 

Souchong      do.  -              -              1,250,029 

Hyson           do.  1.251,367 

Other  green  do.              -  -              2,117,362 

Coffee,              -  16,470,947 

"  S"e  ••eport  of  the  S^cretarv  of  the  Treasury  in  1806. 


164 

Cocoa,  -  -  -  $2,297,961 

Sugar,  brown,  -  17,511,061 

Do.      clayed,               -             -             -  5,901,804 

Raisins  in  jars  and  boxes,             -                  -  138,307 

All  other,             ....  291,807 

Candies,  tallow,         ....  98,538 

Cheese,              ....  288,299 

Soap,          -                            ...  376,222 

Tallow,              -                            -              -  262,541 

Pepper,          -----  804,869 

Pimento,              -                             -              -  263,172 

Indigo,         -             -             -              -  1,849,529 

Cotton,             ....  1,007,139 

Gun-powder,         -  97,406 

Iron,  anchors  and  sheet,           -             -             -  70,368 

Do.    slit  and  hoop,            -                           -  77,301 

Do.    nails  and  spikes,         -               -             -  544,328 

White  and  red  lead,         -             -             -  420,613 

Lead,  and  manufactures  of  lead,         -           -  270,147 

Steel,                  -                                    -            -  205,595 

Hemp.                                                        -  2,116,605 

Coal,                   -                                    -  132,511 

Salt,  (weighing  more  than  56  lbs.  per  bushel)  1,387,903 

Do.    (weighing  56  lbs.  or  less  per  bushel)          -  288,791 

Glass,  black  quart  bottles,              -             -  184,455 
Window-glass,  not  above  8  by  10  inches,          -      261,268 

Do.                     not  above  10  by  12  do.          -  46,335 

Do.                     all   above  10  by  12   do.  73,202 

Segars,                                                       -  256,240 

The  amount  of  exports,  for  the  same  year,  was — 

Domestic  produce,  -  $48,699,592 

Foreign       do.  -    .  -     59,643,558 


Making,  $  108,343,150 

Leaving  a  difference  between  the  value  of  ex- 
ports and  imports,  for  that  year,  of         -      $30,231,726 


IOj 

This  difference,  or  apparent  balance,  against  the  United  States, 
arises  from  the  mode  of  calculating  the  value  of  our  exports  and  im- 
ports;  and  instead  of  being  against  the  United  States,  is,  in  fact,  in 
their  favour,  as  will  be  explained,  in  a  subsequent  chapter,  on  the  sub- 
ject of  what  is  called  the  balance  of  trade. 

Having  thus  given  a  general  view  of  our  exports  and  imports,  we 
shall,  in  the  next  place,  as  far  as  possible,  present  a  view  of  our  trade 
with  each  country,  from  the  commencement  of  the  government  ;  dis- 
tinguishing the  trade  of  the  parent  country,  from  that  of  her  Colonies 
and  dependencies  ;  together  with  a  general  account  of  the  trade  of 
the  United  States,  with  each  quarter  of  the  world. 

[.     GREAT-BRITAIN'    AND    IRELAND. 

The  principal  articles,  exported  to  Great-Britain  and  Ireland,  arc 
cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  occasionally  wheat  and  flour,  flax-seed,  naval 
stores,  such  as  pitch,  tar,  and  turpentine,  timber  and  plank,  staves  and 
heading,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  whale  and  spermaceti  oil.  Our  im- 
ports are  principally  manufactured  goods  of  various  descriptions. 

By  the  treaty  of  peace  in  1783,  the  United  States  were,  of  course. 
subject  to  the  navigation  laws  and  alien  duties  of  Great-Britain.  She, 
however,  considered  it  for  her  interest,  in  some  degree,  to  relax  these 
laws,  in  their  favour.  By  an  act  of  parliament,  passed  in  April,  1 783, 
(23  Geo.  III.  chap.  39)  the  king  and  council  were  authorised  to  re- 
gulate the  trade  between  the  two  countries.  This  act  was  at  first 
limited  to  a  short  period,  but  was  continued  in  force,  by  subsequent 
acts.  By  an  order  in  council,  of  the  26th  of  December,  1783,  made 
in  pursuance  of  this  act,  and  which  was,  in  substance,  renewed  for 
many  years,  it  is  declared  "  that  any  unmanufactured  goods  and 
merchandizes,  the  importation  of  which  into  this  kingdom  is  not  pro- 
hibited by  law,  (except  oil),  and  any  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  indigo, 
masts,  yards,  bowsprits,  being  the  growth  or  produce  of  any  of  the 
Lnited  States  of  America,  may  (until  further  order)  be  imported  di- 
rectly from  thence,  into  any  of  the  ports  of  this  kingdom,  either  in 
British  or  American  ships,  by  British  subjects,  or  by  any  of  the  peo- 
ple inhabiting  in,  and  belonging  to,  the  said  United  States,  or  any  of 
them,  and  may  be  entered  and  landed   in  any  port  in  this  kingdom. 


JG6 

upon  payment  of  the  same  duties,  as  the  like  sort  of  goods  or  mer- 
chandize are  or  may  be  subject  and  liable  to  if  imported  by  British 
subjects,  in  British  ships,  from  any  British  island  or  plantation  in 
x\merica,  and  no  other,  notwithstanding  such  goods  or  merchandize, 
or  the  ships,  in  which  the  same  may  be  brought,  may  not  be  accom- 
panied with  the  certificate  or  other  documents,  heretofore  required 
by  law."  By  this  order,  also,  the  same  drawbacks,  exemptions,  and 
bounties  are  allowed  on  goods  exported  to  the  United  States,  as  on 
those  exported  to  the  British  Islands  or  Colonies  in  America.  The 
intercourse  between  the  United  States,  and  the  British  West-Indies, 
was  regulated  by  the  same  order,  and  which  will  be  noticed  here- 
after. 

In  consequence  of  this  order,  many  articles  from  the  United  States, 
such  as  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  iron,  wood,  and  lumber  of  all  kinds,  in- 
digo, and  flax-seed,  were  imported  duty  free,  while  most  of  the  same 
articles,  imported  from  other  countries,  were  subject  to  heavy  duties, 
and  others,  as  tobacco,  rice,  pitch,  tar,  &c.  paid  oniy  the  same  duties 
as  when  imported  from  British  Colonies. 

The  importation  of  grain,  as  we  have  before  stated,  was  regulated 
by  a  general  law,  and  except  in  times  of  scarcity,  was  liable  to  so 
high  a  duty,  as  to  amount  to  a  prohibition. 

By  the  14th  article  of  the  treaty  of  amity,  commerce,  Lc.  of 
the  19th  of  November,  1794,  liberty  of  commerce  and  navigation  is 
established  between  the  British  dominions  in  Europe  and  the  United 
States,  subject  however  to  the  laws  of  the  two  countries  ;  and  by  the 
15th  article,  no  higher  duties  are  to  be  paid  by  either,  than  are  paid 
by  all  other  nations  :  the  British  government  reserving  to  itself,  the 
right  of  imposing  on  American  vessels,  entering  into  the  British  ports 
in  Europe,  a  tonnage  duty  equal  to  that  which  shall  be  payable  by 
British  vessels  in  the  ports  of  America ;  and  also  such  duty  as  may 
be  adequate  to  countervail  the  difference  of  duty  then  payable  on  the 
importation  of  goods,  when  imported  into  the  Lnited  States,  in  Brit- 
ish or  American  bottoms.  The  treaty  of  1794  expired  in  1803,  ex- 
cept the  first  ten  articles,  which  were  permanent. 

By  the  treaty  negociated  by  our  commissioners  in  lo06,  there 
was  to  have  been  an  equalization  of  the  tonnage  and  other  duties  in 
the  trade  between  the  two  countries.      It   is  understood  that  in  the 


16f 

commercial  treaty,  lately  fiegociated  with  Great-Britain,  and  which 
has  not  yet  been  ratified  or  made  public,  the  same  tonnage  duties, 
and  the  same  export  and  import  duties  are  to  be  paid,  whether  such 
importation  or  exportation  be  in  American  or  British  vessels. 

Whether  such  a  measure  would  be  favourable  to  the  navigating  in- 
terest of  the  United  States  has,  heretofore,  been  doubted  by  many, 
and  experience  alone,  perhaps,  can  decide  the  question. 

The  amount  of  the  trade  between  the  two  countries,  in  each  year, 
from  1784  to  1790,  taken  from  English  accounts,  we  have  before  stat- 
ed in  Chapter  I. 

In  1792,  according  to  the  foregoing  estimate  of  the  Secretary  of 
State,  our  exports  to  Great-Britain,  and  her  dominions,  amounted  to 
$9,363,416,  and  our  imports  to  $15,285,428.  Much  the  greatest 
part  of  the  imports  was  from  Great-Britain,  exclusive  of  her  depen- 
dencies. From  1795  to  1801,  the  value  of  our  exports  to  Great- 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  our  imports  from  the  same,  was  as  follows, 
viz.*  : — 

Imports. 
Dolls. 
23,313,121 
31,928,685 
27,303,067 
17,330,770 
29,133,219 
32,877,059 
39,519,218 

Our  exports  to  Great-Britain  and  Ireland,  on  the  average  of  the 
jears  1802,  1803,  and  1804,  as  appears,  by  the  foregoing  statement 
*»f  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  were  in  value — 

Domestic  produce,  -  -  -         $13,430,006 

Foreign  merchandize,  -  2,260,000 


Exports. 

Dolls. 

1795 

6,324,066 

1796 

17,143,313 

1797 

6,637,423 

1798 

11,978,870 

1799   - 

19,930,428 

1800 

19,085,603 

1801 

30,931,121 

$15,690,000 


Our  imports  on  the  average  of  the  same  years 

were  in  value,  ...  $27,400,006 

*  Sec  Tables  No.  T.  &  II.  annexed  to  this  chapter. 


168 

From  1805  to  1812,  the  value  of  the  exports  to  Great-Britain  and 
Ireland,  was  as  follows  : — 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce 

Value  in  Dolls. 

Value  in  Dolls 

1805 

13,939,663 

1,472,600 

1806 

12,737,913 

2,855,583 

1807 

21,122,332 

2,027,650 

1808 

3,093,978 

106,327 

1809 

5,326,194 

239,405 

1810       - 

11,388,438 

892,435 

1811 

13,184,553 

554,757 

1812       - 

4,662,296 

37,187 

The  iinportations  from  Great-Britain  and  Ireland  consist  princi- 
pally of  the  various  manufactures  of  wool,  cotton,  silk,  and  flax  ;  man- 
ufactures of  brass  and  copper,  glass  and  earthern  ware,  haberdashery, 
manufactures  of  iron  and  steel,  lead,  and  manufactures  of  lead,  hats, 
salt,  tin  and  pewter,  coal,  beer,  ale  and  porter. 

Much  the  greatest  proportion  of  the  above  articles,  on  their  impor- 
tation, are  subject  to  duties,  on  their  value.  By  ascertaining  there- 
fore the  amount  of  goods  imported  from  Great-Britain  and  Ireland. 
paying  these  duties,  the  value  of  imports  from  that  kingdom  may  be 
pretty  accurately  estimated.  The  following  is  the  amount  of  goods 
of  this  description,  imported  for  a  number  of  years,  subsequent  to 
1804,  viz.— 

Value  in  Dolls. 

1805  31,556,159 

1806  -       -  -   35,779,245 

1807  •       -       -       38,901,838 

1808  ....   18,818,882 

1809  -        -        -       17,647,542 

1810  -       -  -   29,123,605 

1811  -       -  25,338,044 

1812  -       -  -    7,663,179 

1813  11.298,285 


169 

In  1807,  the  amount  of  goods,  paying  duties  ad  valorem,  was  nearly 
thirty-nine  millions  of  dollars;  when  we  add  the  goods  imported,  in 
the  same  year,  duty  free,  and  those  subject  to  specific  duties,  the 
whole  amount,  imported  from  Great-Britain,  in  1807,  would  not,  it  is 
believed,  fall  much  short  of  fifty  millions  of  dollars. 

The  British  accounts  «f  exports  to,  and  imports  from  the  United 
States,  will  serve,  also,  to  shew  the  amount  of  the  trade  between  the 
two  countries.  Tables  No.  IV.  and  V.  contain  the  British  official 
accounts  of  exports  and  imports,  (exclusive  of  Scotland)  for  the  years 
1806,  1807  and  1808,  ending  on  the  10th  of  October  in  each  year, 
furnished  the  House  of  Commons,  by  the  inspector  general  of  imports 
and  exports,  containing  their  real,  as  well  as  official  value. 

By  these  accounts,  the  real  value  of  British  produce  and  manufac- 
tures, and  of  foreign  merchandize,  exported  to  the  United  States,  in 
those  years,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

1806.  1807.  1808. 

British  produce  and  >      £llj716562o     £11,119,048     £5,718,615 
manufactures,        ^      "**     ' 

Foreign  merchandize,  458,875  253,822  65,788 


Total  exports,  £12,175,495      £11,372,870     £5,784,403 

And  the  real  value  of  the  imports  from  the  United  States,  infr. 
Great-Britain,  was — 

In  1806.  1807.  1808. 

£3,503,480  £5,201,909  £2,804,707 

To  enable  us  to  see,  what  proportion  of  all  the  exports  of  British 
produce  and  manufacture,  was  shipped  to  the  United  States,  during 
those  years,  we  add  table  No.  VI.  shewing  the  real,  as  well  as  offi- 
cial value  of  all  the  exports  from  Great-Britain,  (exclusive  of  Scot- 
land) to  all  parts  of  the  world,  for  each  of  those  years.  This  shews 
the  real  value  of  British  produce  and  manufacture,   exporter]  to  all 

09 


170 

parts  of  the  world,  on  an  average,  of  the  years  1806  and  1807  to 
have  been  -  -  £39,205,036,  sterling, 

or  about  $176,000,000. 

And  the  real  value  of  the  same  produce 
and  manufacture,  exported  to  the  United 
States,   on    an   average  of  the    same    two 

years  was  -  -  -  £11,417,834  or  about 

$50,500,000,  making  between  one  quarter,  and  one  third  of  all  the 
exports  of  British  produce  and  manufacture,  during  these  two  years. 
Much  the  greatest  part  of  our  imports  from  Great-Britain,  consist  of 
woollen  and  cotton  goods.  As  these,  with  many  others,  on  their  im- 
portation into  the  United  States,  are  subject  to  duties  ad  valorem, 
neither  their  quantity,  or  value  is  separately  ascertained  by  our  cus- 
lom-house  books.  By  the  English  accounts  contained  in  tables  No. 
V.  and  VI.  the  real  value  of  cotton  goods  exported  to  the  United 
States,  from  Great-Britain  (exclusive  of  Scotland)  on  an  average  of 
the  same  two  years,  was  -  -  £4,393,449 

and  of  woollen  goods,  -  -  -         4,591,437 


Making,  -  £8,984,886  sterling. 

or  about  $39,500,000,  as  valued  in  England,  being  more  than  nine- 
teen millions  of  cotton  goods,  and  about  twenty  millions  of  woollen-. 
in  each  of  these  years. 

We  would  here  remark,  that  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  United 
States,  for  the  years  1806  and  1807,  were  greater,  than  in  any  for- 
mer year,  and  far  exceed  those  of  any  subsequent  year  :  and  that. 
probably,  about  one  third  of  the  goods  imported  from  Great-Britain, 
especially  those  imported  in  1806,  were  again  exported  to  the  West- 
Indies,  to  South  America,  and  elsewhere.  The  value  of  the  exports 
of  woollens  from  Great-Britain  has  been  nearly  stationary  for  many 
years,  while  the  exports  of  cotton  goods  ha.^  increased  beyond  exam- 
ple. The  United  States  have  taken  a  large  proportion  of  English 
woollens.  Table  No.  VII.  contains  an  amount  of  the  value  of  the 
woollen  manufactures  exported  from  Great-Britain  from  1790  to  1799. 
agreeable  to  the  estimate  of  the  inspector  general,  together  with  the 
countries  to  which  the  same  were  exported.*      From  this,  it  will  In 

Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce 


171 

* 
seen,   that  during  that  period,  from  one  quarter  to  one  third,  and  in 

some  years  nearly  one  half,  of  all  the  woollens  was  exported  to  the 
United  States,  greatly  exceeding  the  amount  exported  to  any  other 
country.*  We  have  added  Table  No.  VIII.  containing  the  official 
value  of  all  the  exports  from  Great-Britain,  during  the  years  ending  on 
the  5th  day  of  January,  1809,  1810,  and  1811  ;  also  the  imports  into 
the  same,  during  the  same  years  ;  with  an  appendix  shewing  the 
value  of  the  particular  articles  exported  and  imported,  for  the  same 
period.  These  will  furnish  some  data  from  which  we  may  judge 
what  proportion  of  raw  materials  are  received  by  the  British  manu- 
facturer, from  the  United  States,  as  well  as  the  proportion  of  their 
manufactures  received  by  us. 

The  value  of  our  imports  from  Great-Britain  has  always  exceeded 
that  of  our  exports,  even  in  those  years,  when  we  have  consumed  the 
whole  of  the  imports.  This  difference,  however,  is  less  than  ap 
pears  from  our  custom-house  books,  as  the  value  of  our  exports  is  as- 
certained from  the  prices  of  the  articles,  at  the  place  of  exportation. 
Most  of  the  articles  exported  are  bulky,  and  have  been  carried  in  our 
own  ships. 1  The  expense  of  transportation,  therefore,  as  well  as  a 
reasonable  profit  to  the  shipper,  which  cannot  be  less  than  about 
twenty  per  cent,  must  be  added  to  the  estimated  value  of  our  exports. 
The  balance  is  paid  by  our  trade  with  the  West-Indies,  and  other 
parts  of  the  world. 

*  The  manufacture  of  wool,  as  well  as  cotton,  is  rapidly  advancing-  in  the 
United  States.  Experience  has  proved  that  merino  sheep  will  endure  our 
climate,  and  this  valuable  breed,  with  their  mixtures,  is  now  spread  in  al- 
most every  part  of  the  United  States,  and  the  number  of  sheep  is  increasing' 
in  every  state  in  the  union.  It  is  believed  there  are  now  not  less  than  from 
twelve  to  fifteen  millions  of  sheep  in  the  United  States.  If  Great-Britain, 
with  her  limited  extent  of  territory,  can  maintain  about  thirty  millions  of 
sheep,  how  much  more  easily  can  the  United  States,  widi  their  extended 
territory  and  increasing'  improvements,  maintain  not  only  thirty  millions, 
but  double  that  number  ? 

f  The  number  of  American  ships  cleared  from  Liverpool,  in  1807,  was 
tour  hundred  and  eighty-nine,  and  their  tonnage  one  hundred  twenty-three 
thousand  five  hundred  and  fortv-flvp 


172 

II.  TRADE   WITH  TIIL  BRITISH  EAST-INDIES. 

The  trade  of  the  United  State?  with  the  British  East-Indies  com- 
menced not  long  after  the  peace  of  1783.  In  17b8,  or  1789,  Earl 
Cornwallis,  then  governour  and  commander  in  India,  gave  orders  that 
American  vessels  should  he  treated  at  the  company's  settlements,  in 
all  respects,  as  the  most  favoured  foreigners  :  and  the  ship  Chesa- 
peake, one  of  the  first  vessels  that  displayed  the  American  colours  in 
the  Ganges,  was  favoured  by  the  supreme  council  of  Bengal,  with  an 
exemption  from  the  government  customs  which  all  foreign  vessels 
were  bound  to  pay.* 

This  trade  was  negotiated  by  our  treaty  with  Great-Britain  of  the 
19th  of  November,  1794.  The  thirteenth  article,  relating  to  this 
subject,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

ARTICLE    XIII. 

•  His  Majesty  consents,  that  the  vessels  belonging  to  the  citizens 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  shall  be  admitted  and  hospitably  re- 
reived  in  all  the  sea  ports  and  harbours  of  the  British  territories  in  the 
East-Indies.  And  that  the  citizen-  of  the  said  United  States  may 
freely  carry  on  a  trade  between  the  said  territories  and  the  said 
United  States,  in  all  articles  of  which  the  importation  or  exportation 
respectively,  to  or  from  the  said  territories,  shall  not  be  entirely  pro- 
hibited. Provided  only,  thwt  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  them,  in  any 
time  of  war  between  the  British  government  and  any  other  power  or 
state  whatever,  t«>  export  from  the  said  territories,  without  the  spe- 
cial permission  of  the  British  government  there,  any  military  stores, 
or  naval  stores,  or  rice.  The  citizens  of  the- United  States  shall  pay 
for  their  vessels  when  admitted  into  the  said  ports  no  other  or  higher 
tonnage  duty,  than  shall  be  payable,  on  British  vessels,  when  admit- 
ted into  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  And  they  shall  pay  no  oth- 
er or  higher  duties  or  charges,  on  the  importation  or  exportation  of 
the  cargoes  of  the  said  vessels,  than  shall  be  payable  on  the  same  ar- 
ucles  when    imported   or  exported  in  British  vessels.     But  it  is  ex- 

Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce 


173 

pressly  agreed,  that  the  vessels  of  the  United  Staler  shall  not  cany 
any  of  the  articles  exported  by  them  from  the  said  British  territories, 
to  any  port  or  place,  except  to  some  port  or  place  in  America,  where 
the  same  shall  be  unladen  ;  and  such  regulations  shall  be  adopted  by 
both  parties,  as  shall  from  time  to  time  be  found  necessary  to  enforce 
the  due  and  faithful  observance  of  this  stipulation.  It  is  also  under- 
stood, that  the  permission  granted  by  this  article,  is  not  to  extend  to 
allow  the  vessels  of  the  United  States  to  carry  on  any  part  of  the 
coasting  trade  of  the  said  British  territories  ;  but  vessels  going  with 
their  original  cargoes,  or  part  thereof,  from  any  port  of  discharge  to 
another,  are  not  to  be  considered  as  carrying  on  the  coasting  trade. 
Neither  is  this  article  to  be  construed  to  allow  the  citizens  of  the  States 
to  settle  or  reside  within  the  said  territories,  or  to  go  into  the  interi- 
or parts  thereof,  without  the  permission  of  the  British  government  es- 
tablished there,  and  if  any  transgression  should  be  attempted  against 
the  regulations  of  the  British  government  in  this  respect,  the  observ- 
ance of  the  same  shall  and  may  be  enforced  against  the  citizens  of 
America,  in  the  same  manner  as  against  the  British  subjects  or  others 
transgressing  the  same  rule.  And  the  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
whenever  they  arrive  in  any  port  or  harbour  in  the  said  territories,  or 
if  they  should  be  permitted,  in  manner  aforesaid,  to  go  to  any  other 
place  therein,  shall  always  be  subject  to  the  laws,  government,  and 
jurisdiction  of  what  nature  established  in  such  harbour,  port,  or  place 
according  as  the  same  may  be.  The  citizens  of  the  United  States 
may  also  touch  for  refreshment  at  the  island  of  St.  Helena,  but  sub- 
ject in  all  respects  to  such  regulations  as  the  British  government  may 
from  time  to  time  establish  there/' 

This  article  expressly  provides  that  the  goods  exported  should  not 
be  carried  to  any  port  or  place,  '•  except  to  some  port  or  place  in 
America."  It  is,  however,  less  explicit  as  to  the  outward  car^o  ; 
and  under  this  article,  American  vessels  with  their  cargoes  went  di- 
rectly to  the  East-Indies,  from  Europe  and  other  places.  The  com- 
mercial part  of  thistreaty,  as  before  stated,  expired  in  1803.  Subse- 
quent to  its  expiration,  and  until  lately,  our  trade  with  the  British 
East-Indies  was  suffered  to  continue  on  the  same  footing,  as  under 
the  treaty.  In  the  tre*aty,  however,  agreed  to  by  Messrs.  Monroe 
-md  Pinknev,  December  31«t.   1806,  nur  commi??ioner=  found  it  im- 


in 

possible  to  obtain  stipulations  relative  to  this  trade,  equally  favourable 
to  the  United  States  as  those  in  the  former  treaty.  By  the  third  arti- 
cle of  this  treaty,  our  trade  was  limited  to  vessels  "  sailing  direct 
from  the  United  States  ;"  in  other  respects,  the  article  was  the  same 
as  the  thirteenth  article  of  Mr.  Jay's  treaty.  The  British  commis- 
sioners urged,  that  this  limitation  was  really  no  more  than  was  in- 
tended by  the  treaty  of  1794  ;  and  as  it  was  insisted  upon,  by  the 
East-India  company, our  commissioners  were  obliged  to  acquiesce  in  if. 

Although  this  treaty  was  rejected  by  the  President,  without  even 
submitting  it  to  the  Senate,  for  their  advice,  yet  our  East-India  trade 
was  suffered  to  continue  as  before,  until  April  30th,  1811,  when,  in 
pursuance  of  powers  vested  in  them,  by  an  act  of  parliament  passed 
the  37th  year  of  George  III.  chap.  107,  the  East-India  Company  es- 
tablished the  following  regulations  "  for  the  conduct  of  the  trade  of 
foreign  nations,  to  the  ports  and  settlements  of  the  British  nation  in 
the  East-Indies,  and  also  for  defining  the  duties  to  which  such  trade 
shall  be  subject,"  &c. 

';  I.  Foreign  European  ships,  belonging  to  any  nation  having  a 
settlement  of  its  own  in  the  East-Indies,  and  being  in  amity  with  his 
Majesty,  may  freely  enter  the  British  sea-ports  and  harbours  in  that 
country,  whether  they  come  directly  from  their  own  country,  or  from 
any  of  the  ports  and  places  in  the  East-Indies ;  they  shall  be  hospita- 
bly received  :  and  shall  have  liberty  of  trade  there  in  imports  and  ex- 
ports conformably  to  the  regulations  established  in  such  places.  The 
ships  may  also  be  cleared  out  for  any  port  or  place  in  the  East-Indies  ; 
but  if  cleared  out  for  Europe,  shall  be  cleared  out  direct  for  the  coun- 
try, to  which  the  ships  respectively  belong. 

•'  II.  First.  Foreign  European  ships,  belonging  to  countries  ha- 
ving no  establishment  in  the  East-Indies,  and  ships  belonging  to  the 
U nited  States  of  America,  may  (when  those  countries  and  states  re- 
spectively are  in  amity  with  his  Majesty)  in  like  manner  freely  en- 
ter the  British  sea-ports  and  harbours  in  the  East-Indies;  they  shall 
be  hospitably  received  there  ;  and  have  free  liberty  to  trade  in  im- 
ports and  exports  conformably  to  the  regulations  of  the  place  ;  pro- 
vided always,  that  they  proceed  from  their  own  ports  direct  to  the 
said  British  territories,  without  touching  at  any  port  or  place  what- 
ever in  the  voyage  out  :  except  from  necessity,  and  merely  to  pro- 


175 

cure  refreshments,  or  repairs  in  case  of  distress  or  accident  in  the 
course  of  such  voyage,  the  burthen  of  which  necessity  to  rest  on  the 
parties. 

"  Second.  The  vessels  of  the  said  European  powers  last  aforesaid, 
and  of  the  United  States,  shall  not  carry  any  of  the  said  articles  ex- 
ported by  them  from  said  British  territories,  to  any  port  or  place,  ex- 
cept to  some  port  or  place  in  their  own  countries  respectively,  where 
the  same  shall  be  unladen.  The  said  ships  shall  not  be  cleared  out  to 
carry  on  the  coasting  or  country  trade  in  India ;  but  vessels  going 
with  their  original  cargoes,  or  part  thereof,  from  one  British  port  of 
discharge  to  another  British  port,  are  not  to  be  considered  as  carry- 
ing on  the  coasting  trade. 

';  Third.  The  said  vessels  shall  not  be  allowed  to  proceed,  either 
with  or  without  return  cargo,  from  the  said  British  territories  to  the 
settlements  or  territories  of  any  European  nation  in  India,  or  to  the 
territory  of  any  Indian  or  Chinese  potentate  or  power,  except  from 
the  like  necessity  as  is  before  described,  of  which  the  proof  shall  rest 
with  them.  Nor  shall  the  said  vessels  be  allowed  to  enter  the  river 
in  that  part  of  the  British  territory  situated  in  Bengal,  for  any  other 
purpose,  than  that  of  proceeding  to  the  port  of  Calcutta,  for  trade, 
refreshment,  or  repairs. 

••  Fourth.  In  clearing  out  for  their  respective  countries,  the  clear- 
ance shall  be  a  direct  one  to  the  country,  European  or  American,  to 
which  the  vessel  belongs,  and  to  no  other  whatever  ;  they  are  to 
%ive  bond,  with  the  security  of  a  resident  in  the  country,  that  they 
will  deliver  the  cargo  at  the  port  for  which  the  clearance  is  made, 
and  such  bond  is  to  be  cancelled,  when  a  certificate  from  a  British 
consul,  or  two  known  British  merchants  resident  at  such  port  is  pro- 
duced of  the  bona  fide  delivery  of  the  cargo  there." 

The  regulations  with  respect  to  duties  were — 

"  First.  Goods  imported  or  exported  in  foreign  bottoms,  shall  be 
subject  to  double  the  amount  of  the  duties  payable  on  goods  imported 
or  exported  in  British  bottoms. 

"  Second.  On  that  principle,  goods  liable  to  duty  on  importation 
by  sea,  will  be  chargeable  with  duty  on  their  importation  in  British 
or  foreign  bottoms  respectively,  agreeable  to  the  schedule  annexed  to 
'his  regulation  NV>.  1. 


176 

"  Third.  Pmsuant  to  the  same  principle  of  subjecting  the  trade  of 
foreigners  to  double  duties,  they  will  be  precluded  from  the  benefit  of 
drawback  receivable  by  British  subjects,  in  cases,  in  which  such 
drawback  may  be  equal  to  a  moiety  of  the  duty  paid  on  importation; 
and  in  cases  in  which  the  drawback  receivable  by  British  subjects 
may  exceed  a  moiety  of  the  import  duty,  the  drawback  receivable  by 
foreigners  will  be  adjusted  on  a  consideration  of  the  ultimate  duty 
payable  by  British  subjects  agreeably  to  the  schedule  No.  II. 

"  Fourth.  In  cases  in  which  the  drawback  receivable  by  British 
subjects  amounts  to  less  than  a  moiety  of  the  import  duty,  the  foreign 
exporter  will  be  subject  to  the  payment  of  an  additional  export  duty, 
agreeably  to  the  detailed  schedule  No.  III. 

"  Goods  imported  for  re-exportation  shall  on  re-exportation  be  al- 
lowed a  drawback  of  two  thirds  of  the  amount  of  the  duty  paid  on 
their  importation,  if  exported  in  British  bottoms,  and  of  one  third  of 
the  duty  paid  on  their  importation,  if  exported  in  foreign  bottoms. 

"  In  cases  in  which  goods  shall  have  paid  double  duty  on  importa- 
tion, that  is,  the  enhanced  duty  ordered  to  be  levied  from  foreigners, 
a  drawback  shall  be  allowed  to  the  exporter  of  two  thirds  of  such 
duty,  whether  the  goods  be  exported  in  foreign  or  British  bottoms : 
with  the  exceptions,  however,  of  those  goods  on  the  exportation  of 
which,  a  specific  rate  of  drawback  is  established  by  the  Table  annex- 
ed to  this  regulation.'' 

By  these  regulations,  American  vessels  must  proceed  from  their 
own  ports  direct,  to  the  British  East-Indies,  without  touching  at  any 
other  port  in  the  outward  voyage,  except  from  necessity,  &c.  When 
there,  they  cannot  carry  on  the  coasting  trade,  nor  can  they, either  with 
or  without  a  cargo,  proceed  to  the  settlements  of  any  other  European 
nation  in  India,  or  to  any  part  of  India  or  to  China,  nor  can  they  go  to 
any  place  on  the  River  Ganges,  except  Calcutta.  They  must  return 
direct  to  some  port  in  the  United  States,  and  they  are  to  give  bond, 
to  deliver  their  cargo  at  the  port  for  which  their  clearance  is  made, 
and  they  are  likewise  subjected  to  double  the  duties  paid  by  British 
bottoms.  In  consequence  of  these  regulations,  the  owners  of  some 
American  vessels,  employed  in  the  East-India  trade,  were  placed  in  ;i 
most  unfortunate  situation.  They  had  given  bond  in  India,  to  land 
their  cargo  in  some  port  in  the  United  States;  on  their  arrival  here. 


177 

the  non-intercourse  law  prohibited  the  landing  of  the  cargo,  because 
it  came  from  a  British  port ;  if  landed  in  the  United  States,  the  ves- 
sel and  cargo  were  forfeited  under  the  laws  of  their  own  country,  if 
carried  to  any  other  place,  the  bond  given  in  India  was  forfeited. 
Thus  situated,  the  owners  were  obliged  to  apply  to  Congress  for  re- 
lief; who  granted  them  permission  to  land  their  goods,  and  finally  to 
dispose  of  them,  for  their  own  use. 

The  exports  from  the  United  States  to  the  British  East-Indies,  have 
been  inconsiderable,  except  in  money.  The  value  of  the  imports  for 
each  year,  from  1795  to  1801,  will  be  seen  in  Table  No.  II.  before 
mentioned.  In  the  last  of  these  years,  the  imports  amounted  to 
$5,134,456.  The  articles  usually  imported,  are  cotton  goods  of  va- 
rious kinds,  indigo,  sugar,  spices,  &c.  In  1807,  the  value  of  goods 
paying  duties  ad  valorem,  consisting  principally  of  cottons,  amounted 
to  $4,073,910. 

The  charter  of  the  East-India  company  has  lately  been  renewed 
and  extended  to  the  10th  of  April,  1834.  The  trade,  however,  to  In- 
dia has  been  laid  open  to  British  subjects  generally,  under  certain  re- 
gulations, from  the  10th  day  of  April,  1814.  These  regulations,  or 
the  most  important  of  them,  are  stated  by  professor  Hamilton,  in  his 
enquiry  concerning  the  national  debt  of  Great-Britain,  to  be  as  fol- 
lows :  "  That  no  vessel  shall  proceed  on  private  trade  to  India, 
without  a  license  from  the  directors,  which  shall  be  granted,  on  appli- 
cation, of  course,  to  the  principal  settlements  of  Fort  William,  Fort 
George,  Bombay,  or  Prince  of  Wales  Island  ;  but  no  vessel  may  fit 
out  to  other  places,  unless  specially  authorized  ;  and  in  case  the  di- 
rectors refuse  to  grant  such  special  license,  the  board  of  controul  shall 
ultimately  determine  in  regard  to  the  same.  That  no  vessel  under 
one  hundred  and  fifty  tons  shall  be  employed.  That  goods  imported 
in  private  trade,  shall  be  brought  to  some  port  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
which  shall  have  been  declared  fit  for  that  purpose  by  order  in  coun- 
cil. That  the  importation  of  articles  of  silk  and  cotton  manufacture, 
for  home  consumption,  shall  be  confined  to  the  port  of  London,  and 
the  goods  deposited  in  the  company's  ware-houses  there.  And  the 
importation  of  tea,  in  private  trade,  is  prohibted  without  license  from 
the  company.  The  company  retain,  till  10th  of  April,  1834,  the  go- 
vernment and  revenue  nf  their  territorial  acquisitions  subject  to  the 

23 


178 

regulation  of  the  board  of  controul,  and  the  exclusive  trade  to  China, 
and  may  trade  as  a  corporation  to  India,  in  common  with  his  Majes- 
ty's other  subjects.'' 

The  commercial  treaty  lately  agreed  upon,  contains,  it  is  said,  re- 
gulations relative  to  the  American  trade  with  British  India,  but  what 
these  regulations  are  is  not  yet  known.  The  intercourse  is  probably 
limited,  to  a  direct  one,  between  the  two  countries. 

III.        TRADE  WITH  THE  BRITISH  WEST-INDIES. 

The  American  trade  with  the  British  West-India  islands,  both  be- 
fore and  since  the  war  of  the  revolution,  has  been  very  great. 

Large  quantities  of  our  lumber,  fish,  flour,  beef,  pork,  horses,  live 
cattle,  indian  corn  and  meal,  peas,  beans,  &.c.  &,c.  have  found  a  mar- 
ket in  these  islands. 

Since  the  peace  of  1783,  the  United  States  and  Great-Britain  have 
not  formed  any  conventional  arrangement,  relative  to  this  trade.  By 
the  provisions  of  the  bill  introduced  into  Parliament,  in  the  winter  of 
1783,  for  the  temporary  regulation  of  the  commerce,  between  the  two 
countries,  American  vessels  were  to  be  admitted  into  the  ports  of  the 
British  West-Indies,  with  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  with  lib- 
erty to  export  to  the  United  States,  any  merchandize,  or  goods  what- 
soever, subject  only  to  the  same  duties,  as  they  would  be  subject  to. 
in  British  bottoms. 

This  bill,  from  the  opposition  made  to  it,  was  lost,  and  the  power 
of  regulating  this  trade  was  left  with  the  King  and  Council,  as  we 
have  before  stated  :  and  by  the  order  in  council  of  the  26th  of  De- 
cember, 1783,  before  mentioned,  American  vessels  were  excluded 
from  the  British  West-Indies. 

British  vessels  were  permitted  to  import  into  the  islands,  from  the 
United  States,  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  hemp  and  flax,  masts,  yard- 
and  bowsprits,  staves,  heading,  boards,  timber,  shingles,  and  all  other 
species  of  lumber  ;  horses,  neat  cattle,  sheep,  hogs,  poultry,  and  all 
other  species  of  live  ?tock  and  live  provisions  ;  peas,  beans,  potatoes, 
wheat,  flour,  bread,  biscuit,  rice,  oat.:,  barley,  and  all  other  species  of 
grain,  the  same  being  the  growth,  or  production  of  the  United  States  : 
and  to  export  to  the  United  Slates,  rum,  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  cocoa- 
nuts,  ginger,  and  pimento,  upon  payment  of  the  same  duties,  and  un- 


179 

der  the  same  restrictions,  as  though  exported  to  any  British  Colony 
or  Plantation  in  America. 

By  the  12th  article  of  Mr.  Jay's  treaty,  American  vessels  "  not 
being  above  the  burthen  of  seventy  tons"  were  placed  on  the  same 
footing  with  British  vessels,  in  respect  to  the  trade  of  the  United 
States  with  the  British  West-Indies,  with  a  proviso,  that  they  were 
not  to  carry  molasses,  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  or  cotton  to  any  part  of 
the  world,  except  the  United  States,  either  from  the  islands,  or  from 
the  United  States.  This  article  was  not  agreed  to,  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  treaty  was  ratified  by  both  governments  with- 
out it.  In  1806,  the  plenipotentiaries  of  the  United  States  negotiated 
a  commercial  treaty  with  Great-Britain,  but  were  unable  to  make 
any  arrangement,  relative  to  the  West-India  trade. 

The  difficulty,  however,  of  supplying  the  West-India  Islands,  du- 
ring the  late  wars  in  Europe,  has  rendered  it  necessary  for  the  British 
government  to  open  their  ports  to  American  vessels,  almost  every 
year,  for  certain  limited  periods.  This  was  done  by  proclamation  di- 
rectly from  the  Governours  of  the  islands,  until  1807,  when  an  act  of 
Parliament  was  passed  on  the  subject,  called  the  American  inter- 
course bill ;  since  that  period,  proclamations  for  opening  the  ports 
have  originated  with  the  King  and  Council  ;  but  beef,  pork,  and  fish, 
have  been  excluded,  since  that  time,  either  in  American  or  British 
bottoms. 

It  is  understood,  that  the  commercial  treaty  lately  negotiated,  is  si- 
lent on  the  subject  of  the  West-India  trade,  and  the  British  have 
lately  again  shut  their  West-India  ports  against  American  vessels. 

The  value  of  the  exports  and  imports  from  1795  to  1801   was  as 

follows  : — 

Exports.  Imports 

Value — Dolls.  Value — Dolls. 

1795  2,634,664  6,426,091 

1796  -      5,446,559  6,301,534 

1797  -      2,147,025  3,045,045 

1798  4,283,940  2,925,739 

1799  6,285,251  6,083,372 

1800  6,404,785  5,774,411 

1801  -      9,699,722  6,968.032 


180 

During  the  years  1802,  1803,  and  1804,  the  value  of  the  exports 
and  imports,  as  appears  by  the  foregoing  statements  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

Exports.  Imports. 

Value — Dolls.  Value — Dolls. 

1802  -  6,228,464  4,486,890 

1803  -  5,624,647  4,492,861 

1804  -  6,315,667  -  4,739,186 

The  quantity,  as  well  as  the  value  of  the  principal  articles,  export- 
ed and  imported,  for  each  of  the  said  years,  are  ascertained  in  Tables 
Nos.  IX.  and  X.  taken  from  the  same  statements  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  together  with  the  amount  of  duties  paid  on  the  imports. 

During  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807,  the  value  of  the  exports 
and  imports  was  nearly  the  same,  as  in  the  preceding  years.  The 
value  of  our  exports  to  the  British  West-Indies,  has  generally  exceed- 
ed our  imports  ;  and  as  the  value  of  the  former  is  estimated  at  the 
place  of  exportation,  and  of  the  latter,  at  the  place  of  importation, 
the  real  difference  is  much  greater  than  appears,  by  our  custom-house 
books.  Most  of  the  articles  exported  are  bulky,  and  the  amount  of 
freight  and  insurance  for  some  of  them,  particularly  lumber  and  live 
stock,  is  equal  to  the  first  cost.  The  freight  and  charges,  also,  of  the 
articles  imported  make  no  inconsiderable  part  of  their  value,  in  this 
country, 

As  our  own  ships  were  principally  employed  in  this  trade,  the  pro- 
fits and  advantages,  arising  from  these  sources,  were  chiefly  confined 
to  the  American  merchant. 

The  American  tonnage,  employed  in  this  trade,  on  an  average  of 
the  years  1799,  1800,  and  1801,  was  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  thou- 
sand one  hundred  and  twenty-three. 

A  great  proportion  of  our  lumber  has  gone  to  these  islands.  The 
average  quantity  of  staves  and  heading  sent  there  in  the  years  1805, 
1806,  and  1807,  was  seventeen  millions  six  hundred  and  fourteen 
'hotisand,  being  nearly  one  half  of  the  whole  quantity  export- 
ed, during  these  years.  The  quantity  of  boards  and  plank,  for  the 
same  wars,  on  an  average,  was  about  forty  millions.     In  1803.  two 


181 

hundred  sixty  thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty-five,  aud  in  1807,  two 
hundred  fifty-one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  six  barrels  of  flour 
were  exported  to  these  islands. 

The  value  of  flour,  bread,  and  biscuit  exported,  on  an  average  of 
the  years  1802,  1803,  and  1804,  was  about  two  millions  of  dollars ; 
of  lumber  of  all  kinds  about  one  million  ;  of  beef,  pork,  bacon,  and 
lard  about  eight  hundred  thousand  dollars  ;  and  of  indian  corn,  rye, 
and  indian  meal  about  six  hundred  thousand.  The  quantity  of 
rum  imported,  during  the  same  period,  was  about  four  millions  of 
gallons  annually,  and  was  valued  at  about  two  and  a  half  millions  of 
dollars.  The  quantity  imported,  in  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807, 
was  about  four  millions  six  hundred  and  fourteen  thousand  gallons  an- 
nually. 

Opinions  have  been  advanced,  with  no  small  share  of  confidence, 
by  some  British  writers,  that  their  West-India  Islands  could  be  sup- 
plied with  lumber  and  provisions  from  their  North-American  Colo- 
nies. Experience,  however,  has  not  confirmed  these  opinions.  Un- 
til the  adoption  of  commercial  restrictions  by  the  United  States,  a 
small  part  only  of  the  lumber  and  provision,  imported  into  the  British 
West-Indies,  came  from  the  British  North-American  Colonies.  The 
amount  of  the  principal  articles  of  provisions  and  lumber,  imported 
from  different  parts  of  the  world,  on  an  average  of  the  years 
1804.  1805.  and  1806,  was  as  follows:—* 

FromtheU.     British  G.  Britain  &  Other 

States.      provinces.   Ireland,  countries. 

Flour,  meal  and  bread,  cwt.       463,505       2,789     34,495       7,667 

Corn,  viz.  indian  corn, 


oats,  peaSj  beans,  &.c. 


bshls.    406,189       3,276   183,168       4,432 


Rice, 

bbls.     ■ 

-      11,740 

6 

50 

139 

Pork  and  beef. 

do.      - 

54,114 

1,642 

54,571 

385 

Fish,  dry  cod,  &c. 

cwt.     - 

138,484 

101,692 

3,302 

3,293 

Do.  salt  or  pickled, 

bbls.     - 

38,171 

27,800 

57,698 

991 

Butter, 

firkins. 

8,050 

204 

49,818 

80 

*  See  a  view  of  the  importance  of  the  British  American  Polonies,  by  Da 
■id  Anderson,  printed  in  1814. 


182 

From  the  U.  British  G.  Britain  &  Other 
States,     provinces.  Ireland,  countries. 


Cows  and  oxen, 

4,145 

3 

8        1,123 

Sheep  and  hogs, 

3,484 

44 

-     -          314 

Oak  and  pine  boards  )  r 
and  timber,           $         ' 

39,022,997 

942,122 

-     -   101,330 

Staves.             -           pieces, 

17,005,687 

525,026 

-     -  264,500 

Shingles, 

43,051,704 

332,925 

-     -      13,000 

While  the  United  States  furnished  more  than  four  hundred  sixty- 
three  thousand  hundred  weight  of  flour,  meal,  and  biscuit,  the  British 
provinces  furnished  only  two  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty- 
nine  hundred  weight  ;  and  of  indian  corn,  oats,  <Scc.  the  British  pro- 
vinces furnished  only  three  thousand  two  hundred  and  seventy-six  bu- 
shels, and  of  beef  and  pork,  but  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  forty- 
two  barrels,  and  of  lumber  not  a  million  feet  of  boards  and  timber. 
Indeed,  from  this  account,  given  by  a  late  British  writer,  who  is  ve- 
ry far  from  being  friendly  to  the  United  States,  it  appears,  that,  du- 
ring  the  years  1804,  1805,  and  1806,  the  United  States  supplied  the 
British  West-India  Islands  with  more  than  nine  tenths  of  their  flour, 
meal,  and  bread,  about  two  thirds  of  their  indian  com,  oats,  peas,  and 
beans,  about  one  half  of  their  beef  and  pork,  more  than  one  half  of  their 
dried  fish,  and  nearly  the  whole  of  their  live  stock  and  lumber. 

During  the  continuance  of  -American  commercial  restrictions,  the 
trade  of  the  British  Provinces  increased,  particularly  in  the  article  of 
lumber.  It  is  stated,  by  Mr.  Anderson,  that  the  total  value  of  ex- 
ports from  Quebec,  in  1806,  was  £551,570  6s.  3d.  sterling,  and  that 
in  1810,  the  export?  amounted  to  £1,079,474  lis.  6d.  making  a 
difference  of  ,£527,901  5s.  3d.  The  value  of  lumber  exported  in 
1806.  is  stated  at  £110,740  lis.  6d.  and  in  1810,  at  £505,689  15s. 
6d.  a  difference  of  £394,949   4s.  Od. 

There  was,  also,  in  1810.  an  increase,  in  the  exports  of  grain, 
provisions,  and  pot  anil  pearl  ashes,  and  a  diminution,  in  the  exports 
of  furs  and  skins.  There  is  no  doubt,  that  many  of  the  articles  ex- 
ported in  1810,  found  their  way  into  Canada  from  the  United  States, 
notwithstanding  the  prohibition  of  all  intercouse,  between  the  two 
countries.     And  it  is  well  known,  that  many  American  citizens,  par- 


183 

ticularly  those  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  lumber  trade,  deprived 
of  employment,  at  home,  went  to  Canada  and  New-Brunswick,  and 
were  employed  in  procuring  lumber,  in  those  provinces  :  and  it  will  be 
fortunate,  for  the  United  States,  if  their  own  citizens  have  not  taught 
their  neighbours,  how  to  become  their  rivals  in  this  trade.* 

TRADE  WITH  FRANCE  AND  DEPENDENCIES. 

I.  WITH  FRANCE. 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  France  and  her  dependencies 
in  1787,  is  stated  by  Monsieur  Peuchet,  in  his  statistics  of  France,  to 
have  been  as  follows  : — 

Exports  to  the  United  States  from  France  and  dependencies,  in 

Livres. 
Coffee,  sugar,  rum,  syrup,  salt,  olive  oil,    fruits, 

brandy,  wine,  and  liqueurs,  amounted  to         -      10,675,000 
Cotton,  drugs,  &c.   to  091,000 

Stuffs,  laces,  silk,  hosiery,  linen,  cambrick,  soap, 

gloves,  gun-powder,  glass-ware,  and  hard-ware,  to     1 ,238,000 


Livres,   12,607,000 
*r  about  $2,500,000. 

*  Mr.  Anderson  is  obliged  to  admit,  that  the  Canadians  have  had  the  as- 
sistance of  the  Americans,  in  procuring  lumber.  "  The  American  embargo 
(says  he)  and  the  continental  system  have,  ever  since  1807,  produced  an  ex- 
traordinary demand,  in  Canada,  both  for  lumber  and  flour.  This  great  de- 
mand, for  fish  and  lumber,  has  been  completely  answered."  For  the  British 
American  forests  producing  timber  in  abundance,  and  "the  population  of 
these  provinces  being  sufficiently  numerous  to  bring  it  to  market,  (at  least 
with  the  assistance  of  tlie  Americans)  the  greatest  demand  for  diat  article, 
therefore,  which  has  ever  occurred  in  the  British  colonies,  has  been  abun- 
dantly answered."  And  he  adds,  "  the  late  prohibitory  laws  of  the  United 
States  have  done  a  very  essential  service  to  the  British  American  provinces, 
in  putting  an  end  to  the  absurd  practice  of  alternately  shutting  and  opening 
the norts  of  »ur  West-Indian  Islands  to  the  American';.'-* 


184 

Imports  into  France  and  dependencies,  in 

Livres. 

Grain,  fish,  and  bread  stuffs,  amounted  to          -  4,483,000 
Boards,  timber,  staves,  live  stock,  fish  oil,  peltry, 

pitch  and  tar,  pot-ash,  linseed,  and  tobacco,  to  19,283,000 

Manufactures  introduced  into  the  colonies,  to         -  547,000 

Negroes,             -                           ...  226,000 


Livres,  24,539,000 
or  about  $5,000,000. 

Livres. 

For  three  years  preceding  the  French  revolution, 
the  average  amount  of  imports  from  the  United 
States,  into  France,  alone,  was  estimated  at       -       9,600,000 
or  about  $1,520,000. 

And  the  exports  from  France  to  the  United  States, 

at,  1,800,000 

or  about  $360,000* 

The  small  amount  of  this  trade,  particularly  of  exports,  disappoint- 
ed the  expectations  of  the  French  government,  and  Monsieur  Ar- 
nould,t  referring  to  this  balance,  against  France,  says — 

"  Voiia  done  pour  France  le  ne  plus  ultra  d'un  commerce,  donl 
l'espoir  a  pu  contribuer,  a  faire  sacrifier  quelques  centaines  de  mil- 
lions, et  plusieurs  generations  d'hommes.'"| 

In  1792,  according  to  the  foregoing  estimate  of  the  Secretary  of 
State,  our  exports  to  France,  and  her  dependencies,  amounted  to 
$4,698,735,  and  our  imports  to  $2,068,348.  What  proportion  of 
this  trade  was  with  France,  or  with  her  dependencies,  does  not  ap- 
pear, probably  more  than  one  half  with  the  latter. 

*  Arthur  Young's  Travels  in  France,     f  l)e  la  balance  du  commerce,  1791 

\  Such  was  the  utmost  extent  of  a  commerce,  to  secure  which  France  sa- 
crificed hundreds  of  niillons  of'lirres  and  vast  numbers  of  men. 


185 

The  articles  of  abmestic  produce,  usually  exported  to  France,  are 
cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  dried  fish,  whale  and  spermaceti  oil,  pot  and 
pearl  ashes,  naval  stores,  &c.  and  those  of  foreign  produce,  during  the 
war  in  Europe,  have  consisted  principally  of  sugar  and  coffee,  with 
some  teas,  cocoa,  pepper,  and  other  spices. 

The  principal  articles  imported  were  wines,  brandies,  silks,  olivr 
oil,  and  jewellery  of  all  kinds. 

The  exports  and  imports,  from  1795  to  1801,  were  as  follows, 
viz.  : — 


Exports. 

Imports. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1795 

7,698,683 

3,671,331 

1796 

3,171,759 

1,835,066 

1797 

3,825,231 

3,045,796 

1798 

1,476,588 

1,371,727 

1799 

- 

901,018 

1800 

40,400 

74,228 

1801 

3,985,292 

1,013,690 

And  the  value  of  domestic  and  foreign  produce,  exported  from  1804 
to  1813,  was— 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1804 

3,219,112 

5,604,942 

1805 

3,079,862 

9,885,602 

1806 

3,226,698 

8,197,694 

1807 

2,715,141 

10,315,678 

1808 

708,670 

2,126,396 

1809 

. 

. 

1810 

16,782 

1,672 

1811 

673,708 

1,119,302 

1812 

402,803 

2,435,218 

1813 

1,780,291 
24 

2,296.453 

Wines. 

gallons. 

1802 

1,084,640 

1803 

337,534 

1804 

2,149,344 

1807 

3,185,923 

186 

The  quantity  of  wines  and  brandies,  imported  from  France  in  1802, 
1803,  1804,  and  1807,  was  as  follows,  viz.  :— 

Brandies, 
gallons. 

478,579 
1,039,222 
2,073,809 
2,867,584 

The  quantity  of  cotton  exported  to  France,  from  1800  to  1811,  is 
contained  in  the  preceding  chapter. 

The  quantity  of  tobacco  exported  during  the  same  period,  was— 

Tobacco. 
hhds. 

1800  ....  143 

1801  ....  55ooG 

1802  ....  16,216 

1803  ....  9,815 

1804  ....  14,623 

1805  ....         12,135 

1806  ....  9,182 

1807  -  -  -  -  2,876 

1808  ....  566 

1809  -  -  -  ... 

1810  ....  .     . 

1811  --..  569 

In  some  years  before  the  commencement  of  our  commercial  restric- 
tions, the  value  of  exports  of  foreign  produce  to  France  was  much 
greater  than  that  of  our  domestic  produce,  and  was  principally  in 
sugar  and  coffee.  The  quantity  of  each  of  these  articles,  shipped 
to  France  in  1807,  is  contained  in  the  preceding  chapter,  and  the 
quantity  for  each  year,  from  1800  to  1811,  may  be  seen  in  the  fore- 
going Tables. 


18f 

TRADE  WITH  THE  FRENCH  WEST-INDIA  ISLANDS. 

France  formerly  possessed  some  of  the  most  valuable  islands  in 
the  West-Indies.  The  French  part  of  St.  Domingo  is  extremely  fer- 
tile, and,  before  the  troubles  among  the  blacks,  produced  vast  quanti- 
ties of  sugar  and  coffee.  In  1786,  the  imports  into  France,  from  all 
her  West-India  Colonies,  amounted  to  174,831,000  livres,  or  about 
thirty-five  millions  of  dollars;  of  this,  the  imports  from  St.  Domingo 
alone  amounted  to  131,481,000  livres,  or  about  twenty-six  millions 
of  dollars.  No  less  than  one  hundred  seventy-four  million  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  thousand  pounds  of  sugar,  and  sixty-six  million  two 
hundred  and  thirty-one  thousand  pounds  of  coffee  were  imported  into 
France  from  her  West-India  possessions  in  1786;  and  this  trade  em- 
ployed five  hundred  and  sixty-nine  ships  of  one  hundred  sixty -two 
thousand  three  hundred  and  eleven  tons.  On  the  30th  of  August, 
1784,  the  intercourse  between  the  United  States  and  the  French 
West-Indies,  was  regulated  by  an  arret  of  the  French  government. 

American  vessels,  of  at  least  sixty  tons,  were  admitted  into  certain 
ports  in  the  French  West-India  Islands,  loaded  with  timber  of  all 
kinds,  dye-woods,  live  stock,  salt  beef,  (but  not  salt  pork)  salt  fish,  rice, 
legumes,  raw  or  untanned  hides,  peltry,  rosin,  pitch  and  tar,  and  to 
dispose  of  their  cargoes ;  and  were  allowed  to  bring  away  only  rum 
and  molasses,  and  goods  brought  from  France,  on  paying  the  local 
duties,  and  one  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  on  all  imports  and  exports.  A 
further  duty,  however,  of  three  livres  was  imposed  upon  every  quin- 
tal (of  100  weight)  o(  salt  beef,  cod,  or  other  dried  fish,  in  order  tc 
form  a  fund  for  premiums,  to  be  given  on  cod  and  other  fish  from  the 
French  fisheries  ;  but  salt  meat,  from  France,  was  not  subject  to  this 
duty.  The  colonial  legislatures,  however,  were  authorized,  in  limes 
of  scarcity,  to  suspend  the  operation  of  this  law.  During  the  late 
wars  in  Europe,  and  the  unsettled  state  of  France,  the  French  West- 
India  Islands  have  been,  generally,  open  to  Americans  for  most  arti- 
cles either  of  export  or  import. 

Before  the  French  revolution,  the  national  policy  of  Fiance  and 
Great-Britain  was  manifest,  in  their  different  regulations  with  respect 
to  the  trade  between  the  United  States  and  their  West-India  posses- 
sions :  and  whenever  Europe,  after  her  Ions  and  disastrous  wars  and 


188 

revolutions,  shall  again  find  repose,  and  France  shall  regain  (if  ever 
she  does  regain)  her  West  India  Islands,  both  nations  will,  probably, 
return  to  the  same  system  of  measures.  Great-Britain  has  already 
?et  the  example. 

With  respect  to  exports  from  the  United  States,  both  nations  ad- 
mitted lumber  of  all  kinds,  live  provisions,  vegetables,  rice,  pitch,  and 
tar,  because  neither  could  easily  supply  their  islands  with  these  arti- 
cles. Great-Britain  excluded  American  beef,  pork,  and  dried  fish. 
France  admitted  American  beef  and  dried  cod-fish,  but  subject  to  an 
additional  duty  of  three  livres  on  every  quintal  of  each,  to  encourage 
her  own  fisheries.  Great-Britain  admitted  flour,  bread,  biscuit,  and 
all  kinds  of  grain,  while  France  excluded,  by  a  general  law,  flour,  and 
all  kinds  of  grain,  except  indian  corn. 

With  respect  to  imports  from  the  islands,  France  allowed  only 
rum  and  molasses,  to  be  carried  to  the  United  States  ;  while  Great- 
Britain  allowed  not  only  rum  and  molasses  to  be  carried,  but  sugar, 
coffee,  cocoa  nuts,  ginger,  and  pimento  ;  the  latter,  however,  confin- 
ed the  carriage  both  of  the  exports  and  imports  to  her  own  vessels, 
as  a  means  of  increasing  her  naval  power,  and  the  former,  having 
few  ships  of  her  own,  permitted  the  exports  and  imports  in  American 
vessels.  The  policy  of  Britain  was  to  monopolize  the  carriage  of 
the  articles,  that  of  France  to  monopolize  the  articles  themselves. 

Great-Britain  was  willing  the  United  States  should  have  their  sugar 
and  coffee,  on  condition  that  British  ships  might  be  the  carriers ;  France, 
on  the  other  hand,  was  willing  American  vessels  should  supply  her  su- 
gar and  coffee  plantations,  with  certain  productions  which  she  was  una- 
ble to  furnish  herself,  but  would  not  allow  them  to  receive  in  return  the 
most  valuable  productions  of  those  plantations  ;  these  she  reserved  for 
her  own  consumption  at  home,  and  to  augment  her  own  national  wealth. 

During  the  late  wars  between  England  and  France,  the  latter  wa1- 
stripped  of  all  her  West-India  Islands.  The  first  restoration,  how- 
ever, of  the  Bourbons  to  the  throne  of  France,  was  accompanied  with 
the  restoration  of  all  the  British  conquests  in  this  quarter  of  the  world, 
with  the  exception  of  the  small  islands  of  Tobago  and  St.  Lucie. 
What  will  be  the  future  fate  of  the  French  West-Indies  is  now  uncer- 
tain. The  trade  between  the  United  States  and  the  French  island- 
was,  for  many  years  extensive,  as  well  as  profitable. 


189 

About  the  year  ]786,  the  whole  imports  into  these  islands,  from 
all  foreign  countries,  amounted  to  20,878,000  livres,  and  the  exports 
to  the  same  countries,  to  14,132,000  livres  ;  of  the  imports  13,065,000 
were  from  the  United  States,  which  received  in  return  7,263,000 
of  the  exports.  The  American  tonnage  employed  in  this  trade,  in 
the  same  year,  was  one  hundred  five  thousand  and  ninety-five. 

Since  the  French  revolution  in  1789,  and  since  the  late  wars  in 
Europe,  and  until  the  capture  of  these  islands  by  the  English,  the 
American  trade  with  them  has  increased. 

The  value  of  exports  and  imports  of  all  kinds  to  and  from  these 
islands,  from  1795  to  1801,  was  as  follows,  viz.  : — 

Exports.  Imports. 
Dolls.  Dolls. 

1795  4,954,952  15,751,758 

1796  8,408,946  15,743,774 

1797  -      8,565,053  14,030,337 

1798  -      5,344,690  15,380,091 

1799  2,776,604  2,022,929 

1800  -      5,123,433  9,385,111 

1801  7,147,972  -  13,593,255 

The  value  of  the  exports  to  the  French  West-Indies  and  American 
Colonies,  from  1804  to  1807.  was  as  follows,  viz.  : — 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  product" 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1804 

1,742,368 

1.867,522 

1805 

2,876,384 

4,455,599 

1806 

2,770,372 

3,975,112 

1807 

2,901,516 

2,968,816 

About  the  year  1807,  the  whole  of  the  French  West-India  Islands, 
(except  St.  Domingo,  in  the  possession  of  the  blacks)  were  in  the 
possession  of  the  English. 


190 


TRADE  WITH  SPAIN  AND  PORTUGAL  AND  THEIR  DEPENDENCIES. 
I.    WITH  SPAIN. 

The  exports  of  domestic  produce  to  Spain  have  consisted,  princi- 
pally, of  fish,  flour,  whale  oil,  rice,  tobacco,  &.c.  ;  those  of  foreign 
produce,  while  s!ie  w?s  engaged  in  the  late  wars  in  Europe,  consist- 
ed of  cocoa,  coffee,  sugar,  pepper,  and  other  spices.  Our  imports 
are  principally  brandies,  wines,  fruits  of  various  kinds,  salt,  and  of 
late  years,  sheep. 

The  exports  and  imports,  from  1795  to  1801,  were  as  follows,  viz  : — 


1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
J  COO 
1801 


Exports. 
Value — dolls. 
2,252,754 
1,324,060 
1,812,558 
o  974  f>°3 

4,237,954 
4,743,678 
2,365,101 


Imports. 
Value— dolls. 
1,232,844 
1,521,081 

1,333,056 
964,057 
2,576,988 
3,360,582 
2,876,974 


From  1804  to  1813,  the  exports  were- 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce. 

Value— dolls. 

Value — dolls. 

1804 

2,304,193 

- 

597,143 

1805 

2,327,155 

- 

1,656,312 

1806 

1.363,273 

- 

1 ,758,954 

1807 

1,181,231 

- 

3,547,907 

1808 

541.378 

- 

901,003 

1809 

1,289,220 

- 

1 .290,003 

1810 

3,488,951 

- 

1,210,601 

1811 

3,963,263 

- 

297,454 

1812 

4,567,754 

- 

140,711 

1813 

6,532,101 

- 

40.90c 

191 

The  quantity  of  wines  and  brandies  imported,  in  1802,  1803, 
1804,  and  in  1807,  was  as  follows  : — 

Wines.  Brandies. 

Gallons.  Gallons. 

1802  -               955,557  -  518,918 

1803  -               790,561  -  681,851 

1804  -               786,005  *  850,654 
1807                -               693,056  -  548,934 

The  great  increase  of  our  exports  of  domestic  produce  to  Spain, 
since  1809,  was  occasioned,  as  we  have  before  stated,  by  the  inva- 
sion of  that  country  by  Bonaparte,  and  the  great  demand  for  cur 
grain  and  provisions,  to  support  the  allied  armies. 

II.    WITH  THE  SPANISH  WEST-INDIES  AND  AMERICAN  COLONIES. 

During  the  late  European  wars,  our  trade  with  the  Spanish  West- 
Indies  and  American  Colonies  greatly  increased.  We  were  the  car- 
rieisof  the  rich  products  of  the  Spanish  isiands,  and  we  also  supplied 
them,  to  a  great  extent,  with  the  manufactures  of  Europe.  The 
amount  and  increase  of  this  trade,  from  1795  to  1801,  will  appear 
from  the  following  amount  of  exports  and  imports  during  that  peri- 
od :— 


Imports. 

Value — dolls 

1,739,138 

1,718,026 

4,123,362 

8,139,169 

10,974,295 

10,587,566 

12,799,878 


Exports. 

Value — dolls 

1795 

1,389,219 

1796 

1,821,347 

1797 

3,595,519 

1798 

5,082,127 

1799 

8,993,401 

1800 

8,270,400 

1801 

8,437,659 

192 


The  exports  of  domestic  and  foreign  produce  to  the  Spanish  WeSt- 
Iudies  and  American  Colonies,  from  1804  to  1813,  were  as  fol- 
lows :* — 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produc 

Value— dolls. 

Value — dolls. 

1801 

1,725,662 

1,176,998 

1805 

2,806,112 

4,884,776 

1806 

2,391,172 

8,476,061 

1807 

2,470,472 

9,870,753 

1808 

631,086 

3,545,967 

1809 

3,352,271 

3,333,346 

1810 

3,182,318 

3,604,791 

1811 

3,606,510 

3,973,099 

1812 

2,640,502 

1,331,638 

1813 

2,809,705 

183,549 

What  will  hereafter  be  our  commercial  situation  with  Spain  and 
her  Colonies,  it  is  difficult  at  present  to  determine. 

We  have  disputes  with  that  country,  yet  unsettled,  particularly 
with  respect  to  former  spoliations  on  our  commerce,  and  with  re- 
spect to  the  Floridas,  and  the  western  boundaries  of  Louisiana.  It  is 
of  no  small  importance  to  the  United  States,  that  those  disputes  should 
be  adjusted,  and  that  a  good  understanding  and  free  commercial  in- 
tercourse should  subsist  between  them  and  the  Spanish  West-Indies  and 
American  possessions.  It  is  from  this  quarter  that  the  United  States 
obtain  large  quantities  of  the  precious  metals,  by  which  they  are  en- 
ablcd  to  carry  on  a  trade  with  China  and  the  East-Indies,  as  well  as 
to  pay  the  balances  due,  in  Europe  and  elsewhere.  The  jealousy  of 
the  Spanish  government  has  hitherto  excluded  foreigners,  from  much 

*  We  would  here,  remark,  that  the  accounts  of  our  trade  with  the  West 
India  Islands  belonging'  to  Spain,  as  well  as  to  the  other  European  nations,  are 
taken  from  the  custom-house  books,  which  shew  the  destination  of  the  ar- 
ticles exported,  from  the  clearance  of  the  vessels  :  as,  however,  vessels  of- 
ten go  to  other  ports,  or  islands,  than  those  for  which  they  have  cleared, 
and  as  some  vessels  take  clearances  for  the  West-Indies,  generally,  the  ac- 
counts cannot  be  considered  perfectly  accurate. 


193 

intercourse  with  their  South- American  Colonies,  and  prevented  them 
from  obtaining  much  information,  relative  to  the  interior  of  that 
part  of  the  world.  The  late  travels,  however,  of  Baron  Humboldt, 
through  the  different  parts  of  South-America,  and  of  New-Spain,  af- 
ford much  valuable  information  as  to  the  population,  wealth,  and  re- 
sources of  those  extensive  countries  ;  and  it  is  hoped,  that,  whether 
these  Provinces  continue  dependent  on  old  Spain,  or  become  inde- 
pendent, a  more  liberal  and  enlightened  policy  will  be  pursued  by 
them,  in  their  intercourse  with  foreign  nations  ;  and  that  the  United 
States  will  not  fail  to  pursue  their  true  interest  in  cultivating  a  good 
understanding  with  them. 

II.  PORTUGAL. 

To  Portugal  and  the  Island  of  Madeira,  we  usually  export  wheat, 
flour,  corn,  rice,  dried  fish,  some  whale  oil,  soap,  and  staves  and 
heading  ;  and  we  import  from  thence,  principally,  wines,  fruit,  and 
salt.  Since  the  invasion  of  Portugal  by  the  French,  our  exports  of 
flour  to  that  country  have  been  very  great,  as  we  have  before  stated. 

The  value  of  the  exports  and  imports  from  1795  to  1801,  was  as 
follows  : — 


1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 


Exports. 
Dolls. 
594,801 
142,567 
229,750 
286,781 
538,662 
448,548 
1,139,377 


Imports. 

Dolls. 

1,032,339 

1,298,832 

1,338,877 

918,443 

962,909 

787,037 

645,111 


25 


194 

The  following  is  the  value  of  the  exports  to  and  imports  from  the 
Island  of  Madeira,  for  the  same  period  : — 


1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 


Exports. 
Dolls. 
133,476 
213,785 
191,627 
333,425 
203,185 
522,728 
528,344 


Imports, 
Dolls. 
917,260 
562,682 
662,248 
334,122 
163,870 
375,219 
514,791 


The  exports  to  Portugal  from  1804  to  1813,  were- 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce. 

Value — dolls. 

Value — dolls. 

1804 

1,282,169 

190,716 

1805 

508,284 

851,647 

1806 

920,841 

857,050 

1807 

829,313 

159,173 

1808 

342,277 

- 

1809 

1,629,709 

151,426 

1810 

2,664,121 

121,578 

1811 

8,445,827 

130,726 

1812 

7,729,997 

45,043 

1813 

9,992,012 

7,275 

During  the  continuance  of  the  American  non-intercourse  acts,  there 
were  shipped  to  Madeira,  Fayal,  and  the  other  Azores,  various  articles 
ultimately  destined  to  Great-Britain,  and  other  parts  of  Europe.  In 
1809,  the  value  of  domestic  produce,  principally  cotton,  shipped  to 
Madeira,  was  $2,336,656,  and  to  Fayal  and  the  other  Azores, 
#2,926,482. 

Since  the  removal  of  the  Portuguese  government  to  the  Brazils, 
our  trade  with  Portuguese  America  has  increased.     In  1807,  we  ex- 


195 

ported  to  the  Brazils,  and  the  other  Portuguese  American  Colonies,  to 
the  value  of  about  five  thousand  dollars. 

From  1809  to  1812,  the  value  of  exports  to  those  countries  was 
as  follows : — 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce 

Value— dolls. 

Value — dolls. 

1809 

540,653 

343,082 

1810 

721,899 

889,839 

1811 

621,417 

1,027,931 

1812 

426,982 

319,641 

TRADE  WITH  RUSSIA,  SWEDEN,    DENMARK,    HAMBURGH,  AND  THE  NORTH 

OF  EUROPE. 

With  Russia,  the  trade  of  the  United  States  has  been  increasing  for 
some  years,  and  the  importance  of  that  country,  in  a  commercial  as 
well  as  political  point  of  view,  has  lately  induced  the  government  of 
the  United  States  to  send  a  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  Russian 
court,  and  to  receive  from  them  a  minister  of  equal  grade.  Until 
lately,  the  amount  of  our  exports  to  Russia  has  been  very  small, 
though  our  imports  were  considerable. 

From  1795  to  1801,  the  value  of  exports  and  imports  has  been 
thus  estimated : — 


Exports. 

Imports. 

Value— dolls. 

Value — dolls 

1795 

69,221 

1,168,715 

1796 

47,381 

1,382,978 

1797 

3,450 

1,418,418 

1798 

60,030 

1,067,152 

1799 

46,030 

1,274,913 

1800 

- 

1,524,995 

1801 

9.136 

1.672.059 

196 

From  1805  to  1813,  the  value  of  domestic  and  foreign  articles  ex- 
ported to  Russia,  was  as  follows  : — 

Domestic.  Foreign. 

Dolls.  Dolls. 

1805  12,044      -        59,328 

1806  -  3,580  -  8,827 

1807  -  78,850  -  366,367 

1808  .... 

1809  -  146,462  -  737,799 

1810  -  1,048,762  -  2,926,936 

1811  -  1,630,499  -  4,507,158 

1812  -  156,980  -  1,586,617 

1813  -  50,400  -  750 

The  principal  article  of  domestic  produce  exported  to  this  coun- 
try in  1809,  1810,  and  1811,  was  cotton;  very  little,  if  any,  of 
which  was,  prior  to  this  period,  ever  exported  to  that  country.  In 
1809,  six  hundred  twenty-five  thousand  one  hundred  and  twelve 
pounds,  in  1810,  three  million  seven  hundred  sixty-nine  thousand  one 
hundred  and  thirty-seven  pounds,  and  in  1811,  no  less  than  nine  mil- 
lions three  hundred  sixty-eight  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-nino 
pounds  of  cotton,  were  shipped  to  Russia.  In  1810,  there  were  also 
shipped  to  Russia,  from  the  United  States,  five  thousand  two  hundred 
and  seventy  pounds  of  rice,  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  sixty-two 
hogsheads  of  tobacco,  four  thousand  five  hundred  and  thirty-six  gal- 
lons of  spirits  from  grain,  and  one  hundred  twenty-four  thousand  one 
hundred  and  forty-eight  gallons  of  spirits  from  molasses.  The  prin- 
cipal articles  of  foreign  produce  exported  to  Russia  have  been  sugar 
and  coffee,  with  some  pepper,  tea,  and  cocoa. 

The  following  is  the  quantity  of  those  articles,  shipped  in  the 
years  1809,  1810,  and  1811. 

Coffee,    Sugar  brown.  Sugar  clayed,  Pepper, 
and  whiie. 

lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs. 

1809  -  1,283,100  -  1,271,180  -   922,077  -  138,333 

1810  -  4,048,909  -  6,139,529  -  5,257,366  -  1,252,085 

1811  -  5,113,891  -  4,408,289  - 10,200,139  -  369,409  -  446,734  -  254,570 


Cocoa. 

Teas. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

- 

40,216 

80,005  - 

17,011 

107 

The  articles  usually  imported  from  Russia  are  iron,  hemp,  cord- 
age, duck,  and  various  kinds  of  cloth  made  of  hemp  and  flax,  such  as 
drillings,  diapers,  broad  and  narrow  tickings,  sheetings,  <kc.  Table 
No.  XI.  taken  from  Russian  accounts,*  contains  the  quantity  of  the  va- 
rious articles  exported  from  St.  Peter.sburgh,  to  the  United  States, 
from  the  year  1783  to  1805,  together  with  the  number  of  American 
ships  employed  in  the  trade  with  that  port  in  each  year,  and  shews 
the  progressive  increase  of  the  American  trade  with  that  country  dur- 
ing that  period. 

The  average  amount  of  goods,  paying  duties  according  to  their  va- 
lue, and  which  included  iron,  and  all  goods  made  of  hemp,  or  flax, 
during  the  years  1802,  1803,  and  1804,  was  $1,302,217.  In  1807, 
1810,  and  1811,  the  amount  of  goods  paying  the  same  duties,  was 
as  follows  : — 

Dolls. 
1807  .  .  -  -  1,804,860 

1810  .....        1,587,784 

1811  -  -  -  -  3,049,033 

The  average  quantity  of  hemp  exported  from  Russia,  in  the  years 
1802.  1803,  and  1804,  was  eighty-eight  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
thirty  hundred  weight,  the  average  value  of  which  was  §779,473. 
The  quantity  of  hemp,  cordage  tarred  and  untarred,  and  cables, 
imported  during  the  years  1807,  1810,  and  1811,  was  as  fol- 
lows, viz.  : — 

Hemp.  Cordage  tar'd.  Cordage  untar'd.      Cables. 


cwt. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1807   ■ 

135,775 

1,007,780  - 

6,843  - 

57,579 

1810 

53,148  - 

137,304  - 

. 

30,469 

1811   • 

■   205,853  ■ 

589,944  - 

■  34,806  - 

108,685 

Our  trade  with  Russia,   in  the  year  1811,   was  much  greater  than 
in  any  preceding  year;    the  ships  which  carried  out  large  quantities 

f  See  Oddy's  European  Commerce,  page  125,  rol   1 


198 

of  Gotton  and  colonial  produce,  during  that  and  the  preceding  year, 
returned  largely  freighted  with  iron,  hemp,  and  cordage. 

In  the  articles  of  iron  and  hemp,  particularly  the  latter,  the 
United  States  may  soon  be  independent  of  Russia,  and  all  other 
countries.  The  culture  of  hemp  has  succeeded  in  many  parts  of  the 
United  States,  and  particularly  in  the  state  of  Kentucky.  In  1810, 
that  state  alone  produced  one  hundred  fifteen  thousand  and  one  hun- 
dred hundred  weight  of  hemp,  valued  at  $690,600,  and  made  also,  in 
the  same  year,  thirty-nine  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy  hun- 
dred weight  of  cordage,  valued  at  $398,400,  making  more  than  a 
million  of  dollars  for  those  two  articles. 


With  Sweden,  the  ordinary  trade  of  the  United  States  has  been  in- 
considerable. The  average  amount  of  exports  to  that  country,  from 
1795  to  1801,  was  about  sixty  thousand  dollars,  and  the  average  va- 
lue of  the  imports,  during  the  same  period,  did  not  exceed  eighty 
thousand. 

Tobacco,  and  some  other  articles  of  domestic  and  foreign  produce, 
are  shipped  to  Sweden,  for  which  iron  is  the  principal  article  receiv- 
ed in  return.  While  all  intercourse  with  Great-Britain  and  France 
was  prohibited,  the  nominal  trade  with  that  country  was  far  from  be- 
ing inconsiderable.  In  1809,  the  value  of  domestic  produce,  princi- 
pally cotton  and  tobacco,  shipped  or  rather  cleared  for  Swedish  ports, 
was  $4,030,395,  and  the  value  of  foreign  produce,  $1,409,303 ; 
and  in  1810,  the  value  of  the  former,  cleared  for  the  same  ports, 
was  $1,563,336,  and  the  value  of  the  latter,  $4,294,397.  The 
cotton  was  probably  destined  to  Great-Britain,  and  the  colonial  pro- 
duce, principally  to  the  northern  parts  of  Europe. 

SWEDISH   WEST-INDIES. 

With  the  Swedish  West-Indies,  our  trade  has  been  considerable. 
From  1795  to  1801,  the  annual  amount  of  our  exports  to  these  islands 
was  about  $685,000,  and  the  value  of  the  imports,  during  the  same 
period,  was  about  $500,000.     Some  proportion  of  the  exports  was 


199 

probably  destined  to  the  other  West-India  islands.  In  1807,  domes- 
tic produce  shipped  to  the  Swedish  West-Indies  amounted  to 
$416,509,  and  foreign  produce,  to  $911,155 ;  and  the  same  year, 
there  were  imported  from  these  islands  into  the  United  States,  ninety- 
two  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty-eight  gallons  of  rum,  thirty  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  sixty-four  gallons  of  molasses,  two  million^ 
seven  hundred  and  fifty-two  thousand  four  hundred  and  twelve  pounds 
of  sugar,  and  one  million  seven  hundred  and  five  thousand  six  hundred 
and  seventy  pounds  of  coffee. 

In  1809.  1810,  1811,  and  1812,  the  exports  to  these  islands,  was- 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce. 

Value — dolls. 

Value-— dolls. 

1809 

2,757,859 

887,960 

1810 

1,619,442 

424,826 

1811 

884,417 

151,926 

1812 

1,060,500 

126,274 

The  quantity  of  rum,  molasses,  sugar,  and  coffee,  imported  from  the 
same,  according  to  our  custom-house  books,  in  1810  and  1811,  was 
as  follows  : — 


Rum. 

Molasses. 

Coffee. 

Sugar. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

1810 

1,504,938 

1,581,210 

2,425,216 

4,098,961 

1811 

1,156,789 

1,384,297 

1,315,180 

6,054,032 

The  greatest  part  of  the  rum  and  molasses,  no  doubt,  came  from  the 
British  West-India  islands  during  these  years,  through  these  Swedish 
neutral  ports. 


DENMARK  AND  NORWAY. 


With  Denmark  and  Norway,  the  American  trade  has  been  greater 
than  with  Sweden.  The  average  value  of  exports  to  those  countries, 
from  1795  to  1801,  was  about  $600,000,  and  the  average  vnliir>  of 
imports,  for  the   same   period,   about  $100,000. 


200 


During  the  years  1805,  1806,  and  1807,  the  exports  were — 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce. 

Value — dolls. 

Value — dolls. 

1805 

435,926 

1,481,767 

1806 

356,595 

1,052,954 

1807 

572,150 

836,468 

In  the  years  1809  and  1810,  in  consequence  of  commercial  restric- 
tions with  England  and  France,  and  the  possession  of  Hamburgh  by 
the  French,  great  quantities  of  cotton  and  tobacco,  and  of  colonial  pro- 
duce, were  cleared  from  the  United  States  for  the  ports  of  Denmark 
and  Norway,  though  destined  to  other  places.  Indeed  our  custom- 
house books  furnish  but  little  evidence  of  the  amount  of  our  trade 
with  particular  countries,  during  these  two  years,  as  the  following 
account  of  our  exports  to  Denmark  and  Norway,  taken  from  the  clear- 
ances of  the  vessels,  will  shew — 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce. 

Value — dolls. 

Value— dolls. 

1809 

958,584 

3,327,766 

1810 

3,962,739 

6,548,051 

The  following  quantities  of  cotton,  tobacco,  sugar,  and  coffee,  were 
cleared  for  these  countries,  in  these  two  years. 


Cotton. 

Tobacco. 

Sug'ar. 

Coffee. 

lbs. 

Hhds. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1809 

2,298,827 

5,950 

11,371,567 

7,953,461 

1810 

14,594,124 

18,797 

17,470,322 

14,120,990 

DANISH  WEST-INDIES. 


The  extent  of  American  trade  with  the  Danish  West-India  Islands 
has  been  much  greater,  than  with  Denmark  itself. 


201 

The  following  is  the  amount  of  exports  and  imports  from  1795  to 
1801 :— 

Exports.  Imports. 

Dolls.  Dolls. 

1795  -      1,659,306  -      2,329,273 

1796  -      2,553,810  -      2,818,746 

1797  -      2,453,606  -      2,416,088 

1798  -       1,513,104  -      1,117,321 

1799  -      3,397,262  -      2,139,870 

1800  -       1,757,589  -       999,770 

1801  -      1,049,361  3,035,511 

From  1804  to  1807,  the  value  of  the  exports  to  those  islands  was — 

Domestic  produce.  Foreign  produce. 

Dolls.  Dolls. 

1804  -      1,081,618  -      642,388 

1805  -       1,523,106  -      575,149 

1806  -       1,410,029  -     1,380,380 

1807  -       1,614,711  1,505,988 

HAMBURG  AND  BREMEN. 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  Hamburg  and  Bremen,  du- 
ring the  late  wars  in  Europe,  and  until  those  cities  were  occupied  by 
the  French  armies,  and  became  a  prey  to  French  rapacity,  was  very 
great,  especially  with  the  former,  in  articles  of  Colonial  produce. 
The  imperial  city  of  Hamburg  has  long  been  the  great  depot  of  the 
extensive  commerce  of  Germany,  and  the  North  of  Europe.  By 
means  of  the  rivers  Elbe  and  Weser,  and  other  waters  connected  with 
them,  the  manufactures  of  Germany,  particularly  her  linens,  are 
brought  to  Hamburg,  and  from  thence  exported  to  the  United  Stales, 
and  other  parts  of  the  world.  Through  this  city,  also,  the  rich  pro- 
ducts ol  the  East  and  West-Indies  have  been  introduced  into  Germa- 
ny, and  the  interior  of  the  continent  of  Europe.  The  principal  articles 
oi  domestic  produce,  usually  shipped  to  Hamburg  and  Bremen  from 
the  United  States,  are  tobacco,  rice,  cotton,    spirits  from  molasses. 

26 


202 

some  whale  oil,  and  pot  and  pearl  ashes.     And  the  articles  of  foreign 
produce  have  been  sugar,  coffee,  teas,  cocoa,  pepper,  and  other  spices. 

The  extent  and  value  of  American  trade  with  these  cities,  in  do- 
mestic and  foreign  articles,  from  1795  to  1801,  may  be  seen,  from 
the  following  estimate  of  exports  and  imports,  during  that  period. — 

Exports.  Imports. 

Value — dolls.  Value — dolls. 

1795  -                 9,218,540  -  1,584,524 

1796  -                 9,471,498  -  2,107,390 

1797  -      11,953,017  -  2,755,677 

1798  -      14,534,339  -  3,738,763 

1799  -      17,144,400  -  6,919.425 

1800  -       8,012,846  -  4,996.886 

1801  -               10,463,738  -  4,585,256 

The  exports  to  Hamburg,  Bremen,  other  Hanse  towns,  and  ports 
of  Germany,  but  principally  to  Hamburg,  from  1802  to  1810,  were 
as  follows : — 

Domestic  produce.  Foreign  produce 

Value — dolls.  Value — dolls. 

1802  1,157,272  5,072,220 

1803  1,368.295  1,911,437 

1804  -        919,454  3,525,553 

1805  893,591  2,338,917 

1806  -      1,672,455      -      4,751.769 

1807  912,225  2,248.057 

1808  24,963  204,852 

1809  709,981  1,682,662 

1810  834,564  291,818 

HOLLAND    AM)    DEPENDENCIES. 

The  United  States  had  great  commercial  intercourse  with  Holland, 
until  the  commencement  of  their  restrictive  measures.  Although  Bo- 
naparte had  given  the  Hollanders  his  brother  Louis,  for  a  king,  that 
he  might  have  them  more  completely  under  his   control,  and  compel 


203 

them  to  enfore  his  continental  system,  yet  so  strong  were  the  com- 
mercial habits  of  the  people  of  Holland,  that  means  were  found  to 
evade  the  imperial  mandates  ;  and  the  continental  system,  during  the 
reign  of  Louis,  was  never  carried  into  complete  effect  in  that  country. 
And  notwithstanding  the  many  vexations  and  spoliations,  which 
American  commerce  experienced  from  the  belligerent  powers,  yet 
it  was  extensive  and  profitable,  not  only  with  Holland,  but  with  the 
rest  of  the  world,  until  interrupted  by  commercial  prohibitions. 

The  extent  of  our  trade  with  Holland  will  appear  from  the  follow- 
ing statement  of  exports  and  imports  at  different  periods. — 

The  exports  and  imports  from  1795  to  1801,  were  as  follows  : — 


Imports. 

Value — dolls. 

1,329,952 

943,227 

2,404,828 

1,757,371 

662,590 

775,541 

2,529,128 


And  from  1804  to  1813,  the  following  were  the  exports  of  dome- 
tic  and  foreign  produce  : — 

Foreign. 

Value — dolls. 

11,757,002 

14,959,380 

15,051,665 

13,086,160 

2,227,722 

697,070 

28,992 


Exports. 

Value — dolls. 

1795 

1,917,336 

1796 

6,083,491 

1797 

7,713,976 

1798 

4,713,976 

1799 

696,968 

1800 

4,372,964 

1801 

6,234,450 

Domestic. 

Value — dolls. 

1804 

2,064,158 

1805 

1,783,503 

1806 

3,609,964 

1807 

3,098,234 

1808 

382,121 

1809 

421,294 

1810 

74,194 

1811 

. 

1812 

30,747 

1813 

29.160 

204 

The  articles  of  domestic  produce  usually  exported  to  Holland,  are 
tobacco,  rice,  cotton,  some  whale  oil.  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and  spirits 
from  molasses.  The  principal  articles  have  been  tobacco,  rice,  and 
cotton. 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the  quantities  shipped  to  this  coun- 
try in  the  years  1806  and  1807,  together  with  their  value,  as  esti- 
mated at  the  place  of  exportation  : — 

Tobacco.         Value.  Rice.  Value.  Cotton.  Value. 

hhds.  dolls.  tierces.  dolls.  lbs.  dolls. 

1806    -    29,851    -  2,358,229  -    17,1.37  -   457,993  -   3,129,146  -   688,412 

!8o7   -   20,444   -  1,799,U72  -   21,163  -   529,075  -  3,146,209  -   66u,703 

The  articles  of  foreign  produce  have  been,  principally,  coffee,  su- 
gar, tea,  and  pepper. 

The  following  quantities  of  sugar  and  coffee  were  shipped  to  Hol- 
land, according  to  the  custom-house  books,  from  1800  to  1810: — 


Sugar,  brown. 

Sugar,  wl  i  it  e  &  clay 

ed.        Coffee. 

pounds. 

pounds. 

pounds. 

1800       ■ 

7,542,160 

. 

11,618,970 

1801 

1  1,560,993 

. 

13,125,837 

1802 

15,436,179 

. 

9,320,937 

1803       • 

8,894,132 

-       1,057,806      - 

2,323,902 

1804 

27,294,509 

-      7,663,882      - 

26,082,432 

1805 

47,544,197 

-      8,455,435      - 

23,694,991 

1 806 

56,008,790 

-    10,105,151      - 

21,833,438 

1807       ■ 

48,012,198 

-      8,719,529      - 

19,900,965 

1 808       - 

8,215,969 

-      1,824,479      - 

3,487,872 

1809       ■ 

3,107,202 

836.159      - 

957,122 

1810 

88,590 

76,674      - 

44,618 

The  imports  have  usually  consisted  of  woollen,  linen,  and  other 
good.-  paying  duties  according  to  their  value,  spirits  from  grain,  some 
nails  and  spikes,  lead,  and  manufactures  of  lead,  paints,  steel,  cheese. 


205 

glass,  anchors,  shot,  slit  and  hoop  iron.  The  average  amount  of 
goods  paying  duties  ad  valorem  for  the  years  1802,  1003  and  1804, 
was  $1,110,3,34,  and  in  1807,  was  $1,881,741.  The  average  quan- 
tity of  gin  imported,  during  the  same  three  years,  was  one  million 
fifty-nine  thousand  five  hundred  and  forty  gallons,  and  in  1807,  was 
one  million  four  hundred  sixty-six  thousand  gallons.  In  our  trade 
with  Holland,  the  exports  have  generally  far  exceeded  the  imports  ; 
the  balance  has  been  usually  paid,  in  bills  of  exchange  on  England, 
and  other  parts  of  Europe. 

DUTCH    WEST-INDIES    AND    AMERICAN    COLONIES,    AND    DUTCH    EAST-IN- 
DIES. 

The  extent  and  value  of  the  commercial  intercourse  of  the  United 
States  with  the  Dutch  West-Indies  and  American  Colonies,  may  be 
estimated  from  the  following  account  of  exports  and  imports. 

From  1795  to  1801,  the  exports  and  imports  were — 

Exports.  Imports. 

Value — dolls.  Value — dolls. 

1795  902,705  -  2,342,957 

1796  -  1,758,548  -  3,703,787 

1797  -  1,903,038  -  2,178,426 

1798  -  2,720,969  -  2,475,494 

1799  -  5,154,535  -  3,929,101 

1800  -  1,296,052  -  2,800,766 
1001  625,791  -  1,987,612 

Exports  to  the  same  countries,  from  1804  to  1810,  were — 

Domestic  produce.  Foreign  produce. 

Vain  e — dolls .  Value — dolls. 

1804  1,600,667  -  848,365 

1805  -        454,645      -      138,785 

1806  570,545      -      466,485 

1807  496,010      -      307,366 


1808 
1809 
1810 


206 

Domestic  produce. 
Value — dolls. 

97,734 
33,412 
39,724 


Foreign  produce. 
Value — dolls. 

14,839 

771 

31 


From  the  Dutch  East-Indies,  we  have  imported  large  quantities  of 
coffee,  sugar,  pepper,  and  other  spices,  and  have  generally  paid  for 
them,  in  money,  or  in  cargoes  shipped  from  Europe,  or  in  bills  of  ex- 
change. The  late  wars  in  Europe,  in  which  the  Dutch  were  unfor- 
tunately compelled  to  engage,  threw  this  trade  into  the  hands  of  the 
American  merchant,  and  its  progressive  increase  will  appear  from  the 
following  estimate  of  imports  from  1795  to  1801  — 


1795 

1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 


Imports. 

Value — dolls 

26,706 

211,626 

1,029,995 

2,305,344 

1,446,335 

3,556,320 

4,430,733 


In  1802,  the  quantity  of  coffee  imported  from  the  Dutch  East-In- 
dies, and  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  was  six  million  eight  hundred  twenty- 
five  thousand  two  hundred  and  three  pounds,  and  valued  at 
$1,706,300,  in  1804  was  eight  million  three  hundred  ninety-five 
thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-three  pounds,  and  valued  at 
$2,098,945,  and  in  1807,  was  eight  million  eight  hundred  forty-two 
thousand  five  hundred  and  sixty-eight  pounds.  The  quantity  of  pep- 
per imported  in  1802,  was  five  million  two  hundred  seventy-five 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  thirty-seven  pounds,  in  1804,  four  million 
nine  hundred  forty-six  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-four  pounds, 
and  in  1807,  two  million  five  hundred  eight  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninety-seven  pounds.  A  considerable  proportion  of  the  pepper  is 
procured  by  the  Americans,  directly  from  the  natives  of  the  islands. 


203 


The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  Italy  has  consisted  principal- 
ly in  carrying  dried  fish,  sugar,  coffee,  pepper,  and  cocoa,  and  in 
bringing  from  thence,  silks,  wines,  brandies,  fruit,  some  lead,  and 
cheese.  The  amount  and  increase  of  this  commercial  intercourse 
will  be  seen,  from  the  following  estimate  of  the  exports  and  imports 
from  1795  to  1801,  and  of  the  exports  from  1804  to  1813. 

Exports.  Imports. 

Value — dolls.  Value — dolls. 

1795  -    -    1,223,150  -  -     319,653 

1796  -    -    1,100,522  -  -     268,237 

1797  -         767,064  -  -     852,408 

1798  -    -    1,334,036  -  -     724,209 

1799  -        1,157,212  -  -     753,484 

1800  -    -    2,689,968  -  -  1,104,833 

1801  -    -    2,090,439  -  -     902,406 

Exports  from  1804  to  1813. 


Domestic  produce. 

Foreign  produce. 

Value — dolls. 

Value — dolls. 

1804 

118,441 

1,552,708 

1805 

142,475 

2,320,099 

1806 

185,346 

4,587,727 

1807 

250,257 

5,499,722 

1808 

58,085 

1,312,173 

1809 

49,206 

1,106,539 

1810 

71,803 

656,691 

1811 

151,555 

437,381 

1812 

139,928 

134,794 

1813 

1.947 

- 

208 


CHINA  AND  THE  NORTH-WEST  COAST  OF   AMERICA. 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  China  commenced  soon  aftei 
the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war.  The  first  American  vessel,  that 
went  on  a  trading  voyage  to  China,  sailed  from  the  port  of  New-York, 
on  the  22d  day  of  February  1784,  and  returned  on  the  11th  of  May 
1785.  She  was  three  hundred  and  sixty  tons  burthen,  commanded 
by  Captain  John  Green,  and  Samuel  Shaw,  Esq.  agent  for  the  owners. 
The  Americans  were  well  received  by  the  Chinese  government,  and 
since  that  time,  our  trade  with  China  has  greatly  increased. 

In  1789,  there  were  fifteen  American  vessels  at  Canton,*  being  a 
greater  number,  than  from  any  other  nation,  except  Great-Britain. 
For  many  years,  we  have  imported  more  Chinese  goods,  than  were 
wanted  for  our  consumption,  and  which  we  have  again  exported  to 
other  countries.  The  principal  articles  imported,  are  teas,  silks, 
nankeens,  and  China  ware.  Of  these,  tea  is  of  the  greatest  value. 
The  quantity  of  this  article,  imported  and  consumed  within  the  Uni- 
ted States,  has  increased  with  the  increase  of  population.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  statement  of  the  quantities  of  the  several  species  of  tea, 
paying  duties,  after  deducting  the  exportations  from  the  importations; 
for  each  of  the  years  from  1790  to  1800. 

It  may  be  observed,  that  as  some  tea  might  have  been  exported 
without  the  benefit  of  drawback,  the  whole  may  not  have  been  con- 
sumed in  the  United  States,  but  the  difference  cannot  be  great,  as  it 
is  believed,  that  most  of  the  tea  exported  had  the  benefit  of  the  draw- 
back. 

TEAS. 

Boliea.  Souchong-.        Hyson.         Other  green.       Total, 

lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs. 

1790  2,059,684   308,075   530,013    88,870   3,047,242 

1791  774,008    91,123   107,934    12,932     985,997 

1792  2,332,8  2   132,355   115,203    33,498   2,014,008 

1793  1,548,993   309,087    82,882     8,007   2,009,509 

1794  2,095,410   298,503    29,754    37,241   2,460,914 

*  Macpherson's  Annals 


209 

Bohea.  Souchong.       Hyson.     Other  green.         Total 


lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1795 

2,079,687 

146,457 

99,727 

48,247 

2,374,118 

1796 

1,778,007 

73,578 

239,102 

219,572 

2,310,259 

1797 

1,392,271 

185,359 

206,177 

224,592 

2,008,399 

1798  1,079,139       333,349       194,616       283,861        1,890,965 

1799  3,412,674       309,598       240,861       538,370       4,501,503 

1800  1,891,434       694,802       533,613        677,785       3,797,634 


Total,  20,444,145  3,002,806    2,380,542    2,172,975     28,000,548 

Making  in  the  whole  for  eleven  years,  twenty-eight  million  five 
hundred  and  forty-eight  pounds,  consumed  in  the  United  States,  be- 
ing on  an  average  of  these  years,  two  million  five  hundred  forty-five 
thousand  five  hundred  and  four  pounds  a  year. 

The  following  quantity  of  teas  of  all  kinds  was  imported  and  ex- 
ported from  1801  to  1812,  viz. :— - 


Imported. 

Exported. 

Consumed. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1801 

4,086,960 

1,409,253       - 

2,677,707 

1802 

4,269,828     •  ■ 

1,894,538       - 

2,375,290 

1803 

6,053,529 

3,146,492       - 

2,907,037 

1804 

3,622,828 

1,219,233       - 

2,403,595 

1805 

5,119,441 

1,788,888       - 

3,330,553 

1806 

6,870,806 

2,002,207       - 

4,868,599 

1807 

8,108,774 

2,663,061       - 

5,445,713 

1808 

4,812,638 

237,883      ■ 

4,574,755 

1809 

1,482,990 

1,770,616      - 

- 

1810 

7,839,457 

1,337,732       - 

6,501,725 

1811 

3,018,118 

1,025,962       - 

1,992,156 

1812        -        3,056,089        -  519,262       -        2.536,827 

Making  an  average  consumption  for  these  twelve  years  of 
three  million  two  hundred  seventy-seven  thousand  one  hundred  and 
ninety-four  pounds  a  year. 

27 


210 

The  value  of  goods  paying  duties  ad  valorem,  which  includes  nan* 
keens,  all  silk  and  cotton  goods,  and  China  ware,  imported  in  1797, 
from  China  and  the  East-Indies  generally,  but  principally  from  the 
former,  amounted  to  $922,161.  The  average  value  of  goods  paying 
the  same  duties,  from  China  and  other  native  Asiatic  powers  during 
the  years  1802,  1803,  and  1804,  was  about  two  millions  three  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars. 

From  1805  to  1813,  the  value  of  the  same  goods  was  as  follows. 
viz.  : — 

Value — dollars. 

1805  ....      1,802,945 

1806  -      -      -      -     2,190,454 

1807  ....      1,821,321 

1808  ....      2,663,540 

1809  -      -      -       533,929 

1810  ....  3,374,850 

1811  ...      -  2,889,642 

1812  ....  1.861,013 

1813  ....  566,676 

The  balance  of  trade  with  China,  as  it  appears  on  the  custom- 
house books,  is  much  against  the  United  States ;  as  few  articles,  ei- 
ther domestic  or  foreign,  are  shipped  directly  from  the  United  States 
to  that  country.  The  payments  for  Chinese  goods  have  been  gene- 
rally made  in  specie,  the  exportation  of  which  is  not  entered  at  the 
custom-house,  or  in  seal  skins,  taken  in  the  South  Seas,  and  furs  pro- 
cured on  the  North-West  Coast  of  America,  and  carried  from  those 
places,  directly  to  China,  without  being  brought  to  the  United  States. 
The  amount  of  specie  exported  to  China,  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain,  with 
precision.  From  information,  however,  derived  from  well  informed 
merchants  concerned  in  the  trade,  and  from  the  value  of  imports,  it 
cannot  for  some  years  past  have  been  less,  (except  during  the  late 
war)  than  between  two  and  three  millions  annually.  The  amount  of 
trade  in  seal  skins  and  furs,  it  is  much  more  difficult  to  ascertain. 
The  great  prices  obtained  at  Canton,  for  furs  procured  on  the  North- 


211 

West  Coast  of  America,  by  those  who  were  with  Captain  Cook,  in 
his  last  voyage  of  discovery,  induced  others  to  engage  in  this  trade. 
The  enterprise  of  the  Americans  led  them  very  early  to  engage  in 
these  long  and  hazardous  trading  voyages.  The  first  of  the  kind  un- 
dertaken from  the  United  States,  was  from  Boston  in  1788,  in  a  ship 
commanded  by  Captain  Kendrick.  This  trade,  at  first,  afforded 
great  profits,  to  the  concerned,  and  it  has,  ever  since  the  year  1788, 
been  carried  on  from  the  United  States,  to  a  considerable  extent,  and 
with  greater  or  less  profit.  The  furs  are  purchased  from  the  Indians, 
many  hundred  miles  along  the  coast,  principally  with  articles  of  for- 
eign merchandize,  suited  to  the  wants  of  the  natives  of  that  country. 
In  1800,  the  value  of  goods  shipped  to  t'.e  North-West  Coast,  and  to 
the  South  Seas,  was  §827,748  ;  a  part  of  these  were  undoubtedly- 
destined  to  the  Spanish  settlements  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Not  only 
has  the  North- West  Coast  been  explored,  by  the  enterprise  of  the 
Americans  for  furs,  but  every  island  in  the  South  Seas,  and  every 
part  of  the  continent  of  South-America,  has  been  visited,  in  search  of 
seal  skins  for  the  same  market.  These  sealing  voyages  were  also,  at 
first,  very  profitable,  and  induced  many  others  to  engage  in  them. 
The  business,  however,  was  overdone — the  seal,  in  a  few  years,  be- 
came so  scarce,  as  not  to  be  worth  the  pursuit.  The  value  of  this 
trade,  in  furs  and  seal  skins,  has  been  many  millions  ty  the  United 
States-. 


212 


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218 
TABLE  No.  III. 


Amount  of  goods  imported  into  the  United  States  for  the 

year  ending  30th  Sep- 

tember, 

1807. 

value. 

Dollars.  Cts. 

Value  of  goods  paying-  an  ad  valorem  } 
dutv  of  15  per  cent.        -        -       5 

- 

- 

46,861,538 

Do.     "   do.         do.           17$    do.      - 

- 

- 

11,097,676 

Do.         do.         do.           22£    do.      - 

- 

- 

696,703 

Malmsey  and  Madeira  wines,         gals. 

395,103  a 

§2  59 

1,023,321  95 

Burgundy,         ..--•- 

13,948 

4  25 

59,279 

Sherry, 

315,779 

1  12 

353,672  48 

All  other  wines,         - 

4,843,489 

63 

3,051,397    7 

Foreign  spirits  from  grain, 

1,477,679 

1 

1,477,679 

From  other  materials, 

9,915,243 

93 

9,221,175  99 

Molasses,                                      - 

8,511,234 

36 

3,U64,U44  24 

Beer,  ale,  and  porter, 

226,559 

55 

124,607  45 

Teas,  bohea,         -         -         -            lbs. 

1,511,051 

33 

498,946  83 

Do.  souchong,         .... 

2,016,177 

62 

1,250,029  74 

Do.  Hyson,         - 

1,251,367 

1 

1,251,367 

Do.  other  green, 

2,823,017 

75 

2,117,362  75 

Coffee, 

58,824,811 

28 

16,470,947    8 

Cocoa,             ..... 

9,191,344 

25 

2,297,961 

Chocolate, 

3,640 

40 

1,456 

Sugars,  brown,  &c. 

175,110,619 

10 

17,511,061  90 

Do.  clayed,  &c.         .... 

45,398,494 

13 

5,901,8)4  22 

Do    c.mdy  and  refined, 

159,986 

18 

28,797  48 

Almonds,         - 

685,400 

21 

143,934 

Currants,              .... 

436,049 

13 

56,686  37 

Prunes  and  plumbs,         ... 

103,766 

14 

14,527  24 

Fig's, 

283,353 

15 

42,502  95 

Raisins,  in  jars  and  boxes, 

864,419 

16 

138,307    4 

All  others, 

2,918,073 

10 

291.8J7  30 

Candles,  tallow, 

547,546 

18 

98,558  28 

Wax  and  spermaceti, 

4,412 

60 

2,647  20 

Cheese, 

1,029,642 

28 

288,299  76; 

Soap,          ...... 

2,090,125 

18 

376,222  50 

T.Ulow, 

1,750,279 

15 

262,541  85  j 

Spices,  mace,         .... 

2,195 

7  50 

16,462  50 

Do.  nutmegs,           .... 

3,182 

3  25 

10,341  50' 

Do.  cinnamon,         .... 

9,o76 

1  92 

17,425  92 1 

Do.  cloves, 

48,526 

84 

40,761  84  j 

Do.  pepper,          .... 

3,499,433 

23 

804,869  69 

Do.  pimento,          .... 

1,196,239 

22 

263,172  581 

Do.  Cassia, 

141,348 

34 

48,058  32 

Tobacco    manufactured  other  than  } 
snuff  and  cigars,          -          -         3 

10,261 

20 

2,052  20 

Snuff, 

57,002 

25 

14,250  50  i 

Indigo,              .... 

1,010,672 

1  83 

1,849,529  76\ 

Cotton, 

3,377,870 

31 

1,047,139  70 J 

219 
TABLE  No.  III.— CONTINUED. 


Powder,  hair,        -        -  lbs. 

Do.  gun,  .... 

Starch,        .... 

Glue, 

Pewter  plates  and  dishes, 
Iron,  anchors  and  sheet, 
Do.  slit  and  hoop, 
Do.  nails  and  spikes, 
Quick-silver, 
Paints,  yellow  in  oil, 
Do.  do.       dry, 

Do.  Spanish  brown, 
Do.  white  and  red  lead, 
Lead,  and  manufactures  of  lead, 
Seines, 

Cordage,  tarred, 
Do.  untarred, 
Cables,         -  - 

S^eel,  -         -  -  cwt 

Hemp,  .... 

Twine,         ..... 
Glauber  salts, 

Salt,  weighing-  more  than  56  lbs.  ~) 
per  bushel,         -         -        lbs.  S 


5,099  a 

211,748 

26,209 

114,732 

59,879 

781,875 

773,017 

4,948,443 

17,211 

32,590 

122,460 

828,368 

2,804,092 

2,455,884 

10,084 

1,068,329 

57,210 

67,720 

15,315 

141,107 

4,253 

157 

126,173,054 


Do.  weighing  56  lbs.  or  less  per 

bu; 
Coal, 


bushel, 


bushel 


:} 


Fish,  foreign  caught,  dried,  quint. 
Do.  salmon,         -         -         barrels 
Do.  mackerel,         ... 
Do.  all  other, 

Glass,  black  quart  bottles,  gross 
"Do.  window  not  above  8  by  10  in- ) 
|  ches  for  each  100  square  feet  C 
I     boxes,  -         -         -         -    j 

|Do.  not  above  10  bv  12, 
fio,  all  above  10  by  12, 
Segars, 
Lime, 
Boots, 

Shoes  and  slippers,  silk, 
Do.  morocco,  ike.  for  men  and  3 
women,  -  ^ 

Do.  children's, 

Cards,  wool  or  cotton,  -  doz. 
Do.  playing,  -  packs 

Total, 


M 

casks 
pairs 


418,538 

456,936 
233,902 

7,231 
16,o98 
17,057 

24,594 


value. 

§00  16 

46 

15 

23 

25 

9 

10 

11 

69 

15 

8 

6 

15 

11 

50 

11 

10 

12 

13 

15 

30 

5 


69 

29 
4  50 
14 
7 
6 
7  50 


22,719         11  50 


3,089 
4,183 

25,624 

385 

3,554 

31,880 

72,875 

24,761 

4 

6,425 


15 

17  50 

10 
8 

6  50 
175 

1  25 

75 


Dollars.  Cts. 

815  84 

97,4u4    8 

3,931  35 

26,388  36 

14,969  75 

70,368  75 

77,301  70 

544,328  73 

11,875  59 

4,888  50 

9,796  80 

49,702    8 

420,613  80 

270,147  24 

5,042 

117,516  19 

5,721 

8,126  40 

205,595 

2,116,605 

127,590 

785 

1,387,903  59 

288,791  221 

132,511  44 
1,052,559 
101,234 
112,686 
102,342 
184,455 

261,268  50  i 

46,335 
73,202  50 
256,240 
3,u80 
23,101 
55,790 

91,093  75  | 

18,570  75  \ 

24   i 
2,248  75  ; 


8  138,574,876 


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224 
TABLE  No.  VI. 


Copy  <f  a  rewrn  to  an  Order  of  the  House  of  Commons,  dated  13th 
February,  U>09,  for  an  account  of  the  total  <fficiul  value  and  real 
value  of  all  imports  into,  and  Exports  from  Great-Britain,  for  three 
years,  ending  10th  October,  1808, — distinguishing  each  year  and 
foreign  merchandize  from  British  produce  and  manufactures. 

(N.  B.)  This  account  is  exclusive  of  the  value  of  the  imports  and  ex- 
ports of  Scotland,  and  likewise  of  the  importations  from  the  East-Indies, 
and  China,  the  returns  of  which  being-  made  up  and  transmitted  in  annual 
periods,  ending  the  5th  of  January,  are  not  received  for  the  year  1808,  and 
therefore  the  amount  of  both  of  diese  has  been  omitted  in  each  of  the  two 
preceding  years,  of  the  account,  in  order  to  shew  the  comparative  view  of 
one  vear  with  another. 


Official  Value. 

o 

5 

5 

?• 

3 

Real  Value. 

IMPORTS. 

EXPORTS. 

Foreign  i     British 
and       :   produce 
Colonial   .       and 
merchan-    manufac- 
dize.           tures. 

£           £ 

8,395,269  24,947,782 
9,090,918  24,550,72+ 
6,68o,u24  21,925,53s 

IMPORTS. 

EXPORTS. 

Foreign 

and 
Colonial 
merchan- 
dize. 

BritisJi 
produce 

and 
manufac- 
tures. 

£ 

'22,05  8,003 
23,493,127 

2>j,7u7,323 

£ 

38,398,645 
40,947,300 
34.448,620 

£ 

9,005,120 
9,679,652 
7,138,282 

£ 

39,368,218 
39,041,854 
35,233,477 

1806 
1807 
1808 

Signed,  WILLIAM  IRVING, 

Inspector  general  of  imports  and  exports. 
Custom-House,  London,  16th  February,  1809. 


225 


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226 
TABLE  No.  VIII. 


An  account  of  the  valve  of  all  Imports  into  and  of  all  Exports  from 
Great-Britain,  for  three  years,  ending  5th  of  January,  1811,  distin- 
guishing each  year,  and  distinguishing  the  value  of  imports  from 
the  East-Indies  and  China,  from  the  value  of  all  other  imports ;  al- 
so distinguishing  the  value  of  British  produce  and  manufactures 
exported,  from  the  value  of  foreign  articles  exported,  together  with 
the  difference  between  the  official  value  and  the  declared  vcdue  of 
British  produce  and  manufactures  exported  in  the  year  ending  5th 
of  January,  1811. 


Note.  The  value  of  British  produce  and  manufactures  exported  fi-om 
Great-Britain,  according-  to  the  averag-e  prices  current,  and  declarations  of 
the  exporters  in  the  year  ending-  5th  January,  1811,  amounts  to  £49,975,634. 

WILLIAM  IRVING, 

Inspector  general  of  imports  and  exports. 
Custom-House,  London,  23d  March,  1811. 

*  The  account  of  imports  from  the  East-Indies  and  China,  cannot  yet  be 
given. 


221 


TABLE  No.  VIII.— continued. 

APPENDIX  (A  1.) 


Official  value  of  Imports  into  Great-Britain  from  Europe,  Africa,' 
and  America. 


Years  enc 

ing  the  5th  of  January.; 

1809 

1810 

1811 

ARTICLES. 

or 

or 

or        | 

! 

1808. 

1809. 

1810. 

i 

£ 

£ 

£      i 

Almonds,           ... 

21,380 

24,209 

19,196. 

Annotto,      - 

8,635 

23,463 

48,423 

Ashes,  pot  and  pearl, 

150,524 

265,827 

460,433 

Barilla,        - 

120,664 

188,842 

175,508 

Bark,  oak,        - 

1,724 

11,788 

8,935 

Berries,  juniper,  - 

12,383 

22,953 

30,178 

Brimstone,        - 

65,622 

24,855 

44,229. 

Bristles,  undressed, 

9,886 

28,081 

20,992 

jButter  and  cheese,  (foreign) 

321,552 

258,145 

128,608 

jCochineal,     -       -         -         - 

209,415 

83,396 

189,828 

Cocoa,     -         -         -         - 

85,538 

72,513 

61,496 

Coffee,         .... 

4,899,184 

4,690,680 

5,307,112 

Copper,  unwrought, 

97,189 

41,116 

92,129, 

Corks,          - 

29,213 

41,116 

78,788 

Corn,  grain,  meal  and  rice, 

146,240 

1,136.971 

2,701,228 

Cortex,  peruvianus, 

147,165 

81,577 

93,705 

Currants,           ... 

110.502 

180,329 

136,831 

Elephant's  teeth, 

16,476 

17,628 

19,336 

Feathers,  for  beds,     - 

1,475 

7,054 

17,735 

Figs, 

5,101 

13,568 

5,834 

Fish,  viz.  cod  and  herring, 

209,731 

174,419 

126,878. 

Flax,  rough,          ... 

403,351 

967,628 

945,223 

Gum  arabic  and  senega, 

24,075 

35,376 

59,722: 

Hemp,  rough,        ... 

218,947 

721,520' 

752,294 

Hides,  raw  and  tanned, 

228,712 

328,306 

659,724| 

Jalap,          .... 

1 1 ,530 

5,781 

38,809' 

Indigo,  (not  East-India) 

63,740 

79,527 

138,125! 

Iron,  bar,     - 

205,249 

239,532 

196,830 

Isinglass,           ... 

1,534 

14,085 

16.569; 

Lemons  and  Oranges,     - 

33,738 

30,710' 

33,014' 

Linens,  (foreign) 

174,369 

843,710: 

938.600j 

Madder  and  madder  roots,   - 

157,959 

425,230j 

436,475i 

Oil,  ordinary  olive, 

83,650 

125,648 

80,748 

train, 

326,381 

285,586 

329,992 

Pimento,      .... 

9,199 

57,802 

73,866 

Pitch  and  tar,    -          -          - 

123.479 

106,762! 

115,610} 

228 


TABLE  No.  VIII. — continued. 

APPENDIX   (A  1.)   CONTINUED. 


Quicksilver, 
Raisins,     -      - 

Salt,    - 

Seeds,  clover,    - 

flax  and  linseed, 


Shumack, 

Silk,  raw  and  thrown,   - 

Skins  and  Furs, 

Smelts,        - 

Spirits,  brandy, 

geneva,   - 

rum,    - 


Succus  liquoritise, 

Sugar,     -  -  -         - 

Tallow,       - 

Tobacco,  - 

Turpentine, 

Wax,  bees,       ... 

Whale  fins, 

Wines,    - 

Wood,  balks  and  uf'as,   - 

deals  and  deal  ends,  - 

fir  timber,   - 

fustic,      - 

logwood, 

mahogany,    - 

masts, 

oak  plank  and  timber, 

redwood, 

staves, 

Wool,  cotton,   - 
sheep's 


Yarn,  linen,  raw, 
All  other  articles, 


Foreign  and  Colonial  produce, 
Irish  produce  and  manufactures. 


Years  ending  the  5th  of  January. 


1809 

or 
1308. 


£ 


1810 

or 
1809. 


13,772 

105,744 
32,906 
13,026 
61,177 
15,159 

246,057 

177,757 
6,826 

251,864 
51,798 

539,624 

19,516 

5,046,631 

145,860 
77,527 
15,021 
20,209 
76,430 
1,122,020 
878 
26,665 
63,267 
24,036 

106,663 
66,907 

270,405 

14,886 

19,112 

33,419 

1,325,318 

127,870 
34,605 

981,656 

19,7569,723  i 

3,910,98l! 


17,320 

160,471 

63,198 

23,777 

130,404 

22,817 

853,706 

179,077 

22,817 

441,201 

43,395 

607,083 

20,562 

5,422,066 

362,974 

275,591 

66,828 

37,336 

75,676 

1,173,613 

4,230 

60,362 

111,611 

47,354 

98,239 

104,530 

198,251 

13,504 

47,943 

95,743 

2,797,932 

350,072 

233,635 

1,114,566 

£6>33,625 
3,475,759 


1811 

or 

1810. 


26,888 

63,601 

23,900 

38,090 

213,822 

20,661 

943,613 

282,719 

9,633 

174,380 

12,056 

507,602 

41,881 

6,493,561 

505,496 

498,585 

65,271 

39,648 

103,255 

1,130,332 

22,583 

100,612 

205,264 

66,082 

184,400 

187,159 

335,807 

36,106 

29,040 

109,130 

3,882,359 

564,329 

286,757 

1,351,061 

33^1387686 
3,283,456 


Total  (exclusive  oj  importations 
from  E.  Indies  and  China,) 


23,780,70430,409,384  36,422,142 


229 


TABLE  No.  V1IL— continued. 

APPENDIX  (A  2.) 


Official  value  of  Imports  into  Great-, 

China 

3ritain  from  the  East-Indies  and 

ARTICLES. 

Years  ending  the  5th  of  January. 

1809 

or 
1808. 

1810 

or 
1809. 

1811 

or 
1810. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

Borax,         - 

Cassia  lignea,            ... 

Coffee,         - 

Gum  Arabic,             ... 

Indigo,         - 

Pepper,             .... 

Piece  goods,          ... 

Rhubarb,          ...          - 

Salt-petre,           - 

Silk,  raw, 

Spices,         - 

.Sugar, 

|Tea,         .... 

'Wool,  cotton, 

All  other  articles, 

7,975 

3,451 

2,961 

3,107 

717,205 

62,254 

730,413 

655 

68,521 

182,593 

137,005 

81,252 

3,567,812 

145,741 

137,704 

2,136 

325 

19,911 

629 

293,751 

21,612 

164,614 

5,085 

46,495 

93,105 

41,902 

29,239 

2,164,396 

318,707 

161,118 

j    Total  Imports  from  East-Indies  ) 
and  China,         ~           ~           ? 

5,848,649 

3,363,025'     -      - 

230 


TABLE   So.   VIII. — CONTINUED. 

APPENDIX  (B.) 


^Official  value  of  British  produce  and  manufactures  Exported  from 

Great- Britain. 

Years  ending  the  5th  c 

f  January. 

1809 

I      1810 

1811 

ARTICLES. 

or 

or 

or 

1808. 

1809. 

1810. 

£. 

£. 

£. 

'Apparel,          ... 

250,o59 

259,835 

239,865 

Bark,  tar.ner's, 

50,785 

45,151 

41,990 

Beer,              ... 

65,001 

65,727 

72,493 

Brass  and  copper, 

354,607 

403,429 

356,577 

Cabinet  and  upholstery  ware, 

64,122 

78,955 

93,163 

.Coals,          .... 

526,845 

405,634 

509,991 

Colors  for  painting, 

129,285 

196,968 

187,047 

iCordage,           ... 

32,621 

46,385 

63,052 

Corn  and  flour, 

134,055 

70,541 

44,152 

Cotton  manufactures, 

12,835,803 

18,634,614 

18,041,633 

Do.  yarn,          ... 

575,015 

1,097,536 

1,075,187 

Fish,         .... 

118,843 

142,593 

134,296 

Glass  and  earthern  ware, 

183,643 

240,123 

236,314 

Gun-powder, 

33,428 

32,417 

31,300 

Guns,         .... 

49,689 

30,480 

49,604 

!  Haberdashery, 

51,436 

55,946 

64,797 

iHats,          .... 

261,112 

335,941 

327,884 

Hops, 

124,346 

97,186 

52,452 

Iron  k.  steel,  wrought  &,  unwro't, 

1,178,524 

1,391,761 

1,577,462 

'Lead  and  shot, 

81,801 

63,278 

101,993 

Leather,  tanned  and  wrought, 

191,474 

179,945 

186,573 

Linens,          ... 

874,460 

1,157,030 

1,015,240 

Musical  instruments, 

33,558 

41,971 

51,558! 

Oil,  train, 

26,025 

52,499 

54,779; 

Plate,  plated  ware  L  jewellery, 

122,066 

140,730 

164,16s': 

Provisions,         ... 

154,294 

139,132 

125,249; 

Salt, 

201,669 

288,258 

296,759; 

Silks, 

128,775 

190,177 

188,023; 

Soap  and  candles, 

89,528 

129,703 

120,353: 

Stationary, 

145,824 

169,360 

212,176: 

Sugar,  refined, 

918,304 

1.3  16,769 

1,220,498 

Tin  and  pewter, 

244,142 

232,838 

256,581: 

Woollen  manufactures, 

4,853,999 

5,4  16.149 

5,773,214 

All  other  article-. 

Total, 

1,576,324 

1.925,991 
35.104TT32 

1,974,127, 

26,691,962 

34.940,550' 

2,n 


TABLE  No.  VIII.— continued. 

APPENDIX  (C.) 


Official  value  of  Foreign  and  Colon 

ial  Merchandize  Exported  fro;n\ 

Great-Bi 

itain. 

1 

Years  ending  5th  of  January. 

1809 

1810 

1811 

ARTICLES. 

or 

or 

or 

1808. 

1809. 

1810. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

Annotto,             ... 

3,670 

7,931 

28,427 

Ashes,         ... 

17,127 

21,003 

184,452 

Barilla, 

8,951 

3,065 

70,683 

Brimstone, 

4,065 

1,840 

22,619 

Cassia  lignea, 

4,068 

13,741 

3,666 

Cochineal, 

147,930 

73,341 

64,097 

Cocoa,               ... 

57,377 

144,254 

38,494 

Coffee,  British  plantations, 

1,286,200 

3,038,027 

712,774 

Do.       foreign         c'o. 

561,720 

2,807,133 

741,398 

Corn,  grain,  flour,  and  rice, 

51,397 

35,911 

272,138 

Cortex  peruvianus, 

44,780 

92,377 

127,686 

Currants  and  raisins, 

12,581 

35,217 

77,594 

Fish,  cod  and  herrings, 

320,144 

198,870 

126,835 

Flax  and  hemp,  rough, 

9,991 

60,035 

201,190 

Hides,  tanned  and  raw, 

15,256 

109.145 

225,893 

Jalap,              - 

2,469 

5,319 

40,315 

Indigo,          ... 

323,107 

636,807 

491,298 

Iron,  bar, 

86,231 

112,551 

167,916 

Linens,  foreign, 

118,578 

604,424 

737,203 

Pepper, 

55,201 

190,131 

126,185 

Piece  goods  of  India, 

822,345 

1,179,728 

1,082,115 

Pimento,             ... 

15,926 

50,119 

29,740 

Quicksilver, 

17,819 

11,757 

6,209 

Salt, 

31,263 

39,555 

21,973 

Salt  petre, 

33,673 

13,200 

13,627 

Silk,  raw  and  thrown, 

55,264 

85,960 

92,917 

Skins  and  fur«, 

5,261 

48,646 

33,268 

Spices,             ... 

128,579 

192,620 

161,188 

Spirits,  brandy  and  geneva, 

252,630 

271,647 

251,695 

Do.        rum, 

334,339 

606,174 

339,470 

Sugar,  British  plantations, 

513,500 

679,281 

193,620 

Do.      foreign         do. 

270,463 

1,033,849 

1,277.374 

232 


TABLE  No.  VIII.— continued. 

APPENDIX  (C.)  coNTiyuEii. 


233 


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CHAPTER  VII. 


Amount  of  trade  with  the  different  quarters  of  the  world — Balance  of  trade 
— Estimate  of  the  quantity  of  certain  imported  articles  consumed  in  the 
United  States,  at  different  periods. 

Having  presented  an  estimate  of  the  amount  of  the  trade  of  tlit 
United  States  with  the  different  nations,  with  whicli  they  have  any 
considerable  commercial  intercourse,  we  now  give  a  general  view 
of  exports  to  each  quarter  of  the  world,  from  1801  to  1812,  accom- 
panied with  some  remarks  relative  to  the  balance  of  trade,  between 
the  United  States  and  the  rest  of  the  world,  with  an  estimate  of  the 
quantity  of  certain  imported  articles,  annually  consumed,  at  different 
periods. 

The  following  statement  exhibits  the  value  of  merchandize,  do- 
mestic and  foreign,  exported  from  the  United  States,  to  each  quarter 
of  the  world,  from  1801  to  1812  :— 


EVBOPE, 

ASIA. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Years. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1801 

27,569,699 

31,380,558 

371,737 

1,136,517 

1802 

19,904,389 

23,575,108 

547,386 

820,423 

1803 

25,939,111 

8,561,834 

292,593 

149,600 

1 804 

23,094,946 

27,468,725 

546,278 

830,223 

1805 

23,610,776 

36,341,320 

612,683 

2.156,229 

1 806 

24,384,020 

40,267,711 

514,621 

1,968,8.60 

1807 

31,012,947 

38,882,633 

497,769 

1,598,445 

1808 

5,185,720 

7,202,232 

26,649 

267,542 

1809 

17,838,502 

13,072,045 

703,900 

1,218,228 

1810 

27,202,534 

17,786,614 

377,795 

406,646 

1811 

29,552,442 

8,727,011 

581,815 

812,950 

1812 

20,626.188 

5,644,433 
31 

308.510 

588,2PM 

2*2 

AFKICA.  W.  IND1£S,  AMERICAN  CUSTJLSXHT,  &.C 

Domestic.  Foreign.  Domestic.  Foreign. 


Vears. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

1801 

934,331 

756,445 

17,482,025 

13,369,201 

1802 

747,544 

411,855 

14,982,854 

10,967,585 

1803 

636,106 

148,004 

15,338,151 

4,734,634 

1804 

1,264,737 

681.499 

16,561,516 

7,251,150 

1805 

1,359,518 

1,726,987 

16,774,025 

12,954,483 

1806 

1,371,475 

901,916 

14,983,611 

17,144,759 

1807 

1,296,375 

1,627,177 

15,892,501 

17,535,303 

1808 

278,544 

218,950 

3,939,633 

5,308,690 

1809 

3,132,687 

1,472,819 

9,732,613 

5,034,439 

1810 

2,549,744 

722,777 

12,236,602 

5,475,258 

1811 

1,804,998 

622,445 

13,354,788 

5,860,384 

1812 

1,235,457 

197,587 

7,861,655 

2,064,808 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  statement,  taken  from  the  custom-house 
books,  that,  in  the  most  prosperous  period  of  our  commerce,  when 
our  exports  amounted  annually  to  more  than  one  hundred  millions  of 
dollars,  we  exported  to  Europe,  domestic  produce  of  the  value  of 
more  than  twenty-six  millions  of  dollars,  and  of  foreign  produce, 
more  than  thirty-eight  millions  of  dollars ;  to  Asia,  domestic  produce 
of  the  value  of  about  five  hundred  and  forty  thousand  dollars,  and 
foreign  produce  about  one  million  and  nine  hundred  thousand  dollars  ; 
to  Africa,  domestic  produce  of  the  value  of  about  one  million  three 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  foreign  produce,  about  one  million 
four  hundred  thousand  dollars  ;  and  to  the  West-Indies  and  American 
continent,  domestic  produce,  about  fifteen  million  eight  hundred  and 
eighty  thousand  dollars,  and  foreign  produce,  about  fifteen  million 
eight  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  dollars.  The  average  amount  of 
exportsof  domestic  produce  during  the  years,  1805,  1806,  and  1807, 
was  $44,863,198  and  of  foreign  produce,  $57,701,937.  Of  the 
whole  value  of  domestic  produce,  exported  during  this  period,  about 
hx  tenths  went  to  Europe,  about  four  elevenths  to  the  West-Indies 
and  American  continent,  and  less  than  one  twentieth  to  Asia  and  Africa. 

In  the  preceding  chapter,  we  have,  as  far  as  practicable,  given  an 
account  of  the  value  of  our  imports,  at  different  periods,  with  the 


243 

countries  from  whence  derived.  It  would  have  been  fortunate,  had 
the  custom-house  books  furnished  us  with  the  annual  value  of  our  im- 
ports, as  well  as  exports. 

This  would  have  enabled  us,  with  much  more  certainty,  to  ascer- 
tain the  balance  of  trade,  between  the  United  States  and  other  coun- 
tries. 

On  the  subject  of  the  balance  of  trade,  as  it  has  been  called,  wri- 
ters on  political  economy  have  very  widely  differed.  Assuming  dif- 
ferent data  as  the  basis  of  their  calculations,  they  have  come  to  differ- 
ent results.  Some  have  considered  the  rate  of  exchange  between  two 
countries,  as  the  best  evidence  of  the  balance  of  trade  between  them  ; 
others  have  considered  the  value  of  exports  and  imports  as  the  surest 
criterion,  by  which  to  judge  of  the  increase  or  decrease  of  the  wealth 
of  a  country,  while  some  have  maintained,  that  the  rate  of  the  inte- 
rest of  money  is  to  be  taken  into  the  account.  A  late  celebrated 
French  writer,  in  his  able  and  learned  inquiry  into  the  various  sys- 
tems of  political  economy,  speaking  of  the  "  necessity  of  endeavour- 
ing to  find  out  a  way  to  know  the  balance  of  annual  income,  and  an- 
nual consumption,"  asks  this  question, — "  Is  there  any  such  way, 
that  can  be  relied  upon,  as  certain  and  positive  .?"  And  answers  it 
by  saying  "  there  is  none."  "  We  must,  as  yet,"  says  he,  "  be 
contented  with  mere  conjecture,  built  upon  an  augmented  population, 
and  particularly  upon  the  increase  of  the  industrious  classes  and  towns, 
upon  the  good  condition  of  agricultural  buildings,  upon  the  number 
of  acres  cleared,  or  enclosed,  and  upon  the  facility  with  which  the 
public  contributions  are  collected.  To  these  conjectures,  some  add, 
those  resulting  from  the  rate  of  interest  of  money ;  but  this  conjec- 
ture is,  in  my  opinion,  erroneous  and  delusive. 

;'  A  high  rate  of  interest  is  not  always  a  proof  of  the  declining 
wealth  of  a  country  ;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  a  proof  of  its  prosperity, 
when  this  prosperity  is  progressive.  The  interest  of  money  must  al- 
ways be  very  high  in  countries  whose  prosperity  is  progressive,  be- 
cause its  agriculture  and  manufactures,  increasing  with  its  popula- 
tion, are  always  requiring  fresh  capitals,  the  demand  for  which  ne- 
cessarily keeps  the  rate  of  interest  very  high." 

It  is  not,  however,  our  intention  to  enter  into  a  consideration  ol 
the   various   theories   respecting   the-   balance   of  trade.     Whatever 


244 

doubts  may  have  perplexed  writers  on  political  economy,  on  the 
>!ib:.r>ct  of  the  increase  or  decrease  of  wealth,  or  the  balance  of  trade, 
anion"  the  old  nations  of  Europe,  there  can  be  none  with  respect  to 
this  country. 

That  the  United  States,  since  the  establishment  of  the  present  go- 
vernment, and  particularly  until  the  commencement  of  commercial 
prohibitions,  and  the  war  between  them  and  Great-Britain,  have  in- 
creased in  wealth,  as  well  as  population,  does  not  rest  on  conjecture. 
It  is  proved  by  the  great  increase  of  their  exports  and  imports,  by 
the  increase  of  the  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage,  by  the  unexampled 
increase  of  their  commercial  tonnage,  by  the  accumulation  of  wealth 
in  ail  their  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  by  the  establishment  of  various 
monied  institutions,  and  of  manufactures,  by  the  great  rise  in  the  va- 
lue oi'  lands,  and  by  various  internal  improvements.  If  we  are  to 
form  an  opinion  of  the  increase  of  our  national  wealth,  by  a  compar- 
ative view  of  our  exports  and  import-  alone,  Ave  shall  be  equally  cer- 
tain, that  this  opinion  does  not  rest  on  conjecture. 

It  is  true  with  nations,  as  with  individuals,  if  their  annual  con- 
sumption exceeds  their  annual  income  :  if  the  actual  value  of  the 
articles  imported  into  any  country,  and  there  consumed,  annually  ex- 
ceeds the  actual  value  of  the  articles  exported  in  payment  for  them, 
that  country  must  become  indebted  to  the  amount  of  the  difference, 
and  if  this  difference  be  great,  and  continues  for  a  number  of  years, 
lhat  country  must  be  proportionally  impoverished.  In  determining, 
however,  the  increase  or  decrease  of  national  wealth,  by  a  compari- 
son of  imports  and  exports,  we  are  in  the  first  place  to  inquire  how, 
or  in  what  manner,  this  value  has  been  ascertained  :  a  second  ques- 
tion may  also  arise,  whether  the  imports  are  all  annually  consumed 
in  the  country,  or  whether  a  part  of  them  go  to  form  an  addition  to 
the  productive  capital.  The  modes  of  valuing  exports  and  imports 
are  different  in  different  countries. 

In  England,  the  rates  at  which  the  exports  and  imports  are  valued, 
were  settled  in  1696.  The  value  of  all  articles  at  that  period,  ex- 
ported or  imported,  was  fixed,  and  the  value  of  all  the  exports  and 
imports  of  that  country  has  ever  since  been  stated  in  their  custom- 
house books  at  the  rates  then  established.  This  is  called  the  official 
value  in  the  English  accounts  of  export's   and   imports.      In  conse- 


245 

quence  of  the  great  rise  in  most  if  not  all  the  articles  of  trade,  for 
more  than  a  century  past,  this  official  value  is  much  less  than  the  real 
or  actual  value.  The  difference  in  some  articles  is  very  great,  in 
most  it  amounts  to  forty,  fifty,  and  sixty  per  cent.  In  1807,  the  of- 
ficial value  of  the  exports  of  British  produce  and  manufacture  was 
£24,550,724,  but  the  real  or  declared  value,  as  ascertained  by  the 
inspector-general  of  imports  and  exports  and  laid  before  parliament, 
was  £39,041,854. 

In  the  United  States,  as  we  have  before  observed,  the  value  of  ex- 
ports is  stated  according  to  the  average  prices  of  the  articles,  at  the 
places  of  exportation.  In  1807,  the  average  price  of  tobacco,  for 
instance,  at  the  places  from  whence  it  was  exported  was  eighty-eight 
dollars  per  hogshead,  and  the  value  of  all  the  tobacco  exported  dur- 
ing that  year  was  calculated  at  that  price.  The  value  of  the  im- 
ports, so  far  as  they  are  ascertained  at  the  custom-house,  (and  they 
are  ascertained  only  on  goods  subject  to  the  payment  of  duties  ad 
valorem)  is  determined  by  law,  as  follows,  viz. — "  by  adding  twenty 
per  cent,  to  the  actual  cost  thereof,  if  imported  from  tlie  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  or  from  any  place  beyond  the  same,  and  ten  per  cent, 
on  the  actual  cost  thereof,  if  imported  from  any  other  place  or  coun- 
try, including  all  charges,  commissions,  outside  packages  and  insu- 
rance only  excepted."  From  this,  it  will  readily  be  perceived  that 
the  value  of  imports  of  the  United  States,  as  estimated  in  their  cus- 
tom-house  books,  must,  generally,  if  not  always,  exceed  that  of  their 
exports.  In  the  preceding  Tables,  containing  the  exports  and  im- 
ports from  1795  to  1801,  it  will  be  perceived  that  the  value  of  the 
latter  exceeds  that  of  the  former  in  each  year.  In  1803 ,  the  value  of 
imports  (as  estimated  at  the  place  of  importation)  was  $11 1,363,51 1, 
and  the  value  of  exports  only  $93,020,573,  making  a  difference  of 
$18,343,938.  In  1807,  our  exports  were  valued  at  $108,343,150, 
and  the  imports  at  $138,574,876  84  cents,  making  a  difference  of 
$30,231,726.  The  value  of  the  imports  in  1807,  it  will  be  remem- 
bered, was  estimated  from  the  prices  at  which  the  same  articles  when 
exported  in  the  same  year  were  valued  at  the  custom-house. 

Indeed,  from  this  mode  of  calculating  their  value,  and  from  the  cir- 
cumstance that  American  merchants  have  been,  for  many  years,  prin- 
•  ipally  their  own  carriers,  however  paradoxical  it  may  appear,  it  is 


246 

nevertheless  true  that  the  real  gain  of  the  United  States  has  been 
nearly  in  proportion  as  their  imports  have  exceeded  their  exports. 
This  will  be  evident  from  a  simple  statement  in  respect  to  a  single 
voyage.  A  vessel  carries  a  cargo  of  flour  to  Spain  or  Portugal,  say 
five  thousand  barrels.  This  was  valued  in  1811,  at-$9  50  cents  per 
barrel,  making  the  value  of  the  cargo,  at  the  place  of  exportation, 
$47,500.  This  flour  would  bring  the  shipper  in  Spain,  say  fifteen 
dollars  per  barrel,  making  the  value  of  the  cargo  at  a  foreign  port, 
$75,000,  the  difference  being  $27,500.  This  difference  arises  from 
the  necessary  charges  on  the  voyage,  including  freight,  insurance, 
commissions,  <s:c.  and  perhaps,  also,  a  profit  more  or  less,  according 
to  the  state  of  the  market.  If  the  avails  of  this  cargo  should  be 
brought  home  directly  in  money,  the  value  of  the  imports  arising 
from  it  would  of  course  be  $75,000,  exceeding  the  value  of  the 
original  cargo  before  its  exportation,  $27,500.  If  this  cargo  were 
shipped  in  an  American  vessel,  and  entirely  on  account  of  the  Ame- 
rican merchant,  this  difference  would  be  a  gain  to  the  United  States. 
It  is  obvious,  indeed,  that  unless  the  avails  of  the  cargo,  when  sold  in 
a  foreign  port,  are  sufficient  to  cover  the  expense  of  shipment  in  addi- 
tion to  the  first  cost  at  the  place  of  exportation,  it  must  be  a  losing 
voyage. 

Return-,  however,  are  not  often  made  in  money  alone  ;  the  avails 
of  an  outward  cargo  are  generally  vested  in  some  foreign  articles  and 
imported  into  the  United  States  in  our  own  vessels.  The  freight  and 
other  expen.-es  on  the  return  cargo,  with  a  reasonable  profit,  are  in- 
cluded in  the  value  of  the  articles,  and  go  to  increase  the  difference 
between  the  estimated  value  of  the  imported  and  exported  cargo.  As 
most  of  our  exports  consist  of  bulky  articles,  and  are  carried  in  our 
own  ships,  the  profit  from  freight  alone  has  been  very  great.  In 
1811,  one  million  four  hundred  and  forty-five  thousand  and  twelve 
barrels  of  flour  were  shipped  from  the  United  States,  the  average 
ireight  could  not  be  less  than  two  dollars  per  barrel,  making  for  the 
whole  quantity  $2,890,024.  When  we  add  to  this  the  freight  on 
tobacco,  rice,  cotton,  lumber,  beef,  pork,  fish,  ice.  \.c.  kc.  the  whole 
must  amount  to  many  millions. 

The  imports  are  partly  again  exported,  and  the  rest  consumed  in 
ihe  United  States.       The  quantity  and  estimated  value  of  those  ex- 


24*7 


ported  are  contained  in  our  custom-house  books,  and  are  annually  re- 
ported to  congress  from  the  treasury  department,  and  Tables  Nos.  I. 
II.  and  III.  shew  the  amount  of  goods  paying  duties  ad  valorem,  to- 
gether with  the  quantities  of  spirits,  molasses,  wines,  teas,  coffee,  su- 
gar, and  salt,  imported  and  exported  at  different  periods. 

From  these  it  will  be  seen,  that  the  value  of  merchandize  paying 
duties  ad  valorem,  and  the  quantities  of  foreign  spirits,  molasses, 
wines,  teas,  coffee,  sugar,  and  salt,  annually  consumed  in  the  United 
States  at  different  periods,  were  as  follows,  viz.  : — 


Average  annual  amount. 
3  years,   1790  to  1792 
6  years,   1793  to  1798 
3  years,   1805  to  1807 


Merchandiz  e  paying- 
duties  ad  valorem. 
Dolls. 
19,310,801 
27,051,440 
38,549,966 


3  years,  1790  to  1792 

6  years,  1793  to  1798 

12  years,   1801  to  1812 


Spirits — foreign. 

Gallons. 
4,108,802 
5,176,810 
6.834.878 


3  years,  1790  to  1792 

6  years,  1793  to  1798 

12  years,  1801  to  1812 


Molasses. 
Gallons. 

5,423,122 
3,822,351 
7,207.589 


3  years,  1790  to  1792 

6  years,  1793  to  1798 

12  years,  1801  to  1812 


Wines  paying  spe- 
cific duties. 
Gallons. 

-       1,091,478 

•       1,502,403 

1.715,892 


Wines  paying  du- 
ties advalorem. 
Gallons. 

661,943 


248 

Teas, 
pounds. 

Average  annual  amount  Dolls. 

3  years,   1790  to  1792  2,215,749 

6  years,  1793  to  1798  -                           -        2,175,694 

12  years,  1801  to  1812  -                              3,277,194 

Coffee, 
pounds. 

3  years,  1790  to  1792       -  -  -        3,836,391 

G  years,  1793  to  1798  -  7,351,665 

12  years,   1801  to  1812     .-  -      11,107,380 

Sugar, 
pounds. 

3  years,   1790  to  1792  22,397,370 

6  years,  1793  to  1798       -  -      36,149,664 

12  years,   1801  to  1812  50,279,249 

Salt, 
pounds. 

3  years,   1790  to  1792       -  1,475,033 

6  years,   1793  to  1798  2,210,942 

7  years,  1801  to  1807       -  -        3,856,543 

The  consumption  of  foreign  articles  lias  increased,  with  the  in- 
crease of  population,  and  in  the  articles  of  coffee  and  sugar  particu- 
larly, the  ratio  of  increase  has  been  in  proportion  to  the  wealth,  as 
well  as  the  population  of  the  country. 

The  increase  of  American  population,  it  is  believed,  has  been, 
without  example,  in  the  annals  of  the  world.  From  1749  to  1790. 
a  period  of  forty -one  years,  the  increase  was,  from  little  more 
than  a  million,  to  nearly  four  millions.  By  the  first  enumeration 
under  the  present  constitution,  in  1790,  the  number  of  inhabitant- 
was—  -  -  -  3,929,326 

By  the  second,  in  1800,  -  5,309,758 

By  the  third,  in  1810,        -         -  -    7,239,905 

being  an  increase,  in  twenty  years,  of  3,310,577 


249 

The  numbers  in  each  state,  in  each  of  these  years,  may  be  seen  in 
tables  No.  IV.  V.  and  VI. 

The  whole'quantity  of  sugar  consumed  in  the  United  States,  for 
some  years  past,  must  have  been  about  seventy  millions  of  pounds. 
In  1810,  about  ten  millions  were  made,  in  the  territory  of  Orleans, 
now  state  of  Louisiana  ;  and  in  the  same  year,  according  to  the  re- 
turns of  the  marshals,  more  than  nine  millions  and  a  half  of  sugar 
were  made  from  the  maple  tree,  in  the  United  States. 

Sugar  plantations  have  been,  and  still  are  increasing  in  Louisiana  ; 
and  it  is  stated,  by  those  well  acquainted  with  the  subject,  that,  in 
1814,  not  less  than  fifteen  millions  were  made  in  that  state  ;  though 
but  a  small  proportion  of  the  lands  there,  suitable  for  sugar,  have  yet 
been  planted  with  cane. 

The  culture  of  the  sugar  cane  has  lately  been  introduced  into  the 
state  of  Georgia ;  and  the  experiments  already  made  have  been  at- 
tended with  the  most  flattering  success.  In  1805,  Thomas  Spalding, 
Esq.  a  gentleman  of  wealth  and  enterprise,  in  that  state,  procured  one 
hundred  cane  plants  from  the  West-Indies,  for  the  purpose  of  trying 
them  on  his  plantation,  on  an  island  near  the  sea  coast  of  Georgia. 
After  repeated  trials,  in  which  he  was  guided,  principally,  by  his 
own  judgment  and  experience,  he  completely  succeeded.  About 
three  years  since,  he  made  a  small  quantity  of  sugar  of  a  good  quali- 
ty ;  and  in  1814,  he  had  one  hundred  acres  in  cane,  which  produ- 
ced seventy -five  thousand  weight  of  prime  sugar,  and  four  thousand 
gallons  of  molasses  ;  and  but,  for  the  want  of  boilers,  which,  on  ac- 
count of  the  war.  could  not  be  brought  to  his  plantation,  would  have 
produced  one  hundred  thousand  weight.  The  culture  of  the  cane  is 
found  not  to  be  more  laborious  than  cotton,  and  is  not  liable  to  so 
many  accidents.  One  thousand  pounds  per  acre  is  not  considered  a 
great  crop.  This  at  ten  cents,  would  be  one  hundred  dollars.  Al- 
most every  planter,  along  the  sea  coast  of  Georgia,  is  now  turning  his 
attention,  more  or  less,  to  the  culture  of  the  sugar  cane  ;  and  from  ex- 
periments already  made,  the  cane  is  found  to  grow  luxuriantly,  as 
far  north  as  the  city  of  Charleston,  in  South-Carolina. 

There  can,  perhaps,  be  little  doubt,  that,  at  a  period  not  very  far 
distant,  a  su*ncient  quantity  of  sugar  may  be  made,  within  the  lim- 
its of  the  United  States,  for  the  consumption  of  the  inhabitants. 

32 


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252 
TABLE  No.  II. 


Statement  exhibiting  the  amount  or  value  of  goods  paying  duties  ad  va- 
lorem imported  into  the  United  States,  together  with  the  duties  accru- 
ing thereon — also  the  amount  or  value  of  the  same  goods  exported  ; 
distinguishing  those  entitled  to  drawback  and  those  not  entitled  to 
drawback. 


Value  of    :  Value  of 

Value  of 

goods  ex-   |  goods  ex- 

goods im- 

ported   pay-:ported  pay- 

TEARS. 

ported  pay- 

Duties. 

ing  duties  ad 

ing   duties 

ing  duties 

valorem  enti- 

ad val.  not 

ad  valorem. 

tled  to  draw- 

entitled to 

back. 

drawback. 

1801 

55,569,255 

7,070,430 

- 

- 

]  802 

37,546,051 

4,960,123 

- 

- 

1803 

36,842,865 

4,850,630 

- 

- 

1804 

43,481,363 

5,664,797 

- 

- 

1805 

49,148,064 

6,410,440 

7,861,744 

5,617,889 

1806 

54,832,896 

7,162,099 

10,121,468 

6,066,099 

1S07 

57,820,532 

7,560,929 

11,047,359 

5,437,034 

1808 

21,216,935 

2,739,375 

2,  50,192 

1,443,198 

1809 

28,549,588 

3,806,263 

3,587,209 

1,759,216 

1810 

52,476,125 

6,814,255 

3,791,835 

2,837,076 

1811 

21,874,953 

2,820,166 

3,535,318 

3,120,884 

1812 

24,729,282 

5,782,144 

1,630,122/ 

888,900 

The  importations  in  these  statements  are  from  1st  January,  1801,  to  theSlsl 
December,  1812,  and  the  exports  from  the  1st  of  October,  1801,  to  the 
30th  September,  1812. 


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Dist.  of  N.Carolina, 

East,  Tennessee, 
West  Tennessee 
South-Carolina, 
Georgia, 

Ter.  of  Orleans, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Michigan, 
Dist.  of  Columbia, 

CHAPTER  VIII. 


Public  debt  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  government — Funded,  and 
on  what  terms — Sinking  Fund — Increase  or  decrease  of  the  debt  at  differ- 
ent periods — By  whom  owned  in  1803 — Amount  at  the  time  of  the  declara- 
tion of  the  late  war  between  the  United  States  and  Great -Britain — Its  in- 
crease since — Amount  and  terms  of  the  late  loans,  and  issues  of  Treasury 
Notes — Sketch  of  the  national  debt  and  sinking  fund  of  Great-Britain, 

We  have  before  stated,  that  in  April,  1783,  the  debt  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  (exclusive  of  the  State  debts)  was  estimated  at  $42,000,375 
and  that  from  that  time,  to  the  commencement  of  the  present  go- 
vernment, a  small  part  only  of  the  interest  of  this  sum  was  paid. 
The  attention  of  the  first  Congress  was  early  called  to  the  subject  of 
supporting  public  credit,  and  of  making  provision  for  the  payment 
of  the  public  debt.  The  first  House  of  Representatives,  under  the 
constitution,  directed  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to  prepare  and 
report  a  plan  for  the  support  of  public  credit.  The  Secretary,  in 
pursuance  of  such  direction,  made  a  report  on  the  subject,  the  9th  of 
January,  1790,  which  afterwards  became  the  basis  of  the  various 
laws  passed  by  congress  for  funding  and  paying  the  public  debt. 
By  this  report,  the  whole  debt  of  the  United  States,  foreign  and 
domestic,  liquidated  and  unliquidated,  was  estimated  at  $54,124,464 
and  56  cents. 

The  principal  of  the  foreign  debt,  was         -         $10,070,307 
Arrears  of  interest  to  the  last  day  of  December, 
1789.  -  -  -  1,640,071  62 

$11,710,378  62 


262 

The  foreign  debt  consisted  of  loans  from  governments  and  indivi- 
duals in  Europe,  as  follows,  viz. — 

CAPITAL  SUMS  BORROWED. 

Livres.  Dolls.     Cts. 

Of  the  royal  French  treasury,  on  interest 
at  five  per  cent.  -  -  -         24,000,000 

In  Holland,  guaranteed  by  the  French 
court,  at  four  per  cent.  -  -  10,000,000 


Livres  34,000,000  6,296,296 

Of  the  royal  Spanish  treasury,  at  five  per 
cent.  -  -  -  -  -  174,012 

Florins. 
Lenders  in  Holland, 

first  loan,  five  per  cent.  -             -           5,000,000 

second  loan,  four  per  cent.  -                2,000,000 

third  loan,  five  per  cent.  -                        1,000,000 

fourth  loan,  five  per  cent.  1,000,000 


9,000,000  3,600,000 


$10,070,301 

ARREARAGES  OE  IM'EREST  TO  olST  DECEMBER,  1789- 

ON  THE  FRENCH  LOAN. 

Livres.  Dolls.  Cts 
1739,  Jan.  1 ,  5  yrs.  interest  on  the  6,000,000 

at  five  per  cent.  -  -  277,777  77 

Sept.  3,  six  years  interest  on  the  18,000,000 

at  five  per  cent.  -  -  999,999  96 

Nov.  5,  four  years  interest  on  the  10,000,000 

at  four  per  cent.  -  -  296,296 


263 

ON  THE  SPANISH  LOAN. 

Dolls.  Cts. 
Arrearages  on  the  Spanish  loan  of  $  174,01 1 

to  21st  March  1782,  at  5  per  ct.  -  5,093  27 

March  21,  seven  years  interest  on       do.      60,904  62 

1,640,071  62 


$11,710,378  62 

The  principal  of  the  Inundated  domestic  debt  was  $27,383,917  74 
The    arrears    of    interest    to    the    end   of    1790, 

amount  to  -  -  -  13,030,168  20 


$40,414,085  9- 
The  unliquidated  debt  was  estimated  at  2,000,000 


Making  together,  -  -  $54,124,464  56 

The  state  debts,  including  interest,  were  estimated  at  $25,000,000. 
la  this  report,  the  Secretary  recommends  to  Congress  an  assumption 
of  the  state  debts,  with  like  provision  for  payment  as  the  debts  of  the 
union,  as  "  a  measure  of  sound  policy  and  substantial  justice."  If 
the  United  States  should  assume  the  state  debts,  the  whole  debt,  to  be 
provided  for  by  the  general  government,  would  amount  to  about  se- 
venty-nine millions  of  dollars,  and  the  annual  interest  to  $4,587,444 
and  81  cents,  as  estimated  in  the  report. 

It  was  doubted  by  the  Secretary,  whether,  in  addition  to  the  other 
expenses  of  the  government,  it  was  in  the  power  of  the  United  States 
"  to  make  a  secure  and  effectual  provision  for  so  large  a  sum,  on  the 
terms  of  the  original  contracts."  On  this  subject  he  says  "  the  in- 
teresting problem  now  occurs :  Is  it  in  the  power  of  the  United 
States,  consistently  with  those  prudential  considerations,  which  ought 
not  to  be  overlooked,  to  make  provision  equal  to  the  purpose  of  fund- 
ing the  whole  debt,  at  the  rates  of  interest  which  it  now  bears,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  sum  which  will  bo  necessary  for  the  current  service  ct 
(he  {rovernmf  nt  ? 


26i 

•v  The  Secretary  will  not  say  that  such  a  provision  would  exceed 
the  abilities  of  this  country  ;  but  he  is  clearly  of  opinion,  that  to 
make  it,  would  require  the  extension  of  taxation  to  a  degree,  and  to 
objects,  which  the  true  interest  of  the  public  forbids.  It  is  therefore 
to  be  hoped,  and  even  to  be  expected,  that  they  will  cheerfully  con- 
cur in  such  modifications  of  their  claims,  on  fair  and  equitable  princi- 
ples, as  will  facilitate  to  the  government  an  arrangement  substantial, 
durable,  and  satisfactory  to  the  community.  It  will  not  be  forgotten, 
that  exigencies  may,  ere  long,  arise,  which  would  call  for  resources, 
greatly  beyond  what  is  now  deemed  sufficient  for  the  current  service  ; 
and  that,  should  the  faculties  of  the  country  be  exhausted  or  even 
strained  to  provide  for  the  public  debt,  there  could  be  less  reliance 
on  the  sacredness  of  the  provision. 

"  But  while  the  Secretary  yields  to  the  force  of  these  considera- 
tions, he  does  not  lose  sight  of  those  fundamental  principles  of  good 
faith,  which  dictate,  that  every  practicable  exertion  ought  to  be 
made,  scrupulously  to  fulfil  the  engagements  of  the  government ; 
that  no  change  in  the  rights  of  its  citizens  ought  to  be  attempted 
without  their  voluntary  consent ;  and  that  this  consent  ought  to  be 
voluntary  in  fact,  as  well  as  in  name.  Consequently,  that  every  pro- 
posal of  a  change  ought  to  be  in  the  shape  of  an  appeal  to  their  rea- 
son and  to  their  interest ;  not  to  their  necessities.  To  this  end  it  is  re- 
quisite, that  a.  fair  equivalent  should  be  offered  for  what  may  be  ask- 
ed to  be  given  up,  and  unquestionable  security  for  the  remainder. 
Without  this,  an  alteration,  consistently  with  the  credit  and  honour  of 
die  nation,  would  be  impracticable." 

With  these  views,  he  submits  to  the  consideration  of  Congress,  va- 
rious plans  and  propositions  for  the  modification,  security,  and  pay- 
ment of  the  domestic  debt.  The  main  object  of  all  his  propositions 
was  either  to  lower  the  rate  of  interest,  or  to  postpone  the  payment 
of  the  interest,  or  a  part  of  the  sum,  to  a  distant  day,  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  creditors  themselves.  On  the  14th  of  August,  1790,  Con- 
gress passed  "  an  act  making  provision  for  the  debt  of  the  United 
States.1'  This  act  proposed  a  loan  of  the  whole  of  the  domestic  debt. 
The  terms  of  the  loan  were,  that  two  thirds  of  the  principal  of  the 
debt  subscribed  should  draw  an  interest  of  six  per  cent,  per  annum., 
from  a ntL  after  the   first  day  of  January,   1791.  and  the  remaining 


265 

third  of  the  principal,  to  draw  the  same  interest,  from  and  after  the 
year  1800  ;  the  interest  on  both  to  be  payable  quarter  yearly  ;  and 
that  so  much  of  the  debt  subscribed,  as  consisted  of  arrears  of  interest, 
should,  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  January,  1791,  bear  an  interest 
of  three  per  cent. 

By  the  same  act,  Congress  assumed  twenty-one  and  a  half  millions 
of  the  debts  of  the  several  states  ;  and  the  sums  assumed  were  ap- 
portioned to  each  state.  This  sum  was  also  to  be  loaned  to  the  Unit, 
ed  States,  by  the  individuals  who  held  certain  evidences  of  state 
debts,  on  the  following  terms,  viz.  Each  subscriber  to  be  entitled  to 
one  certificate  for  the  sum  equal  to  four  ninths  of  the  sum  subscribed, 
bearing  an  interest  of  six  per  cent,  per  annum,  commencing  the  first 
day  of  January,  1792  ;  to  another  certificate  for  a  sum  equal  to  two 
ninths  of  the  sum  subscribed,  bearing  an  interest  of  six  per  cent,  after 
the  year  1800 ;  and  to  a  third  certificate,  for  a  sum  equal  to  three  ninths 
of  the  sum  subscribed,  bearing  an  interest  of  three  per  cent,  from  the 
first  day  of  January,  1792.  This  act  was,  at  first,  limited  to  one 
year,  but  was  afterwards  extended  until  the  whole  of  the  assumed 
debt  was  subscribed,  and  nearly  the  whole  of  the  domestic  debt  of 
the  United  States.  On  the  31st  day  of  December,  1794,  the  amount 
of  the  domestic  or  original  debt  of  the  United  States,  which  was  sub- 
scribed and  funded  according  to  the  provisions  of  law,  (including  the 
debt  standing  to  the  credit  of  individual  states,  being  balances  found 
due  to  them  on  a  final  settlement  of  accounts  between  them  and  the 
United  States,  and  including  also,  that  which,  previous  to  that  time, 
had  been  purchased  by  the  commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund,)  was 
as  follows,  viz. 

Six  per  cent,  stock,  -  $20,925,894  39 

Deferred  stock,         ....  10,462,947  61 

Three  per  cent,  stock,  -  -  13.394.280  0] 

The  amount  of  funded  assumed  debt,   (including 
that  purchased  or  redeemed  by  the  commissioner*  of 


U 


260 

the  sinking  iund,)  on  the  last  day  of  December,  1794; 
was  as  follows,  viz. — 

Six  per  cent,  stock,             -             -  $8,120,836  23 

Deferred  stock,             -             -  -       4,060,417  84 

Three  per  cent,  stock,  6,090,560  67 

Making  in  the  whole  six  per  cent,  stock,  -        $29,046,730  62 

Deferred  stock,       -  -       14,523,365  45 

Three  per  cent,  stock,  -       19,484,840  68 


$63,054,936  75 
Redeemed  by  purchase,  -  2,265,022  57 


Total  due,  December  31st,  1794,*  $60,789,914  18 

The  total  amount  of  the  unredeemed  debt  of  the  United  States,  botli 
foreign  and  domestic,  and  the  particulars  of  which  it  consisted,  on  tht 
31st  day  of  December,  1794,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

Foreign  debt,  $14,599,129  35 

Deduct  instalments  of  foreign  debt 
in  the  year  1795,  to  be  paid 
out  of  proceeds  of  foreign 
loans,  -  -  853,750 

13,745,379  35 


Funded  domestic  debt,  viz. 
1.  Arising    from    original    domestic 
debt,    subscribed    to  loan  pro- 
posed by  funding  act, 

Stock  bearing  present  inte- 
rest of  six  per  cent.  $17,912,138  Of 

Stock  bearing  a  future  inte- 
rest of  six  per  cent.  -  8,538,228  97 

Stock  bearing  interest  of 
three  per  cent.  -  12,275,347  55 

*  See  Report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  1795 


26? 

2,  Arising  from  state  debts  assumed, 

Stock  bearing  present  inte- 
rest of  six  per  cent.  -  $7,908,374   19 

Stock  bearing  a  future  inte- 
rest of  six  per  cent.  -  3,940,608  96 

Stock  bearing  an  interest  of 
three  per  cent.  -  5,994,115  70 

3.  Arising  from  balances  to  creditor 

states, 

Stock  bearing  present  inte- 
rest of  six  per  cent.  -  2,345,056 

Stock  bearing  a  future  inte- 
rest of  six  per  cent.  -  1,172,528 

Stock  bearing  an  interest  of 
three  per  cent.  -  703,516  80 


60,789.914   18 


Unsubscribed  debt,  viz. 

Principal,  exclusive  of  loan 
office  certificates,  bearing  inte- 
rest, on  nominal  value,         -       $1,072,583  40 

Interest  thereupon,  including 
indents, 

Principal  of  loan  office  certi- 
ficates, bearing  interest  on  no- 
minal sum, 

Interest  thereupon, 


Total  of  unredeemed  debt, 

This  is  exclusive  of  a  sum  of  $1,400,000  due  to  the  bank  of  the 
United  States,  on  account  of  the  loan  of  $2,000,000  had  of  that  in- 
stitution, pursuant  to  the  eleventh  section  of  the  act  by  which  it  is 
incorporated,  and  which  is  not  included  in  the  mass  of  the  debt,  be- 
cause it  is  more  than  counter-balanced,  by  a  greater  value  in  stock 


452,826 

74 

27,937 

7,830 

i  £fii  i7r.  i, 

- 

$76,096,468  67 

268 

It  is  also  exclusive  of  those  loans,  which  are  temporary  anticipations 
of  the  revenue. 

The  United  States,  by  the  terms  of  the  loan,  reserved  to  them- 
selves the  right  of  paying  the  six  per  cent,  and  deferred  stock,  in  any 
sum,  not  exceeding  eight  per  cent,  per  annum,  both  on  account  of 
principal  and  interest ;  and  the  three  per  cents,  were  redeemable  at 
the  pleasure  of  the  United  States. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  his  report  of  January,  1790,  on 
the  subject  of  funding  the  debt,  proposes  not  only  that  funds  be  ap- 
propriated for  the  punctual  payment  of  the  interest,  but  that  perma- 
nent funds,  be  also  provided  for  the  ultimate  extinguishment  of  the 
debt  itself. 

On  this  subject  he  says,  "  Persuaded  as  the  Secretary  is,  that  the 
proper  funding  of  the  present  debt  will  render  it  a  national  blessing  ; 
yet  he  is  so  far  from  acceding  to  the  position,  in  the  latitude,  it  is 
sometimes  laid  down,  that  '  public  debts  are  public  blessings,'  a  posi- 
tion inviting  to  prodigality  and  liable  to  danger  and  abuse,  that  he  ar- 
dently wishes  to  see  incorporated,  as  a  fundamental  maxim,  in  the  sys- 
tem of  public  credit  of  the  United  States,  that  the  creation  of  a  debt 
should  always  be  accompanied  with  the  means  of  extinguishment. 
This  he  regards  as  the  true  secret  for  rendering  public  credit  immor- 
tal— and  he  presumes  that  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  a  situation  in 
which  there  may  not  be  an  adherence  to  the  maxim.  At  least,  he 
feels  an  unfeigned  solicitude,  that  this  may  be  attempted  by  the 
United  States,  and  that  they  may  commence  their  measures  for  the 
establishment  of  credit,  with  the  observance  of  it." 

In  pursuance  of  these  views  of  the  Secretary,  provision  was  made 
by  law  first  for  the  punctual  payment  of  the  interest  of  this  debt,  and 
afterwards  for  the  reimbursement  and  redemption  of  the  principal  ; 
and  funds  were  appropriated  and  pledged  for  those  purposes. 

Prior  to  the  year  1795,  the  permanent  duties  on  imported  articles, 
the  tonnage  duties,  the  duties  on  spirits  distilled  within  the  United 
Slates,  and  on  stills,  after  reserving  out  of  the  same,  $G00,000  per 
annum,  for  the  support  of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  and 
their  common  defence,  were  appropriated  and  pledged — 

1  st.  For  the  payment  of  the  interest  on  foreign  loans. 


269 

2d.  For  the  payment  of  the  interest  on  stock  created  by  the  loan  of 
the  domestic  or  original  debt  of  the  United  States. 

3d.  For  the  payment  of  the  interest  of  the  assumed  debt. 

4th.  For  the  payment  of  the  interest  on  the  balances  due  to  the  credi- 
tor states. 

These  appropriations  had  priorities  according  to  the  order  in 
which  they  are  enumerated. 

A  fund  was  also  created,  previous  to  the  year  1795,  for  the  re- 
demption of  the  debt,  which  was  called  "  the  sinking  fund,*'  and  was 
placed  under  the  management  of  the  President  of  the  Senate,  the  Chief 
Justice,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  the 
Attorney -General  for  the  time  being,  who  were  called  Commissioners 
of  ';  the  sinking  fund."     This  fund  consisted — 

1st.  Of  the  surplus  of  the  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage  to  the  end  of 

the  year  1790. 
2d.  The  proceeds  of  loans,  not  exceeding  $2,000,000,  authorized  to 

be  borrowed  for  that  purpose. 
3d.  The  interest  on  the  public  debt,  purchased,  redeemed,  or  paid 

into  the  treasury,  together  with  the  surplusses,   if  any,  of  monies 

appropriated  for  interest. 
4th.  The  avails  of  the  public  lands. 

This  fund  was  to  be  applied  by  the  Commissioners,  with  the  ap- 
probation of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  as  follows,  viz.  : — 

1st.  To  purchases  of  the  debt,  till  the  fund  is  equal  to  two  percent. 

of  the  outstanding  stock,  then  bearing  an  interest  of  six  per  cent. 
2d.  To  the  redemption  of  that  stock  ;  and  lastly,  to  purchases  of  any 

unredeemed  residue  of  the  public  debt. 

There  was  reserved,  however,  out  of  this  fund,  a  sum  not  exceed- 
ing eight  per  cent,  per  annum,  towards  the  payment  of  interest,  and 
reimbursing  of  the  principal  of  the  loans  made  for  purchases  of  the 
debt.  The  amount  of  the  debt  purchased  by  the  Commissioners  of 
the  sinking  fund  up  to  December  31st,  1794,  was  $2,265,022  and 
56  cents. 


270 

On  the  19th  of  November,  1794,  President  Washington,  in  hi< 
speech  to  Congress,  at  the  opening  of  their  session,  recommended 
that  further  provision  be  made  for  the  security  of  public  credit,  and 
the  ultimate  redemption  of  the  public  debt,  in  the  following  words. — 

"  The  time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  commencement  of  our  fis- 
cal measures,  has  developed  our  pecuniary  resources,  so  as  to  open 
the  way  for  a  definitive  plan  for  the  redemption  of  the  public  debt. 
Tt  is  believed,  that  the  result  is  such,  as  to  encourage  Congress  to 
consummate  this  work  without  delay.  Nothing  can  more  promote 
the  permanent  welfare  of  the  nation,  and  nothing  would  be  more 
grateful  to  our  constituents.  Indeed,  whatsoever  is  unfinished  of  our 
system  of  public  credit,  cannot  be  benefitted  by  procrastination  ;  and 
as  far  as  may  be  practicable,  we  ought  to  place  that  credit  on  grounds 
which  cannot  be  disturbed,  and  to  prevent  that  progressive  accumu- 
lation of  debt,  which  must  ultimately  endanger  all  governments." 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  according  with  the  views  of  the 
President  on  this  subject,  on  the  16th  of  January,  1795,  submitted  to 
Congress,  a  plan  for  the  further  support  of  public  credit.  This  plan, 
drawn  up  with  great  ability,  recommended  the  adoption  of  a  perma- 
nent system  for  the  ultimate  extinguishment  of  the  whole  debt  of  the 
United  States.  For  this  purpose,  he  proposed  an  increase  of  the 
sinking  fund,  by  adding  thereto  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage,  on 
spirits  distilled  within  the  United  States,  and  on  stills,  the  avails  of 
the  sales  of  public  lands,  the  dividends  on  bank  stock  belonging  to 
the  United  States,  and  the  interest  of  the  money  which  should  be  re- 
deemed, and  that  there  should  be  appropriated  to  the  same  fund,  all 
monies,  which  should  be  received  from  debts  due  to  the  United 
States,  antecedent  to  the  present  constitution,  and  all  surplusses  of  the 
amount  of  revenue  of  the  United  States,  which  should  remain  at  the 
end  of  any  calendar  year,  beyond  the  amount  of  the  appropriations 
charged  upon  them,  and  which,  during  the  session  of  Congress  com- 
mencing next  thereafter,  should  not  be  specially  appropriated.  That 
this  fund  be  applied  to  the  payment  and  redemption  of  the  six  per 
cent,  and  deferred  stock,  (excluding  that  standing  to  the  credit  of  the 
Commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund,  and  also  that  standing  to  the  credit 
of  particular  states,  on  account  of  the  balances  reported  in  their  fa- 
vour, by  the  Commissioners  for  settling  accounts  between  the  United 


271 

States  and  individual  gtates,)  according  to  the  right  reserved  to  the 
United  States  ;  that  is,  to  the  payment  annually,  of  eight  per  cent, 
on  account  of  the  principal  and  interest,  and  to  continue  until  the 
whole  of  the  same  should  be  paid  and  redeemed,  and  after  such  re- 
demption, the  same  fund  to  continue  appropriated,  until  the  residue 
of  the  debt  of  the  United  States,  foreign  and  domestic,  funded  and 
unfunded,  should  be  redeemed  and  discharged. 

The  Secretary  also  proposed,  that  the  faith  of  the  United  States 
should  be  firmly  pledged  to  the  creditors,  that  this  fund  should  be  in- 
violably applied  to  the  redemption,  payment,  and  purchase  of  the 
whole  debt  of  the  United  States,  until  the  same  was  fully  completed ; 
and  that  for  this  purpose,  the  said  fund  should  be  vested  in  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  sinking  fund,  "  as  property  in  trust."  He  also  pro- 
posed, that  all  priorities  before  established,  in  the  appropriations  for 
the  funded  debt,  as  between  different  parts  of  it  after  the  year  1796, 
should  cease  unless  dissented  to,  by  the  creditors ;  and  that  the  rev- 
enue thus  appropriated,  should  constitute  a  common  or  consolidated 
fund,  chargeable  indiscriminately  and  without  priority. 

The  remarks  of  the  Secretary,  on  the  danger  of  a  great  accumula- 
tion of  public  debt,  and  on  the  necessary  means  to  prevent  it,  are  too 
important  not  to  merit  a  place  here. — "  There  is  no  sentiment,"  he 
says  in  his  report,  "  which  can  better  deserve  the  serious  attention 
of  the  Legislature  of  a  country,  than  the  one  expressed  in  the  speech 
of  the  President ;  which  indicates  the  danger  to  every  government, 
from  the  progressive  accumulation  of  debt.  A  tendency  to  it  is  per- 
haps the  natural  disease  of  all  governments  ;  and  it  is  not  easy  to  con- 
ceive any  thing  more  likely  than  this  to  lead  to  great  and  convulsive 
revolutions  of  empires.  On  the  one  hand,  the  exigencies  of  a  nation 
creating  new  causes  of  expenditure,  as  well  from  its  own,  as  frojai  the 
ambition,  rapacity,  injustice,  intemperance  and  folly  of  other  nations, 
proceed  in  unceasing  and  rapid  succession.  On  the  other,  there  is  a 
general  propensity  in  those,  who  administer  the  affairs  of  government, 
founded  in  the  constitution  of  man,  to  shift  off  the  burden  from  the 
present  to  a  future  day  ;  a  propensity  which  may  be  expected  to  !  )e 
strong  in  proportion  as  the  form  of  the  state  is  popular. 

"  To  extinguish  a  debt,  which  exists,  and  to  avoid  contractin  * 
more,  arc  ideas  almost  always  favoured  bv  public  feeling;  and  onin  • 


272 

ion  ;  but  to  pay  taxes  lor  the  one  or  other  purpose,  which  are  the 
only  means  to  avoid  the  evil,  is  always  more  or  less  unpopular. 
These  contradictions  are  in  human  nature.  And  the  lot  of  a  country 
would  be  enviable  indeed,  in  which  there  were  not  always  men  ready 
to  turn  them  to  the  account  of  their  own  popularity,  or  to  some  other 
sinister  account.  Hence  it  is  no  uncommon  spectacle  to  see  the 
same  men  clamouring  for  occasions  of  expense,  when  they  happen  to 
be  in  unison  with  the  present  humour  of  the  community,  well  or  ill  di- 
rected, declaiming  against  a  public  debt,  and  for  the  reduction  of  it, 
as  an  abstract  thesis ;  yet,  vehement  against  every  plan  of  taxation 
which  is  proposed  to  discharge  old  debts,  or  to  avoid  new,  by  defray- 
ing the  expenses  of  exigencies  a>  they  emerge. 

"  These  unhandsome  acts  throw  artificial  embarrassments  in  the 
way  of  the  administrators  of  governments  ;  and  cooperating  with  the 
desire,  which  they  themselves  are  too  apt  to  feel,  to  conciliate  public 
favour  by  declining  to  lay  unnecessary  burdens,  or  with  the  fear  of  lo- 
sing it,  by  imposing  them  with  firmness,  serve  to  promote  the  accumu- 
lation of  debt ;  by  leaving  that,  which  at  any  time  exists,  with- 
out adequate  provision  for  its  reimbursement,  and  by  preventing  the 
laying  with  energy  new  taxes,  where  new  occasions  of  expense  occur. 
The  consequence  is,  that  the  public  debt  swells,  till  its  magnitude  be- 
comes enormous,  and  the  burthens  of  the  people  gradually  increase, 
till  their  weight  becomes  intolerable.  Of  such  a  state  of  things  great 
disorder  in  the  whole  political  economy,  convulsions  and  revolutions 
of  governments  are  a  natural  offspring. 

"  There  can  be  no  more  sacred  obligation,  then,  on  the  public 
agents  of  a  nation,  than  to  guard,  with  provident  foresight  and  inflexi- 
ble perseverance,  against  so  mischievous  a  result.  True  patriotism 
and  genuine  policy  cannot,  it  is  respectfully  observed,  be  better  de- 
monstrated by  those  of  the  United  States  at  the  present  juncture,  than 
by  improving  efficiently  the  very  favourable  situation  in  which  they 
stand,  for  extinguishing,  with  reasonable  celerity,  the  actual  debt  of 
the  country,  and  for  laying  the  foundations  of  a  system  which  may 
shield  posterity  from  the  consequences  of  the  usual  improvidence  and 
selfishness  of  its  ancestors  ;  and  which,  if  possible,  may  give  immor- 
tality to  public  credit." 

On  the  policy  of  establishing  a  sinking  fund,  and  of  rendering  it? 


273 

application  to  any  other  object,  than  that  for  which  it  is  appropriated, 
inviolable,  the  Secretary,  in  the  same  Report,  says  "  The  intent  is  to 
secure,  by  all  the  sanctions  of  which  the  subject  is  susceptible,  an  invi- 
olable application  of  the  fund  according  to  its  destination.  No  ex- 
pedients more  powerful  can  be  devised  for  this  purpose,  than  to  clothe 
it  with  the  character  of  private  property,  and  to  engage  absolutely  the 
faith  of  the  government,  by  making  the  application  of  it  to  the  object, 
a  part  of  the  contract  with  the  creditors.     But  is  this  necessary  ? 

"  Its  necessity  rests  upon  these  cogent  reasons.  The  inviolable  ap- 
plication of  an  adequate  sinking  fund  is  the  only  practicable  security 
against  an  excessive  accumulation  of  debt,  and  the  essential  basis  of  a 
permanent  national  credit. 

"  Experience  has  shewn,  in  countries  the  most  attentive  to  the 
principles  of  public  credit,  that  a  simple  appropriation  of  the  sinking 
fund  is  not  a  complete  barrier  against  its  being  diverted  when  imme- 
diate exigencies  press.  The  causes  which  have  been  stated,  with 
another  view,  tempt  the  administrators  of  government  to  lay  hold 
of  this  resource,  rather  than  impose  new  taxes. 

"  This  indicates  the  utility  of  endeavouring  to  give,  by  additional 
sanctions,  inviolability  to  the  fund. 

"  But  will  those  proposed  answer  the  end  ?  They  are  the  most  effi- 
cacious that  can  be  imagined  ;  and  they  are  likely  to  be  entirely  effi- 
cacious. 

"•  They  cannot  be  disregarded  without  a  breach  of  faith  and  con- 
tract, destroying  credit,  and  that  at  a  juncture,  when  it  is  most  indis- 
pensable ;  the  emergencies  which  induce  a  diversion  of  the  fund  are 
those  in  which  loans,  and  consequently  credit,  are  most  needed." 

In  pursuance  of  the  plan  suggested  by  the  Secretary,  an  act  was 
passed  by  Congress,  on  the  3d  day  of  March  1795,  "  making  furthei 
provision  tor  the  support  of  public  credit,  and  for  the  redemption  of 
the  public  debt." 

By  this  act  the  following  additional  appropriations  are  made  to  the 
sinking  fund,  viz. — 

"  First.  So  much  of  the  proceeds  of  the  duties  on  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandize,  on  the  tonnage  of  ships  or  vessels,  and  on  spirits  distilled 
within  the  United  States,  and  on  stills,  as  together  with  the  monies, 
which  now  constitute  the  said  fund,  and  shall  accrue  to  it,  by  virtue  nj 


274 

the  provisions  herein  before  made,  and  by  the  interest  upon  each  in- 
stalment, or  part  of  principal,  which  shall  be  reimbursed,  will  be  suffi- 
cient, yearly  and  every  year,  commencing  the  1st  day  of  January  next, 
to  reimburse  and  pay  so  much  as  may  rightfully  be  reimbursed  and 
paid  of  the  principal  of  that  part  of  the  debt  or  stock,  which  on  the 
said  first  day  of  January  next,  shall  bear  an  interest  of  six  per  cent, 
redeemable  on  account,  both  of  principal  and  interest,  not  exceeding 
in  one  year  eight  per  centum,  excluding  that  which  shall  stand  to 
the  credit  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund,  and  that  which 
shall  stand  to  the  credit  of  certain  states,  in  consequence  of  the  balan- 
ces reported  in  their  favour  by  the  Commissioners  for  settling  account- 
between  the  United  States  and  individual  states. 

"  Secondly.  The  dividends,  which  shall  be,  from  time  to  time,  de- 
clared on  so  much  of  the  stock  of  the  bank  of  the  United  States,  as  be- 
longs to  the  United  States  (deducting  thereout  such  sums  as  will  be  re- 
quisite to  pay  interest  on  any  part  remaining  unpaid  of  the  loan  of  two 
millions  of  dollars,  had  of  the  bank  of  the  United  States,  pursuant  to 
the  eleventh  section  of  the  act,  by  which  the  said  bank  is  incorpora- 
ted.) 

"  Thirdly.  So  much  of  the  duties  on  goods,  wares,  and  merchan- 
dize imported,  on  the  tonnage  of  ships  or  vessels,  and  on  spirits  dis- 
tilled within  the  United  States,  and  on  stills,  as  with  the  said  divi- 
dends, after  such  deduction,  will  be  sufficient,  yearly  and  every  year, 
to  pay  the  remaining  instalments  of  the  principal  of  said  loan,  as  they 
shall  become  due,  and  as  together  with  any  other  monies  which,  by 
virtue  of  provisions  in  former  acts,  and  herein  before  made,  shall  on 
the  1st  of  January,  in  1802,  belong  to  the  said  sinking  fund,  not  oth- 
erwise specially  appropriated  ;  and  with  the  interest  on  each  instal- 
ment, or  part  of  principal,  which  shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  reim- 
bursed, or  paid,  of  that  part  of  the  debt  or  stock,  which  on  the  first 
day  of  January,  1801,  shall  begin  to  bear  an  interest  of  six  per  cent, 
per  annum,  will  be  sufficient,  yearly  and  every  year,  commencing  on 
the  1st  day  of  January,  1802,  to  reimburse  and  pay  so  much  as  may 
rightfully  be  reimbursed  and  paid,  of  the  said  principal  of  the  said 
•Icbt  or  stock,  Lc. 

■;  Fourthly.  The  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  land-,    beionsine;,  or 


275 

which  shall  hereafter  belong  to  the  United  States,  in  the  western  ter 
ritory  thereof. 

"  Fifthly.  All  monies,  which  shall  be  received  into  the  Treasury, 
on  account  of  debts  due  to  the  United  States,  by  reason  of  any  mat- 
ter prior  to  their  present  constitution. 

"  And  lastly  :  All  surplusses  of  revenues  of  the  United  States,  which 
shall  remain,  at  the  end  of  any  calendar  year,  beyond  the  amount  of 
the  appropriations  charged  upon  the  said  revenues,  and  which,  during 
the  session  of  Congress  next  thereafter,  shall  not  be  otherwise  special- 
ly appropriated,  or  reserved  by  law." 

By  the  same  act,  the  monies  thus  appropriated  to  the  sinking  fund, 
were  placed  under  the  direction  and  management  of  the  Commission- 
ers of  that  fund  ;  and  were  to  continue  so  appropriated,  until  the 
whole  debt  of  the  United  States  should  be  reimbursed  and  redeemed  : 
and  were  declared  to  be  vested  in  said  Commissioners,  in  trust,  to  be 
applied  to  the  reimbursement  and  redemption  of  the  whole  of  said 
debt. 

And  the  faith  of  the  United  States  was  also  pledged,  "  that  the  mo- 
nies or  funds  aforesaid  shall  inviolably  remain  and  be  appropriated 
and  vested,  to  be  applied  to  the  reimbursement  and  redemption,  in 
manner  aforesaid,  until  the  same  shall  be  fully  and  completely  effect- 
ed." 

The  Commissioners  were  also  authorized,  if  necessary ,  with  the  ap- 
probation of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  for  the  purpose  of  pay- 
ing any  instalments  of  the  debt,  which  might  become  due,  to  borrow 
the  sums  required.  This  power  was  entrusted  with  the  Commission- 
ers, in  order  to  give  complete  security  to  the  creditors,  for  the  punc- 
tual payment  of  the  principal,  as  well  as  the  interest  of  the  debt,  ac- 
cording to  the  terms  of  the  contracts.  The  reason  for  vesting  the  Com- 
missioners with  this  power,  is  given  by  the  Secretary  in  his  Report : 
"  It  is  proposed  to  authorize  the  Commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund 
to  provide  by  new  loans  for  the  reimbursement  of  the  instalments 
which  from  time  to  time  accrue.  This  is  on  the  ground  that  it  is  es- 
sential to  the  perfection  of  the  system  of  redemption,  that  all  iht- 
means  of  ultimate  execution  should  be  organized  in  it.  and  that  there 
>hould  be  no  need  of  future  provision.'" 


276 

The  Commissioners  were  directed,  to  apply  this  fund — 

1st.  To  the  payment  of  eisht  per  cent,  per  annum,  l»oth  on  ac- 
count of  principal  and  interest,  on  the  six  per  cent,  stock,  commenc- 
ing the  reimbursement  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1796. 

2d.  To  the  payment  of  the  loan  had  of  the  bank  of  the  United 
States. 

3d.  To  the  payment  of  eight  per  cent,  per  annum,  on  account  of 
principal  and  interest,  on  the  deferred  stock,  commencing  the  reim- 
bursement on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1802,  and 

4th.  To  apply  the  surplus  of  the  fund,  towards  the  redemption  of 
the  debt,  both  foreign  and  domestic,  by  payment,  or  purchase,  until 
the  same  should  be  fully  paid  or  redeemed. 

By  on  act  passed  the  28th  of  April,  1796,  the  Commissioners  were 
directed  to  pay  this  eight  per  cent,  in  the  manner  following,  viz. — 
On  the  stock  then  bearing  an  interest  of  six  per  cent.  1st.  By  divi- 
dends to  be  made  on  the  last  days  of  March,  June,  and  September,  in 
each  year,  from  1796  to  1818,  inclusive,  at  the  rate  ot  one  and  one 
half  per  cent,  upon  the  original  capita'l. 

2d.  By  dividends  to  be  made  on  the  last  day  of  December,  1796, 
and  from  1797  to  1817,  inclusive,  on  the  last  day  of  December  in 
each  year,  at  the  rate  of  three  and  one  half  per  cent,  upon  the  origin- 
al capital,  and  by  a  dividend  to  be  made  on  the  last  day  of  Decem- 
ber, 1818.  of  such  a  sum,  as  will  be  then  adequate,  according  to  the 
contract,  for  the  final  redemption  o'"  the  debt. 

The  dividends  on  the  deferred  stock,  to  be  made  from  the  year 
1801  to  the  year  1824,  in  like  manner  and  proportion. 

By  this  permanent  arrangement  for  the  final  payment  of  the  do- 
mestic debt,  the  holders  of  six  per  cent,  and  deferred  stock,  were  to 
receive  an  annuity  of  eight  per  cent,  on  their  capital,  until  the  whole 
should  be  paid.  This  annuity,  it  was  found  on  calculation,  would 
extinguish  the  capital  of  the  six  per  cent,  stock,  on  the  last  day  of 
December,  lr>18,  and  of  the  deferred  stock,  on  the  last  of  December. 
1824, 


277 

The  following  was  the  state  of  the  public  debt,  on  the  1st  day  oi 
January,  1800  : — 

Guilders  Dolls.  Dolls.         Cts 

Foreign  debt,  due  in  Amster- 
dam and  Antwerp,       -       26,900,000  10,760,000 
Premiums   payable    on     the 

loan  of  9th  March,  1784,  147,500         59,000 

10.819,000 

27,047,500 


Domestic   debt.  viz.  six  per 

cent,  stock,         -         -     $30,087,650    5 
Amount  passed  to  the  credit 

of  the  sinking  fund.         -        1,841,607    9 


,428,246,042  9K 


Deduct  instalments  reimburs- 
ed to  the  close  of  the 
year  1799,         -         -        $3,215,575  37 


Amount  to  be  reimbursed,  $25,030,467  59 

Deferred  stock,  -  $14,649,320  21 

Amount  passed  to  the  credit 

of  the  sinking  fund,         -  966,376    4 

$13,682,944  17 

Three  per  cent,  stock.     -     $19,701,545     1 
Amount  passed  to  the  credit 

of  the  sinking  fund,         -  614,836  47 

$19,086,708  54 

Five  and  one  half  per  cent. 

stock,  -         -         -      $1,848,900 

Amount  passed  to  the  credit 

of  the  sinking  fund.  -  1,400 

$1,847,500 


278 

Dolls 

Four  and  one  half  per  cent,  stock,        -  176,000 
Six  per  cent,   stock  per   act  of  31st 

May,  1796,         ....  80,000 

Six  per  cent,  navy  stock,  issued,         -  109,200 

Six  per  cent,  navy  stock,  to  be  issued,  820,000 

Eight  per  cent,  stock  issued  in   1799,  5,000,000 


•$65,832,820  30 


Total  amount  of  the  unredeemed  capitals  of  the 
foreign  and  domestic  funded  debt  on  the  1st  of 
January,  1800,  -         -         -  $76,651,820  30 


TEMPORARY  LOANS. 


Sums  obtained  of  the  bank  of  the  United 
States,  in  anticipation  of  the  revenue 
at  five  per  cent.  -  -  -         $1,400,000 

Sums  obtained  at  six  per  cent.         -  1 ,840,000 

Sums  due  on   the   subscription   loan   for 

stock,  -  -         -  400,000 


$3,640,000 
Deduct  the  cost  of    two  thousand   two 
hundred  and  twenty  shares  owned  by 
the  United  States,  -  888,000 


2,752,000 


Debt  of  the  United  States,  January  1st,  1800,  $79,403,820  30 

The  above  account  of  the  state  of  the  public  debt  was  laid  before  a 
Committee  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  appointed  on  the  20th  ol 
March,  1800,  "  to  examine  the  accounts  of  the  United  State*  relating 
to  the  public  debt,  and  to  report  the  amount  respectively  incurred  and 
extinguished,  and  generally  such  facts  as  relate  to  the  increase  or 
diminution  of  the  same,  since  the  establishment  of  the  government  of 
the  United  States,  under  the  present  constitution  ;"  and  was  by  them 


279 

reported  to  the  House.  This  Committee  also  reported  the  following 
as  a  "  Statement  of  debts  contracted  under  the  present  Government 
of  the  United  States,  and  of  debts  of  the  late  Government  discharged, 
up  to  January  1st,  1800,  viz.  : — 

DEBTS  CONTRACTED. 

Five  and  an  half  per  cent,  stock  issued  for  an  equal 

amount  due  to  France,         ...         -  $1,848,900 

Four  and  an  half  per  cent.          do.              do.          -  176,000 

Six  per  cent,  stock  per  act  of  May  31st,  1796,         -  80,000 

Navy  stock  issued  and  to  be  issued,           -           -  929,200 

Eight  per  cent,  stock,         ....  5,000,000 
Temporary  loans,         -         -         -        $3,640,000 
Deduct  bank  shares,                   -                    888,000 

2,752.0 


Amount  of  debts  contracted,  -        $10,786,100 


DEBTS  DISCHARGED. 


Foreign  debt,  January  1st,  1791,         $12,343,437  8" 
Ditto  January  1st,  1800,  10,819,000 


-*- 


Foreign  debt,  reduced,         -  $1,524,437  87 

Six  per  cent,  stock  purchased  or  redeemed,         -  1,841,607    9 

Three  per  cent.         do.                  do.             -  614,836  47 

Deferred  stock           do.                  do.                     -  966,376    4 

Five  and  an  half  per  cent,  stock,           ...  1,400 
Reimbursement  of  the  six  per  cent,  stock  to  the  close 

of  the  year  1799,         -         -                   -  3,215,575  37 


Amount  of  debts  discharged,  -      $8,164,232  84 

It  may  be  observed,  that  the  five  and  an  half  and  four  and  an  halt 
per  cent,  stock,  was  issued  for  the  balance  due  to  France,  on  account 
of  the  former  loans  from  the  French  Government:  during  the  revoju- 


280 

tionary  war,  and  was  made  payable  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 

The  eighty  thousand  six  per  cent,  stock  was  obtained  on  loan  in 
the  United  States,  in  1796,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  Congress  of 
May  31st  of  that  year.  The  whole  loan  authorized  by  that  act,  and 
which  was  to  be  made  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund,  with 
the  approbation  of  the  President,  was  five  millions  of  dollars,  to  be  ap- 
plied to  the  payment  of  the  capital,  or  principal  of  any  parts  of  the 
debt  of  the  United  States  then  due,  or  to  become  due,  in  the  course  of 
that  year,  to  the  bank  of  the  United  States,  or  to  the  bank  of  New- 
York,  or  for  any  instalment  of  foreign  debt.  Books  were  opened  for 
the  whole  sum,  but  eighty  thousand  dollars  only  were  subscribed,  and 
which  was  irredeemable,  until  the  close  of  the  year  1819. 

The  navy  six  per  cent,  stock  was  issued  or  agreed  to  be  issued,  to 
certain  persons,  who  built  vessels  of  war,  for  the  United  States,  in 
the  years  1798  and  1799,  and  for  which  they  agreed  to  receive  in 
payment  six  per  cent,  stock  payable  at  pleasure  :  and  hence  it  has 
been  generally  denominated,  navy  six  per  cent,  stock. 

The  eight  per  cent,  stock  of  five  millions  was  issued  in  conse- 
quence of  a  loan,  opened  in  the  United  States,  in  pursuance  of  an  act 
authorizing  the  same,  passed  July  16th,  1798,  and  was  redeemable 
after  the  year  1808. 

The  temporary  loans  were  in  anticipation  of  the  revenue,*  and  for 
-ubscription  to  the  bank  of  the  United  States. 

The  views  taken  by  the  Committee  above  referred  to,  as  to  the 
amount  of  public  debt,  at  various  periods,  from  the  commencement 
of  the  Government,  and  as  to  its  increase  or  diminution,  jnay  not  be  un- 
interesting. The  Committee  in  their  report  say  "  The  order  of  the 
House  having  particularly  directed  the  attention  of  the  Committee  to 
the  increase  or  diminution  of  debt,  they  have  thought  it  their  duty  to 
bring  into  view  the  amount  of  debt  with  which  the  present  Government 
commenced  its  operations,  and  to  contrast  the  same  with  the  balance 
of  debt  on  the  first  of  January  in  the  present  year.  In  discharging 
this  duty,  it  will  become  necessary  to  explain  the  principles  on  which 

*  The  foreign  debt  was  due  in  Holland,  and  was  payable  there,  in  unequui 
annual  instalments,  the  last  of  which  was  due  in  ISO*1. 


281 

these  statements  rest ;  which  the  Committee  will  do  in  as  concise  a 
manner  as  possible.  But  before  they  enter  upon  this  detail,  they 
cannot  forbear  to  express  the  satisfaction  which  they  feel  in  declaring, 
that  the  documents  which  have  been  obtained  from  the  Treasury 
will,  in  their  opinion,  fully  demonstrate  the  precision  and  abili- 
ty with  which  the  business  of  that  department  has  been  conducted, 
and  that  by  the  fiscal  operations  of  the  government,  the  public  debt 
has  been  diminished.1' 

"  In  ascertaining  the  amount  of  the  old  debt,  two  different  principles 
have  been  taken  by  those,  who  have  made  their  calculations  on  this 
subject.  The  first  has  been  to  include  only  the  interest  upon  the 
debt  to  the  close  of  the  year  1789,  as  the  nearest  convenient  period 
to  the  day,  when  the  government  commenced  its  operations,  and  after 
deducting  from  the  aggregate  of  debt,  the  amount  of  funds  then  in  the 
power  of  the  government,  to  consider  the  balance  as  the  amount  of 
old  debt. 

"  The  second  principle  has  been,  to  take  the  amount  of  debt,  a;- 
the  same  has  been  liquidated  and  funded  under  various  acts  of  Con- 
gress, and  after  deducting  therefrom  the  funds  acquired  or  possessed 
by  the  government  at  the  close  of  the  year  1790,  to  consider  the  ba- 
lance as  constituting  the  true  amount  of  old  debt.  The  difference  be- 
tween these  principles  consists  in  this  :  by  the  last  mode  of  computa- 
tion, the  interest,  which  accumulated  upon  the  debt,  subsequent  to  the 
close  of  the  year  1789,  and  until  the  debt  was  funded  and  provided 
for  by  law,  is  considered  as  a  part  of  the  old  debt,  whereas  by  the 
first  mode  of  computation  that  interest  is  totally  excluded. 

"  In  consequence  of  a  difference  in  opinion,  which  it  is  understood 
still  exists  on  this  point,  the  Committee  have  thought  proper  to  state 
the  debt  in  both  modes,  that  the  result  in  both  cases  may  be  perfectly 
understood. 

"  The  nominal  amount  of  debt  on  the  1st  of  Jan- 
uary, 1790,  as  appears  by  statement  No.  9, 
amounted  to  -       $72,237,301    97 

"  The  funds  then  in  possession  of  the  government, 
and  to  be  deducted,  were — 
3f> 


2S2 

•'  Cash  in  the  Treasury,  January  1st, 

1790,         ...  -  $28,239  61 

"  Cash  in  the  hands  of  Collectors,  83,127  84 

"  Bonds  at  the  custom-house,         -        590,468  60 

"  Debts  due  to  the  United  States, 
under  contracts  of  the  late  govern- 
ment, collected  at  sundry  times,  62,586  74 

tc  Debts  paid  in  specie,  during  the 

year  1789,         ....       15,927   13 

;'  Proceeds  of  the  sales  of  land  to  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania,  made  by 
the  late  government,         -         -        151,392  41 


931,742  33 

•;  Amount  of  debt  January  1st,  1790,        -         -       $71,305,559  64 

L'  By  the  same  document  it  appears,  that  the  debt 
contracted  by  the  late  government,  as  the  same 
has  been  liquidated  and  funded  by  acts  of  Con- 
gress, amounts  to  -         -  $76,781,953   14 

"  That  the  funds  possessed  by  this  government,  and 
to  be  deducted  from  the  debt,  were  as  follows  : — 

;<  Cash  in  the  Treasury,  January  1st, 

1791,         -         -         -         -           $570,023  88 

"  Cash  in  the  hands  of  Collector.-.         225,786  95 

"  Custom-house  bonds  uncollected,  1,052,215  13 
"  Money  collected  from  the   credit- 

of  the  late  government,   as  in  the 

preceding  stand^,                               6~.586  74 

■'•  Debts  paid  in  spTj^f,  during  1789,         15,927  13 

"  Sale  ofland  to  Pennsylvania,  151,392  41 
'  Debts  purchased  and    discharged 

during  the  year  1790,                   -      518,424  8 

2,596,356  32 


;:  True  amount  of  debt  January  1st,  1791.      -         $74,185,596  82 


283 

■*  By  the  same  document  No.  9,  it  appears  that 
the  debt,  exclusive  of  temporary  loans,  on  the 
1st  of  January,  1800,  amounted  to         -         -      $76,651,820  30 
'  Temporary  loan*,  without  deducting  bank  shares,       3,640,000 


;'  Nominal  amount  of  debt  January  1st,  1800,     -      $80,291,820  30 

'  Funds  acquired  by  the  government  and  which 
may  be  applied  to  face  the  foregoing  debt — 

■•  Cash  in  the  Treasury,  January  1st, 
1800.  deducting  therefrom  the 
amount  of  unclaimed  registered 
debt,  and  debts  due  to  foreign  offi- 
cers, which  are  to  be  considered  as 
a  charge  on  the  balance  in  the 
Treasury,         -         -  -        $2,061,683  49 

•'  Remittance  to  Holland,  beyond 
the  sum  necessary  to  meet  all  de- 
mands on  the  foreign  debt,  to  the 
close  of  the  year  1799,         -         -    548,955  84 

"  Cash    in  the  hands  of  Collectors 

and  Supervisors,        ...      532,247  81 

"  Bonds  uncollected,  at  the  custom- 
houses, estimated  at  six  millions, 
payable  on  an  average  of  six 
months,  deducting  the  interest  for 
that  term  leaves,         -         -         -  5,826,214 

;i  Two  thousand  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  bank 
shares,  cost         -         -     888,000  ^  * 

•'  Advance  twenty -five  per 

cent.         -         -         -      222,000 

1,110,000 

10,079,101   14 


'True  amount  of  debt  January  1st.  1800,       -         $70,212.718  16 


284 

-<  For  tlie  purpose  of  shewing  the  rapidity  with  which  the  public- 
debt  was  diminishing,  at  the  time  when  the  hostility  of  France  com- 
pelled the  government  to  incur  those  great  and  extraordinary  expen- 
ses, which  appear  in  the  Treasury  statements,  and  to  enter  upon 
that  extensive  system  of  defence,  which  has  resulted  in  the  security 
of  our  commerce,  the  Committee  thought  it  necessary,  in  addition  to 
the  preceding  statements,  to  present  a  view  of  the  debt  on  the  1st  of 
January,  1798,  remarking  at  the  same  time,  that  the  reduction  which 
at  that  time  had  been  made,  proves,  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner, 
the  ease  with  which  the  debt  may  be  extinguished,  whenever  the 
Government  shall  be  left  unembarrassed  by  internal  disorder,  or 
foreign  hostility. 

1,1  The  nominal  amount  of  debt  on  the  1st  of  Janua- 
ry, 1798, $76,366,618  8? 

"  Funds  to  be  deducted  were — 

■  Cash  in  the  Treasury  January  1st, 

1798,  ...         .       $1,021,889     4 

"  Cash  in  the  hands  of  Collectors,  -  265,369  3 
"Cash  in  the  hands  of  Supervisors,  -  32,964  39 
Ci  Value  of  bonds  uncollected  at  the 

custom-houses,  January  1st,  1798, 

estimated  at  6,309,058 

■;  Bank  stock  at  its  value  1,110,000 

8,739,280  46 


••  True  amount  of  debt  January  1st,  1798—  $67,627,338  36 

"  From  whence  it  results  (the  Committe  say,)  that  if  the  amount  ol 
debt  on  the  1st  of  January,  1800,  is  contrasted  with  the  debt  on  the 
1st  of  January,  1790,  it  will  appear,  that  the  debt  has  diminished  by 
the  sum  of  $1,092,8-11  and  48  cents,  or  if  it  is  compared  with  the 
debt  of  January  1st,  1791,  the  debt  has  diminished,  by  the  sum  of 
$3,972,878  and  66  cents ;  so  that,  in  either  mode  of  stating  the  ac- 
count,  it  clearly  appears,  that  the  debt  has  in  fact  been  diminished. " 


285 

The  Committee  proceed  to  say,  they  incline  to  the  opinion,  that  the 
debt,  as  it  was  liquidated  and  funded  by  the  government,  after  de- 
ducting the  amount  of  funds,  which  arose  prior  to  the  1st  of  January, 
1791,  ought  to  be  considered,  as  constituting  the  true  amount  of  debt, 
with  which  the  present  Government  has  been  charged  by  the  Con- 
stitution. 

There  can  be  little  doubt,  that  the  debt  as  funded,  ought  to  be  con- 
sidered, as  the  amount  of  the  public  debt,  and  whatever  difference  in 
opinion  there  may  be,  in  estimating  the  amount  of  public  debt,  at 
any  period,  as  to  the  propriety  of  deducting  the  amount  of  funds  then 
in  the  hands  of  the  government,  from  this  funded  debt,  there  can  be 
no  doubt,  that  the  funds  arising  ftom  revenues,  and  from  the  value  of 
bank  stock,  should  be  offset,  against  temporary  loans  made  in  antici- 
pation of  that  revenue,  and  for  the  payment  of  the  bank  stock. 

If  we  take  this  as  a  rule,  the  debt    of  the  United  States  will    be 
less,  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1800,  than  when  the  same  was  fund- 
ed, according  to  the  various  acts  of  Congress. 
The  amount  of  debt  as  liquidated  and  funded,  ac- 
cording to  the  foregoing  statement  of  the  Com- 
mittee was $76,781,953  U 

Amount  of  debt,  exclusive  of  temporary  loons,  on 

the  1st  of  January,  1800,  was  -       76,651,820  30 


Making  a  difference  of        -         -  -         -  130,132  84 

And  this,  notwithstanding  the  great  expenses  in  the  mean  time  in- 
curred by  Government,  in  the  wars  with  the  Indians,  $  1,250,000  ex- 
pended in  suppressing  two  insurrections  in  Pennsylvania,  more  than 
one  million  and  a  half  in  our  transactions  with  Algiers  and  the  other 
Barbary  powers,  and  the  still  greater  expenses  occasioned  by  the  dis- 
putes with  France,  in  1798  and  1799.* 

*  In  1800,  a  further  sum  of  §1,482,500,  was  borrowed  at  eight  per  cent, 
in  pursuance  of  an  act  passed  on  the  7th  day  of  May  of  that  year,  payable  af- 
ter 1808. 

The  funds  provided  and  appropriated  for  the  payment  of  the  debt,  subse- 
quent to  the  3d  of  March,  1795,  up  to  1801,  were  as  follows,  viz.—  By  an 
act  passed  March  3d,  1797,  additional  duties  were  laid  on  certain  articles  im- 
ported into  the  United  States,  and  were  appropriated,  first,  for  the  payment 


286 

Uu  a  change  ot  Administration  in  1801,  a  new  modification  of  the 
sinking  fund  took  place.  On  the  29th  of  April,  1802,  an  act  was 
passed,  entitled  "  an  Act  making  provision  for  the  redemption 
of  the  whole  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States."  This  act  pro- 
vides, that  the  sum  of  seven  millions,  three  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
should  be  appropriated  annually  to  the  sinking  fund;  which  sum  was 
to  be  paid,  out  of  the  duties  on  merchandize  and  tonnage,  and  the 
other  monies,  other  than  surplusses  of  revenue,  which  then  constitu- 
ted the  sinking  fund,  or  which  might  accrue  to  it,  by  virtue  of  any 
former  provisions.  This  sum,  the  act  declares,  "  to  be  vested  in  the 
Commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund,  in  the  same  manner,  as  the  monies 
heretofore  appropriated  to  the  said  fund,  to  be  applied  by  the  said 
Commissioners,  to  the  payment  of  interest  and  charges,  and  to  the 
reimbursement,  or  redemption  of  the  principal  of  the  public  debt  ; 
and  shall  be  and  continue  appropriated,  until  the  whole  of  the  pre- 
sent debt  of  the  United  States,  and  the  loans  which  may  be  made  for 
reimbursing  or  redeeming  any  parts  or  instalments  of  the  principal 
of  the  said  debt,  shall  be  reimbursed  and  redeemed."  It  was  made 
the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  by  this  act,  to  pay  to  the 
Commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund,  this  sum  of  $ 7,300,000,  in  each 
year,  and  at  such  times,  as  to  enable  them  to  pay  the  interest  and 
principal  of  the  debt,  faithfully  and  punctually,  according  to  the  en- 
gagements of  the  United  States.     The  Commissioners  were  to  apply 

of  the  principal  of  the  then  existing  foreign  debt ;  secondly  for  the  payment 
of  the  principal  of  the  debt  then  due  by  the  United  States,  to  the  bank  of  the 
United  States. 

By  the  act  passed  July  16th,  1798,  authorizing1  a  loan  of  five  millions  of 
dollars,  and  winch  was  obtained  at  eight  per  cent,  so  much  of  the  surplus  of 
the  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage,  beyond  the  permanent  appropriations  be- 
fore charged  thereon,  were  pledged  and  appropriated,  for  the  payment  of  the 
interest  and  principal  of  the  loans,  which  might  be  made  under  the  act,  ac- 
cording to  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  same.  A  similar  pledge  and  ap- 
propriation were  made  for  the  loan,  obtained  under  the  act  passed  7th  of 
May,  1800,  and  which  loan  was  obtained,  as  before  stated,  at  eight  per  cent. 

On  the  13th  day  of  May,  1800,  additional  duties  were  laid  on  certain  arti- 
cles, imported  into  the  United  States,  and  were  solely  appropriated  for  the 
discharge  of  the  interest  and  principal  of  the  debts  of  the  United  States,  be 
fore  that  time  contracted,  or  to  be  contracted  during  the  year  1800. 


287 

this  sum  annually,  in  the  first  place,  to  the  payment  of  the  interest 
and  principal  of  the  public  debt,  as  the  same  should  become  due,  ac- 
cording to  the  engagements  of  the  United  States,  and  also  the  interest 
and  principal  of  all  loans,  which  had  been,  or  might  be  made  on  ac- 
count of  the  debt ;  and  in  the  next  place,  to  apply  the  surplus,  to- 
wards the  further  and  final  redemption,  by  payment,  or  purchase,  of 
the  debt.  No  purchases,  however,  of  the  debt  were  to  be  made 
above  par.  By  the  act  of  March  3d,  1795,  the  duties  on  spirits  dis- 
tilled within  the  United  States  and  on  stills,  constituted  a  part  of  the 
-inking  fund,  and  were  pledged  for  the  payment  of  the  debt,  but  as 
all  the  internal  taxes  were  repealed,  in  1802,  these  duties  made  no 
part  of  the  fund  provided  by  the  act  of  the  29th  of  April  of  that  year. 
In  1803,  the  nominal  amount  of  the  debt  was  a  little  more  than 
seventy  millions  of  dollars,  of  this  $32,1 19,211  and  25  cts.  was  own- 
ed by  foreigners,  of  which  the  English  owned     -      $15,882,797  95 

The  Dutch, 13,693,918  30 

Other  foreigners, 2,542,495 


Of  the  residue — 

Particular  States  owned         ...  -     $  5,603,564 

Incorporated  bodies,  in  the  United  States,  -           10,096,398  72 

Individuals,         -         -         -         do.  22,330,606  36 


In  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  the  United  States  agreed  to  pay  the  go- 
vernment of  France,  fifteen  millions  of  dollars,  three  millions  seven 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  to  be  paid  to  our  own  merchants, 
for  their  claims  of  a  certain  description  on  the  French  government, 
and  the  remainder,  being  $11,250,000,  to  be  paid,  in  stock,  at  six 
per  cent.  To  carry  into  effect  this  agreement,  stock  to  that  amount, 
was  issued,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  Congress  passed  November  10th, 
1803,  and  made  payable  to  the  assignees  of  the  French  government. 
The  interest  on  this  stock  was  payable  in  Europe,  and  the  principal 
\vas  payable  in  four  equal  annual  instalments,  the  first  becoming  due 
in  1818. 

By  the  act,  which  created  this  stock,  a  further  sum  of  $700,000 
annually,  was  added  to  the  sinking  fund,  for  the  purpose  of  enabling 
'ho  Commissioners  to  pav  the  interest  nn  the  samp  :  which  sum  wa' 


288 

iu  be  paid  out  of  the  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage.  By  this  addi- 
tion, the  whole  sum  to  be  paid  annually  to  the  Commissioners  of  the 
sinking  fund,  amounted  to  $8,000,000,  and  was  vested  in  them,  for 
the  purpose  of  paying  the  former  debt,  and  also  the  Louisiana  debt 
so  called,  and  was  to  continue,  so  vested  and  appropriated,  until  the 
whole  was  paid.  And  it  was  made  the  special  duty  of  the  Commis- 
sioners, out  of  this  fund,  to  pay  the  instalments  of  the  Louisiana  debt, 
as  they  should  fall  due. 

On  the  11th  of  February,  1807,  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  by  an  act  of  that  date,  proposed  to  the  holders  of  six  per  cent, 
deferred  and  three  per  cent,  stocks,  to  exchange  the  same  for  six  per 
cent,  stock,  redeemable  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Government. 

For  this  purpose,  books  were  opened  at  the  Treasury,  and  at  the 
several  Loan  Offices,  for  subscriptions,  to  the  whole  amount  of  the 
stock  standing  on  the  books  at  the  Treasury,  and  at  the  Loan  Offices. 
On  such  subscriptions,  the  old  certificates  were  to  be  given  up,  and 
new  ones  to  issue,  for  the  unredeemed  amount  of  the  six  per  cent, 
and  deferred  stock,  due  at  the  date  of  the  subscription,  bearing  an 
interest  of  six  per  cent,  per  annum,  payable  quarter  yearly,  and  re- 
deemable at  the  pleasure  of  the  Government,  with  a  condition  "  that 
no  single  certificate  should  issue  for  a  greater  amount  than  ten  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  that  no  reimbursement  should  be  made,  except  for 
the  whole  amount  of  any  such  new  certificate,  nor  till  after,  at  least, 
six  months  previous  public  notice  of  such  intended  reimbursement." 
For  the  subscriptions  in  the  three  percent,  stock,  the  subscribers  were 
to  receive  a  new  certificate  for  a  sum  equal  to  sixty-five  per  cent,  of 
the  amount  of  the  principal  of  the  stock  subscribed,  bearing  an  in- 
terest of  six  per  cent,  per  annum,  payable  quarter  yearly,  and  sub- 
ject likewise  to  redemption,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Government;  with 
a  restriction,  however,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  that  no  part 
of  the  stock  thus  converted,  should  be  reimbursed,  without  the  assent 
of  the  holder,  until  after  the  whole  of  the  eight  per  cent,  and  four  and 
half  per  cent,  stock,  as  well  as  all  the  six  per  cent,  and  deferred 
stock,  which  might  be  exchanged,  under  that  act,  should  be  redeem- 
ed. The  sinking  fund  was  also  pledged  for  the  payment  of  the  in- 
terest and  reimbursement  of  this  new  stock.  Under  this  act,  the 
amount  of  unredeemed  six  per  cent,  and  deferred  stock,  subscribrd. 


289 

and  for  which  new  certificates  were  issued,  was  $6,294,051  and  12 
cents,  and  which  was  called  exchanged  six  per  cents,  and  the  three 
per  cents,  subscribed,  at  sixty-five  per  cent,  on  the  amount,  produced 
$1,859,850  and  70  cents,  drawing  an  interest  of  six  per  cent,  per 
annum,  and  was  called  converted  six  per  cent,  stock.  In  1812,  in 
pursuance  of  another  act  of  Congress  passed  in  that  year,  $2,984,746 
and  72  cents,  of  the  unredeemed  amount  of  the  six  per  cent,  and  de- 
ferred stock  was  exchanged  for  other  six  per  cent,  stock  redeemable 
after  the  31st  day  of  December,  1824. 

After  the  United  States  had  concluded  a  peace  with  France  in 
1800,  the  vast  increase  of  their  revenues,  arising  from  duties  on  im- 
ports and  tonnage,  owing  to  a  rapidly  increasing  population,  and  an 
unparalleled  extension  of  their  commerce,  enabled  them,  very  for- 
tunately, while  Europe,  was  at  war,  to  pay  off  a  large  proportion 
of  this  debt. 

The  amount  of  public  debt,  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1812,  ac- 
cording to  official  Treasury  statements,  was  -  $45,154,189 

and  consisted  of  the  following  particulars,  viz.  : — 

Six  per  cent,  and  deferred  stock,  unre- 
deemed, -  $17,067,096 

Three  per  cent,  stock,  $16,157,890 

Converted    do.     do.  565,318 

16,723,208 

1796  six  percent,  stock,         -         -         -  80,000 

Registered  debt,   and  debt  due  to  foreign 

officers, 33,885 


$33,904,189 
Louisiana  six  per  cent,  stock,  1 1 ,250,000 


$45,154,189 

The  payments  made,  on  account  of  the  principal  of  the  debt  from 
April  1st,  1801,  to  January  1st,  1812,  according  to  Treasury  state- 
ments, amounted  to  $46,022,810 

37 


290 

and  were  as  follows,  viz.  : — 

1.  Foreign  debt  paid  in  full,  $10,075,001 

2.  Eight  per  cent,  five  and  a  half  per 
cent,  four  and  a  half  per  cent,  navy 
six  per  cent,  stock,  and  temporary 
loans,  due  on  the  1st  of  .April,  1801, 

to  the  bank  of  the  United  States,  12,057,700 

3.  Reimbursement  of  six  per  cent,  and 

deferred  stock,  -  -  14,452,123  53 

1.  For  lands,  and  purchased,  -  74,569  81 

5.  Exchanged  stock  paid  in  full,  -        6,294,051  12 

6.  Three  per  cent,  stock,  including  re- 
imbursement of  converted  stock,  and 
deducting  converted  stock,  outstan- 
ding,   2,379,269  44 

7.  On  account  of  unfunded  debt,         -  90,092  58 


$46,022,810 

During  the  period  in  which  the  Government  paid  this  sum,  no  ad- 
ditional taxes  of  any  importance  were  imposed,  except  an  additional 
duty  of  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  goods  imported,  paying  ad 
valorem  duties,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  war  with  Tripoli,  and 
of  intercourse  with  the  other  Barbary  powers,  and  which  was  called 
•;  the  Mediterranean  fund."'  This  duty  was  to  cease  in  three  months 
after  the  termination  of  the  war  with  Tripoli,  but  was  continued  by 
various  acts  of  Congress  until  1815,  when  it  was  suffered  to  expire, 
and  has  been  applied  to  the  general  expenses  of  the  Government. 

The  sums  received  into  the  Treasury  from  1801  to  1811,  inclusive, 
and  which  were  applicable  to  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  prin- 
cipal of  the  debt,  amounted  to  about  ninety  millions  of  dollars. 

Debt  incurred  during  the  late  war  between  the  United  States  and 
Great-Britain,  as  far  as  ascertained,  up  to  February,  1815. 

War  was  declared  against  Great-Britain,  June  18th,  1812.  In 
anticipation  of  this  event,  by  an  act  of  Congress  of  14th  of  March  pre- 
ceding,  a  loan  of  eleven  millions  of  dollars  was  authorized  at  an  in- 


291 

terest  not  exceeding  six  per  cent,  per  annum,  reimbursable  after  the 
expiration  of  twelve  years  from  the  1st  day  of  January,  1813.  Un- 
der this  act,  there  was  obtained,  in  the  course  of  the  year  1812,  the 
sum  of  $10,184,700.  Of  this  sum  $2,150,000  was  obtained  of  cer- 
tain banks,  on  special  contracts,  and  was  payable  as  follows,  viz. — 
$1,350,000  in  1813,  $750,000  in  1814,  and  $50,000  in  1817;  and 
the  residue,  being  $8,034,700,  was  funded,  and  made  redeemable  af- 
ter January  1st,  1825.  About  one  half  of  this  last  sum  was  obtained 
of  banks,  and  the  other  half  of  individuals.  In  the  year  1813,  the 
Commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund  redeemed,  by  purchase,  $324,200 
of  this  stock,  leaving  the  funded  stock  of  this  loan  $7,710,500. 

On  the  8th  of  January,  1813,  a  further  sum  of  sixteen  millions  ot 
dollars  was  authorized  to  be  borrowed,  by  the  President  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  without  any  limitation  as  to  the  rate  of  interest,  or  any 
other  limitations,  except,  that  the  United  States  should  not  be  pre- 
cluded from  reimbursing  the  same,  at  any  time,  after  the  expiration 
of  twelve  years,  from  the  1st  day  of  January,  1814.  This  sum  was 
obtained  by  contract,  and  principally  from  individuals,  at  the  rate  of 
eighty-eight  dollars  for  one  hundred,  viz.  for  every  eighty-eight  dol- 
lars, paid  in  money,  a  certificate  of  stock  for  one  hundred  dollars 
was  to  be  issued,  bearing  an  interest  of  six  per  cent,  or  what  is  the 
same,  for  every  one  hundred  dollars,  which  the  United  States  receiv- 
ed, they  were  to  issue  a  certificate  of  stock  for  $113  63  cents  and 
7-llths  of  a  cent,  bearing  interest  at  six  per  cent.  The  amount  of 
stock  issued  for  this  loan  was  $18,109,377  and  51  cts.  making  a  bo- 
nus to  the  lenders,  of  $2,109,377. 

The  first  offers  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for  this  loan  were, 
that  the  lender  should  be  entitled  to  a  certificate  of  stock,  at  six  per 
cent,  interest,  and  an  annuity  of  one  per  cent,  for  thirteen  years,  and 
for  which  he  was  to  receive  a  separate  certificate;  $531,200  were 
eventually  taken  at  par,  with  an  annuity  of  one  and  a  half  per  cent, 
for  thirteen  years.  The  annuities  on  this  sum  amount  to  $7,968. 
By  an  act  of  August  2d,  1813,  a  further  loan  of  seven  and  a  half  mil- 
lions of  dollars  was  also  authorized,  and  without  any  other  limita- 
tions, than  was  contained,  in  the  act  relative  to  the  sixteen  million 
loan.  This  loan  was  obtained,  on  the  following  terms,  viz.  for  everv 
$100  received,  the  United  States  issued  stock  for  $113  .°,1  ceni-  and 


292 

4-9th  of  a  cent,  bearing  interest  at  six  per  cent.  ;  and  reimbursable, 
at  any  time,  within  twelve  years,  after  January  1st,  1814. 

The  six  percent,  stock  issued  on  this  loan,  amounted  to  $8,498,583 
and  50  cents,  making  a  premium  or  bonus  of  $998,583  and  50  cents. 
March  24th,  1814,  a  loan  of  twenty-five  millions  of  dollars  was  also 
authorized,  towards  the  expenses  of  the  war,  for  that  year.  On  the 
4th  of  April  following,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  issued  his  no- 
tice, that  proposals  would  be  received  by  him,  until  the  second  day 
of  May  then  next,  for  ten  millions,  part  of  the  twenty-five  millions  : 
the  sums  offered  under  this  notice  amounted  to  $11,900,806,  of  which 
§2,671,750  were  at  rates  less  than  eighty-eight  per  cent,  and 
$1,183,400  at  rates  less  than  eighty-five  per  cent,  leaving 
$9,229,056,  at  eighty-eight  per  cent,  or  at  rates  more  favourable  to 
the  United  States.  Of  this  sum,  however,  five  millions  were  offered, 
with  a  condition,  that,  if  terms  more  favourable  to  the  lenders,  should 
be  allowed  for  any  part  of  the  twenty-five  millions  authorized  to  be 
borrowed  that  year,  the  same  terms  should  be  extended  to  those  hold- 
ing the  stock  of  the  ten  million  loan.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasu- 
ry thought  proper  to  accept  the  loan  at  eighty-eight  and  on  the  con- 
dition above  stated.  Offers  were  afterwards  made  to  this  loan,  of 
sums,  amounting  to  $566,000,  and  which  were  accepted  on  the  same 
terms  ;  making  the  sum  accepted  $9,795,056.  Of  this  sum,  there 
was  paid  into  the  Treasury,  prior  to  the  1st  of  July,  1814,  $6,087,01 1. 
There  was,  however,  a  failure  of  payment  on  the  part  of  some  of 
those,  whose  offers  were  accepted  for  this  loan,  on  the  days  fixed  by 
the  terms  of  the  loan,  to  the  amount  of  about  two  millions  of  dollars. 

On  the  25th  day  of  July,  1814,  proposals  were  again  invited,  from 
the  Treasury  Department,  for  a  loan  of  a  further  sum  of  six  millions  ; 
part  of  the  twenty -five  millions,  to  be  received  by  the  22d  day  of 
August  next  succeeding.  The  amount  offered,  on  this  loan,  was 
$2,823,300,  of  which  $10U,000  was  at  less  than  eighty  per  cent. 
$2,213,000  at  $80,  for  $100,  in  six  per  cent,  stock  ;  and  $510,300. 
at  various  rates,  from  eighty  to  eighty-eight.  The  loan  was  accept- 
ed at  eighty  per  cent.  The  amount  accepted,  on  these  terms,  was 
$2,723,300,  to  be  paid,  in  four  equal  instalments  ;  the  1st  on  (lie  10th 
of  September,  and  tiie  remainder  on  the  10th  of  each  of  the  ensuing 
months  of  October.   November  and  December.     On  this  loan,  a  fur- 


293 

ther  sum  of  $207,000,  was  afterwards  accepted,  on  the  same  terms, 
making  the  amount  taken  $2,930,300.  Some  persons,  however,  who 
had  offered  to  take  $416,000  of  this  loan,  gave  notice,  that  they  could 
not  carry  their  proposals  into  execution.  This  reduced  the  sum  to 
$2,520,300.  The  sums  actually  paid  into  the  Treasury,  therefore, 
from  the  proceeds  of  the  loans  of  twenty-five  millions  authorized  by 
the  act  of  March  24th,  1814,  up  to  the  1st  day  of  January,  1815, 
amounted  only  to  about  the  sum  of  $11,400,000.  As  the  terms  of 
the  last  loan  were  more  favourable  to  the  lenders,  than  those  of  the 
preceding  two  million  loan,  the  same  terms  were  extended,  according 
to  the  original  contract,  to  those  who  had  taken  the  first.  These 
terms  were,  that  for  every  $100  paid  in,  the  United  States  were  to 
issue  certificates  of  stock,  for  $125,  bearing  an  interest  of  six  per 
cent,  per  annum,  payable  quarter  yearly,  and  reimbursable  at  the 
end  of  twelve  years,  from  the  1st  day  of  January,  1815.  The 
amount  of  six  per  cent,  stock,  therefore,  issued  or  to  be  issued, 
up  to  the  6th  of  January,  1815,  for  the  proceeds  of  the  two  loans,  as 
far  as  the  same  had  been  ascertained,  at  the  Treasury,  was  as  fol- 
lows, viz. — 

On  the  ten  million  loan,  six  per  cent,  stock  to  the 

amount  of $°,919,476  25 

On  the  six  million  loan,     do.  do.    to    the 

amount  of 4,342,875 


$14,262,351  25 
Making  a  bonus  or  premium  of  about  $2,852,000. 

The  terms  of  these  loans,  were  so  disadvantageous  to  the  United 
States,  and  the  price  of  stocks  was  so  depressed,  some  having  been 
sold  as  low  as  sixty-nine  and  seventy,  for  cash,  that  no  further  sums 
were  obtained  under  the  act  authorizing  the  twenty-five  million  loan, 
but  Treasury  notes  were  directed  to  be  issued  to  makp  up  tl)p  defi- 
ciencv. 


294 

The  amount  of  stock  issued,  on  these  various  loans,  was  as  fol- 
lows, viz. — 

On  the  eleven  million  loan,         ...  $  8,034,700 

On  the  sixteen  million  loan,              -          -          -  18,109,377   51 

On  the  seven  and  a  half  million  loan,  -          -          -  8,498,583  50 

On  the  ten  million  loan,         -  9,919,476  25 

On  the  six  million  loan, 4,342.875 


$48,905,012  28 
The  amount  received  for  this  stock,  was         -  42,934,700 


Making  a  difference  of         -         -  $5,970,312  26 

In  addition  to  these  sums,  the  committee  of  defence  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  loaned  to  the  Government  $100,000  for  the  special  pur- 
pose of  fortifying  an  Island  in  the  river  Delaware,  at  par,  for  which 
stock  has  or  will  be  issued  under  the  act  of  March,  1812,  and  the  cor- 
poration of  the  city  of  New-York  have  also  advanced  money,  for  the 
defence  of  that  city,  on  the  terms  of  the  six  million  loan,  and  for 
which  stock  has,  or  will  be  issued  to  the  amount  of      $1,100,009  87 


Making  the  whole  amount  of  funded  stock  issued 

or  to  be  issued  on  these  loans  -  -  -      $50,105,022   13 

$500,000,  part  of  the  eleven  million  loan,  which  become  due  in  De- 
cember, 1814,  was  not  paid  on  the  20th  of  February,  1815. 

TREASURY  NOTES. 

On  the  30th  of  June,  1812,  the  President  of  the  United  States  was 
authorized  to  cause  to  be  issued  Treasury  Notes,  not  exceeding  five 
millions  of  dollars,  to  be  reimbursed  within  one  year,  from  the  time 
of  issuing  the  same,  and  bearing  an  interest  of  five  and  two  fifths  per 
cent,  per  annum.  These  notes  were  to  be  signed  by  persons  to  be 
appointed  by  the  President,  and  countersigned  by  the  Commissioner 
of  loans  for  that  state,  where  they  were  made  payable,  and  were 
made  transferable,  bv  delivery  and  assignment,  endorsed  thereon,  by 


295 

die  person,  to  whose  order,  the  same  were  made  payable,  and  were 
receivable,  in  payment  of  all  duties  and  taxes,  laid  by  the  authority 
of  the  United  States,  and  of  all  public  lands  sold.  The  whole  sum  of 
five  millions  was  issued  at  various  times  under  this  act.  By  an  act 
of  February  25th.  1813,  the  President  was  authorized  to  issue  a  fur- 
ther sum  of  five  millions,  with  the  same  limitation,  as  to  rate  of  inter- 
est and  time  of  payment,  as  the  former.  Five  millions  were  also  is- 
sued, at  different  periods,  under  this  act.  As  a  part  of  the  supplies, 
for  the  year  1814,  a  further  sum  of  five  millions  was  authorized  to  be 
issued  by  an  act  of  March  4th,  1814,  and  by  the  same  act,  the  Pre- 
sident was  authorized  to  issue  an  additional  sum  of  five  millions,  if 
he  should  deem  it  expedient,  to  be  taken  as  part  of  the  sum  of  twen- 
ty-five millions,  authorized  to  be  obtained  on  loan,  during  that  year. 
On  the  26th  of  December,  131  1,  a  sum  not  exceeding  $7,500,000  was 
authorized  to  be  issued  to  make  up  the  deficiency  of  the  twenty -five 
million  loan,  and  in  lieu  of  the  three  million  loan  authorized  Novem- 
ber 15th,  1814.  Part  of  the  Treasury  notes  were  paid,  as  they  be- 
came due,  others,  to  a  large  amount,  were  left  unpaid  ;  and  the  amount, 
which  had  been  issued,  and  were  unpaid,  or  were  ordered  to  be  issu- 
ed, on  the  20th  of  February,  1815,  was  as  follows,  viz. : — 

1st.  Those  payable  on  or  before  the  1st  of  January, 

1815,  due  and  unpaid,  amounted  to  (principal)      -       $2,799,200 

2d.  Those  payable  since  January  1st,  1815,  due  and 

unpaid, 620,000 

3d.  Those  payable  almost  daily,  from  the  11th  of 

March,  to  and  including  the  1st  of  January,  1816,     -     7,227,280 

1th.  Those  payable  from  11th  of  January,  to  and  in- 
cluding the  1st  of  March,  1816,         -         -         -  7,806,320 


Making         -  -         -  $18,452,800 

The  amount  of  the  debt  incurred  by  the  lato  war,  «o  far  as  the 


2915 

same  had  been  ascertained  at  the  Treasury,  on  the  20th  of  February, 
may  be  stated  as  follows  : — 

1st.  Stock  issued  or  agreed  to  be  issu- 
ed on  permanent  loans,         -  $50,105,022  13 

Deduct  purchased  by  Commissioners 

ers  of  sinking  fund,  324,200 


Leaves.  -  -       $49,780,822  13 

2d.  Temporary  loans,  part  of  the  eleven  million  loan, 

unpaid,  .....  550,000 

3d.  Treasury    notes   issued,  or  ordered,   as   above 

stated,  ....  18,452,800 


Makes,  ....        $68,783,622  13 

To  which  add  the  old  debt,  or  debt  created  before  the  late  war,  es- 
timated on  the  31st  of  December,  1814,  at  $39,905,183  66,  and  con- 
sisting of  the  following  particulars  : — 

1st.  Old  six  per  cent. 

stock    nominal    a- 

mount  being,     -    $17,250,871  39 
Reimbursed,        -         12,879,283  78 


Leaving  due  December  31st,  1814,       $4,371,587  61 

2d.  Deferred  stock, 
nominal  amount  be- 
ing        -  $9,358,320  35 

Reimbursed,  3,971,148  36 


Leaving  due  December  31st,  1814,      $5,387,171  9y 
3d.  Three  per  cent,  stock,         -  16.158.177  3-1 


297 

4th.  Exchanged  six  per  cent,  stock 

under  the  act  of  1812,  -  $2,984,746  72 

5th.  Six  per  cent,  stock  of  1796,        -        80.000 

6th.  Louisiana  six  per 

cent,  stock,        -        $11,250,000 
Purchased  by  Commis- 
sioners of  sinking  fund,         326,500 


Leaves,  -  -  $10,923,500 


$39,905,183  66 

Makes  the  debt  of  the  United  States  on  the  20th 
of  February,  1815,  as  ascertained  at  the 
Treasury,  -  -  -  -         $108,688,805  79 

There  are  also  claims  on  the  Treasury,  to  a  large  amount,  yet  un- 
settled, which  may  go  to  increase  the  public  debt.  It  appears  by  the 
letter  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  24th  of  February,  1815, 
to  the  Committee  of  way  and  means,  that  "  contracts  for  loans'' 
had  been  made  "  through  the  medium  of  the  war  department,  which 
had  been  recognized  at  the  Treasury,  to  be  paid  in  six  per  cent, 
stock,  but  which  had  not  been  so  liquidated  as  to  furnish  a  ground  to 
estimate  their  amount." 

This  is  the  first,  and  only  account,  which  has  been  given  to  the 
public,  or  even  to  Congress,  of  any  loans,  made  "  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  war  department."  In  what  manner,  under  what  authori- 
ty, and  on  what  terms,  these  loans  were  obtained,  is  not  stated  by  the 
Secretary.  It  is  understood,  however,  that  commanders  of  divisions 
of  the  army,  probably  by  orders  from  the  head  of  the  war  depart- 
ment, made  these  contracts  for  the  purpose  of  either  paying  or  sup- 
plying the  men  under  their  immediate  command. 

Treasury  notes,  to  a  large  amount,  have  been  issued  since  the  20th 
of  February,  1315.  On  the  24th  day  of  February,  1815,  the  Secre- 
tary of  the   Treasury  was  authorized  to  issue  Treasury  notes,  to  the. 

38 


298 

amount  of  twenty -live  jnillious  of  dollars  ;  those  under  $100,  to  be 
without  interest,  those  over  that  sum,  to  boar  an  interest  of  five  and 
two-fifths  per  cent,  or  to  be  without  interest,  as  the  Secretary,  with 
the  approbation  of  the  President,  should  direct.  The  notes,  without 
interest,  to  be  funded  at  seven  per  cent,  and  those  bearing  an  interest, 
part  of  the  twenty-live  million,  as  well  as  those  previously  issued, 
may  be  funded  at  six  per  cent,  reimbursable  at  any  time,  after  the 
last  day  of  December,  1824.  The  Secretary  was  also  authorized  to 
re-issue  the  notes,  which  might  be  delivered  up  and  exchanged  for 
funded  stock,  or  paid  in,  for  taxes  or  other  demands,  and  to  apply 
them  to  the  same  purposes,  as  when  originally  issued.  The  amount 
i-sued,  under  this  authority,  has  not  been  made  public.  Probably  the 
whole,  or  nearly  the  whole  of  those  fundable  at  seven  per  cent,  will 
be  funded,  and  go  to  increase  the  amount  of  the  firhded  debt. 

On  the  3d  of  March,  1815,  a  loan  for  the  sum  of  $38,452,800,  was 
also  authorized  ;  this  loan  might  be  made  in  Treasury  notes,  pre- 
viously issued,  and  wrhich,  by  law,  were  made  a  charge  on  the  sink- 
ing fund  ;  and  the  stock  was  reimbursable,  after  the  expiration  of 
twelve  years,  from  the  last  day  of  December,  1815. 

Individual  states  have,  also,  large  claims  upon  the  general  govern- 
ment, for  expenses  incurred  in  defending  themselves,  during  the  late 
war. 

To  what  amount,  the  national  debt  will  be  increased,  from  these 
sources,  cannot  yet  be  ascertained. 

The  sinking  fund,  as  before  stated,  since  180-3,  has  consisted  of  a 
permanent  annual  appropriation  of  eight  millions  of  dollars.  The 
funds,  from  which  this  sum  is  paid,  are — 

1.  The  fund  arising  irom  the  interest  on  the  debt,  re- 
deemed by  payment,  or  purchase,  and  which  has 
passed  to  the  credit  of  the  Commissioners  of  the 
.-.inking  fund,  and  which,  in  1813,  amounted  to        $1,932,107  U2 

-\  The  bind  arising  from   the  sales  of  public  land.;, 

which  in  1813,  wa>  -  830.'J71  53 


299 

J.  From  the  proceeds  of  the  duties  on  goods,  wares 
and  merchandize,  imported,  and  on  the  tonnage  of 
vessels,  sufficient  to  make  up  the  balance. 

If  the  whole  of  the  eight  millions  was  not  expended,  by  the  Com 
niissioners,  in  any  one  year,  the  balance  went  into  the  expenditures 
of  the  succeeding  year.  After  paying  the  interest  and  reimburse- 
ment of  the  debt,  and  such  parts  of  the  principal  as  became  due,  by 
contract,  it  was  made  the  duty  of  the  Commissioners,  to  apply  the 
balance  of  the  eight  millions,  to  the  purchase  of  stock,  whenever  if 
was  below  par.  Notwithstanding  this,  the  whole  of  the  late  loans,  as 
well  as  all  the  Treasury  notes,  issued  prior  to  February  20th,  1815, 
were  made  a  charge  on  this  fund,  without  any  addition  being  made  to 
the  fund  itself.  In  consequence  of  this,  the  fund  became  overcharged 
several  millions,  (even  without  applying  any  part,  to  the  purchase  of 
stock,  though  it  was  much  below  par,)  and  afforded  no  security  to 
the  money  lender. 

Sensible  of  this,  at  last,  Congress  declared  by  the  act  of  Novem- 
ber 15th,  1814,  authorizing  a  loan  of  three  millions  of  dollars,  for 
which  stock  was  to  issue  reimbursable  in  twelve  years,  "  that  in  ad- 
dition to  the  annual  sum  of  eight  millions  of  dollars,  heretofore  ap- 
propriated to  the  sinking  fund,  adequate  and  permanent  funds  shall, 
during  the  present  session  of  Congress,  be  provided  and  appropriated, 
for  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  reimbursement  of  the  principal  ot 
said  stock  created  by  this  act."  And  by  the  same  act,  declared 
"  that  an  adequate  and  permanent  sinking  fund,  gradually  to  reduce, 
and  eventually  to  extinguish  the  public  debt,  contracted,  and  to  be 
contracted  during  the  present  war,  shall  also  be  established  dur- 
ing the  present  session  of  Congress.''  And  by  various  subsequent 
acts,  passed  during  the  same  session,  an  annual  direct  tax  of  six 
millions  of  dollars,  and  all  the  internal  taxes,  including  the  du- 
ties on  the  postage  of  letters,  were  pledged  "  towards  establishing 
an  adequate  revenue,  to  provide  for  the  payment  of  the  expenses  of 
Government ;  for  the  punctual  payment  of  the  public  debt,  principal 
and  interest,  contracted  and  to  be  contracted,  according  to  the  terms 
of  the  contracts  respectively ;  and  for  creating  an  adequate  sinking 
fund,  gradually  to  reduce,  and  eventually  to  extinguish  the  public 
lebt,  contracted  and  to  be  contracted."  k,c.   '•'  and  were  to  remain  so 


oOO 

pledged,  until  other  taxes  and  duties,  equally  productive,   were  pro- 
vided, and  established  by  law,  for  the  same  purposes." 

The  plan  of  the  sinking  fund,  originally  adopted  by  the  United 
States,  was  taken,  substantially,  from  that  of  Great-Britain.  The 
present  British  sinking  fund,  was  established  by  Mr.  Pitt,  in  1786  ; 
and  commenced,  by  a  permanent  annual  appropriation  of  one  mil- 
lion sterling,  to  be  applied  by  Commissioners,  called  Commissioners 
of  the  sinking  fund,  to  the  redemption  of  the  public  debt  by  purcha- 
ses of  stock  ;  and  the  interest  of  the  stock,  thus  purchased,  was  to  be 
applied  to  the  same  purpose.  A  further  permanent  annual  grant  of 
two  hundred  thousand  pounds,  was  afterwards  added  to  this  sum  for 
the  same  object.  Afterwards,  Parliament  made  it  a  standing  rule, 
that  the  creation  of  a  new  debt  should  be  accompanied  with  the 
means  of  extinguishment,  and  on  every  new  loan,  permanent  funds 
to  the  amount  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  loan,  were  provided,  and  added 
to  the  sinking  fund.  Other  sums  were  afterwards  added  to  the  sink- 
ing fund,  in  consequence  of  loans  obtained  on  a  particular  plan  of  ex- 
tinguishment, the  details  of  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  specify.  The 
^inking  fund  of  Great-Britain  has,  generally,  been  applied  to  purcha- 
ses of  stock  ;  while  that  of  the  United  States  has  not  been  so  applied, 
except  in  its  commencement,  unless  a  balance  remained  in  the  hands 
of  the  Commissioners,  after  the  reimbursement  ot  the  six  per  cent,  and 
deterred  stock,  and  the  payment  of  that  part  of  the  principal  of  the 
debt,  which  fell  due  in  each  year  ;  and  not  then,  unless  stocks  were 
below  par. 

The  United  States  stock  redeemed  by  payment,  or  purchase,  has, 
in  the  Treasury  books,  passed  to  the  credit  of  the  Commissioners  of 
the  sinking  fund  ;  the  interest  of  which,  as  before  stated,  constitutes, 
in  their  hands,  a  part  of  the  sinking  fund. 

The  amount  thus  passed  to  their  credit,  on  the  1st  day  of  Janua- 
ry, 1814,  was  as  follows: — 

Foreign  debt — five  per  cent,  stock,  $8,200,000 
Four  and  a   half  per 

cent,  stock,         -  820,000 

Four  per  cent,  stock,     3.180,000 

$12,200,000 


301 

Domestic  debt — six  percent,  stock,  $1 ,946,026  92 
Three  per  ct.  stock,  698,555  41 
Deferred  six  per  ct. 

stock,         -         -     1,005,179  83 
Eight  per  cent,  stock,   6, 1 82,500 
Exchanged  six   per 

cent,  stock,         -     6,294,051    12 
Converted   six    per 

cent,  stock,         -     1,859,850  70 
Four  and  a  half  per 

cent,  stock,         -        176,000 
Five  and  a  half  per 

cent,  stock,         -     1,848.900 
Navy  six  per  cent. 

stock,         -        -         711,700 
Louisiana  six  per  ct. 

stock,         -        -         326,500 
Six  per  cent,  stock 

of  1812.         -  324,200 

21,373,463  98 


$33,573,463  98 

Those,  who  have  a  curiosity  to  see  the  increase  of  the  national 
debt  of  Great-Britain,  from  the  time  of  the  revolution,  in  1689,  to 
February  1st,  1813;  together  with  the  amount  of  money  applied  to 
the  redemption  of  the  national  debt  of  that  country,  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  sinking  fund  in  1786,  to  February  1st,  1813,  and 
the  produce  of  the  sinking  fund,  at  the  latter  period,  may  consult  Ta- 
bles No.  I.  and  II.  taken  from  Hamilton's  late  enquiry,  concerning 
the  national  debt  of  Great-Britain. 

From  these,  it  will  be  seen,  that,  in  1689,  the  British  national  debt, 
was  only  £1,054,921  sterling,  and  that  on  the  1st  of  February,  1813, 
the  funded  debt  of  that  Kingdom  amounted  tOc£812,013,135  sterling  ; 
that  of  this  sum  c£21 0,46 1,356  had  been  redeemed  by  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  sinking  fund,  06*1,961,582  converted  for  life  annuities, 
find  that  £24,378.804,  had  been  transferred,  for  the  purpose  of  the 


302 

iatid  tax,  making  £236,801,742  redeemed,  leaving  the  unredeemed 
amount  of  funded  debt,  February  1st,  1813,  £575,211,393;  that 
♦his  debt  was  invested  in  the  following  funds,  viz. — 

Bank  annuities,         ...  -  £11,686,800 

Loan  of  1726.       -  1,000,000 

South  Sea  annuities,  including  loan  of  1751,            -  16,125,684 

Three  per  cent,  consolidated,  ....  312,894,703 
Three  per  cent,  reduced, 78,760,033 


£420,467,222 
Four  per  cent,  consolidated,  ....  61,060,921 

Five  per  cent,  consolidated,       £92,060,254 
Loyalty  loan,         -         -         -       1,622,994 

93,683,248 


£575,211,393 


The  three  per  cents,  were  redeemed,  at  an  average  nearly 

at  62| 

The  four  per  cents.  -  at  -  84$ 

The  five  per  cents.  -  at  -  89|- 

That  the  produce  of  the  sinking  fund,  on  the  1st  of  February,  1813, 
was  £13,013,914  sterling. 

Besides  the  funded  debt  of  Great-Britain,  ihejloating  debt,  as  it  is 
called,  consisting  o{  navy  debt,  and  exchequer  bills  outstanding, 
amounted,  on  the  5th  of  January,  1813,  to  £53,155,372.  (See  No. 
\T.  Appendix  No.  II.) 

For  the  amount  of  the  funded  debt  of  Great-Britain,  redeemed  and 
unredeemed,  the  annual  charges  of  the  same,  with  the  .-inking  fund 
applicable  to  the  reduction  of  the  debt,  for  each  year,  from  1804  to 
(813,  see  No.  IV.  in  Appendix  No.  II. 

The  amount  of  capital  funded  in  Great-Britain,  has  greatly  exceed- 
ed the  sums  raised,  as  most  of  the  loans  have  been  taken  in  the  three 
per  rents.     This  excess,  during  the  war  of  the  American  revolution. 


303 

and  from  1793  to  1812  inclusive,  is  stated  by  Mr.  Hamilton,  as  fol- 
lows.— 

Sums  raised.        Capital  funded. 

Debt  contracted  during  the  war  of 

the  American  revolution,         -  £91,760,842  £115,267,993 

Loans  from  1793  to  1812  inclusive,  322,358,532  498,861,867 

Bills  funded,  in  that  period,  62,258,173  74,920,020 


£476,380,547      £689,049,880 
Of  which  redeemed  by  the  Com- 
missioners,        -         -         -  133,536,836         210,461,356 


£342,843,711       £478,588,524 
342,843,711 


Excess  of  capital  funded,  above  sums  raised,         -         £135,744,813 

In  consequence  of  the  operation  of  the  sinking  fund  in  Great-Bri- 
tain, the  national  funded  debt  of  that  Kingdom  has  increased  but 
about  ninety-one  millions  sterling,  from  1804  to  1813,  a  period  of 
nine  years  ;  notwithstanding  the  loans,  obtained  in  each  year,  were 
large.  In  1804,  the  unredeemed  amount  of  funded  debt  was 
£484,162,622,  and  in  1813,  was  £575,211,393.  The  difference  is 
£91,048,771,  or  about  $400,000,000,  principally  in  the  three  per 
cents,  being  an  annual  increase,  of  about  forty-four  millions  of  dollars. 

The  British  sinking  fund,  in  1804,  was  £6,282,947,  being  in  pro- 
portion to  the  debt,  as  one  to  seventy-seven,  and  in  1813,  was 
£13,013,914,  being  in  proportion  to  the  debt,  at  that  time,as  one  to 
forty-four.     (See  No.  IV.  in  Appendix  No.  II.) 

What  will  be  the  annual  increase  of  the  debt  of  the  United  States, 
in  consequence  of  the  late  war,  cannot  yet  be  ascertained  with  preci- 
sion.  Making  an  allowance,  for  the  difference  between  the  value 
of  stock  at  three  per  cent,  and  six  per  cent,  the  annual  increase  ot 
the  American  national  debt,  during  the  late  war,  cannot  fall  much 
diort  of  the  annual  increase  of  the  British  funded  debt,  fortlie  above 
period  of  nine  vears. 


That  the  United  Stales,  however,  while  they  remain  at  peace,  will 
be  able  to  pay  the  interest  of  their  debt,  as  well  as  the  other  necessa- 
ry expenses  of  the  government,  and  also  to  extinguish  the  principal  of 
the  debt,  within  a  reasonable  time,  with  a  proper  application  of  their 
funds,  there  can  be  no  doubt. 


305 
TABLE  No.  I. 


The  amount  of  the  National  Debt  of  Great-Britain,  at  the  Revolution, 
and  at  the  commencement  and  termination  of  each  war,  to  February 
1st,  1813,  has  been  as  follows  : — 

£ 

1689  1,054,925 

1697  21,515,742 

1701  16,394,701 

1714  53,681,076 

1740  46,449,568 

1748  78,293,313 

1756  72,289,673 
1763  133.959,270 


National  debt  at  the  revolution, 

—  at  the  peace  of  Rysvvick, 

—  at  the  commencement  of  the  war, 

—  at  the  peace  of  Utrecht, 

—  at  the  commencement  of  the  war, 
Funded  debt  at  the  peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle, 

—  at  the  commencement  of  the  war, 

—  at  the  peace  of  Paris, 
including  what  was  contracted  in  sub- 
sequent years,  to  discharge  arrears. 

—  at  the  commencement  of  the  American 

war,  ... 

—  at  the  peace  of  Versailles, 

—  including  what  was  funded  in  subse- 

quent years,  and  this  being  reduced 
by  purchases  made  by  the  Commis- 
sioners for  the  redemption  of  the 
national  debt,  there  remained  unre- 
deemed at  the  commencement  of 
the  war,  ... 

—  at  the  peace  of  Amiens, 

including  the  loan  of 
that  year,         -         £567,008,978 
of  which  redeemed,  67,225,915 


1775 
1783 


1793 
1802 


122,963,254 
238,231,248 


There  was  no  reduction  of  the  national  debt  dur- 
ing the  short  peace  which  followed  the  treaty 
of  Amiens. 

Funded  debt  1st  February, 

£812,013,135 

Of  which  redeemed  or  converted 

into  life  annuities,  -  212,422,938 


1813 


In  this  statement  the  value  of  annuities  granted  for 
vears  is  not  included. 


227,989,148 


499,783,063 


599,590,197 


30 


306 
TABLE  No.  II. 


The  amount  of  money  applied  for  the  redemption  of  the  national  funded  debt, 
of  Great-Britain,  and  of  capital  and  interest  redeemed  since  the  commence-^ 
ment  of  the  sinking  fund  in  1786,  to  1st  February,  1813,  and  the  produce 
of  the  sinking  fund,  at  that  time,  are  as  follows  : — 

Sums  Capital  Interest 

expended,      redeemed,     redeemed. 

£ 


£ 

£ 

126,822,903 

6,586,934 

126,998 

202,522,956 

7,796,400 

142,000 

133,536,835 

210,461,356 

1,961,582 
24,378,804 

236,801,742 

Three  per  cents. 
Four  per  cents. 
Five  per  cents. 

I 
Converted  for  life  annuities, 
Transferred  for  purchase  of  land  tax, 


Permanent  annual  grant  to  sinking  fund, 

Additional  permanent  annual  grant, 

Amount  of  one  per  cent,  sinking  fund, 

Sinking  fund  of  1807,  on  Lord  Henry  Petty's  plan, 

Annuities,  the  term  of  which  is  expired, 

Life  annuities,  of  which  the  nominees  have  died,  piior  to  July 

5th,  1802, 
Life  annuities  unclaimed  for  three  years,  prior  to  January  5th, 

1813,  


6,075,688: 

311,856! 

7,100i 


6,453,491 1 


1,000,000' 
200,000; 

4,738,683! 
626,255 

79,880: 

i 

21,141' 
30,135! 
13,149,587; 
35,673 


13,013,914 


Deduct  life  annuities  granted  for  capital,    £40,333 
Of  which  expired,  -  -  -        4,660 

Amount  of  sinking  fund  1st  February,  1813, 
The  three  per  cents,  were  redeemed  nearly  at  62  7-8  at  an  average. 
The  four  per  cents,  at  84  1-2. 
The  five  per  cents,  at  89  3-8. 

The  funded  debt,  1st  of  February,  1813,  was  -  £812,013,135 

Redeemed  by  sinking  fund,  -  -  -  210,461,356 

£601,551,779  J 
1,961,582! 

£599,590,197i 
24,378,804! 


Converted  for  life  annuities, 

Transferred  for  purchase  of  land  tax, 
Unredeemed  debt  of  Britain,  1st  February,  1813, 


£575,211,393 


Which  debt  was  invested  in  the  following  funds  : — 


iBank  annuities, 

:Loanofl726,         - 

, South  sea  annuities,  including  loan  of  1751, 

(Three  per  cent,  consolidated, 

| Three  per  cent,  redeemed, 


Four  per  cent,  consolidated, 
Five  per  cent,  consolidated, 
•Loyalty  loan, 


£92,060,254 
1,622,994 


£11,686,800; 

1,000,000' 

16,125,684; 

312,894,703: 

78,760,033  j 

£420,46772~22; 

61,060,921; 


_93,683,248 
£575,211,392: 


CHAPTER  IX. 


Keventes,  derived,  principally,  from  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage- 
Amount  received  from  the  customs,  from  the  commencement  of  the  Go- 
vernment, to  1814 — Gross  and  net  amount  of  the  customs,  accruing'  annu- 
ally, in  each  state  and  territory,  from  the  commencement  of  the  Govern- 
ment, to  December  31st,  1810,  with  the  amount  of  drawbacks,  &c. — An  ac- 
count of  internal  duties  laid  prior  to  1802 — Amount  received,  prior  to,  and 
since  their  repeal  in  that  year — Various  internal  taxes  laid  since  1812 — Di- 
rect taxes,  which  have  been  laid,  at  different  periods— Amount  of  the  va- 
luation of  lands  and  houses,  in  1799 — Comparative  view  of  the  value  of 
lands  and  houses,  in  1799,  and  1814,  in  several  states — Proceeds  of  sales 
of  public  lands — Estimate  of  the  quantity  of  public  lands  yet  unsold — 
Post-Office  establishment — Amount  of  postage  received — Receipts  and  ex- 
penditures, at  different  periods. 

Previous  to  the  late  war,  between  the  United  States  and  Great- 
Britain,  the  revenues  of  the  United  States  were  derived  from  the  fol- 
lowing sources,  viz. — 

1.  Imported  articles. 

2.  The  tonnage  of  ships  and  vessels. 

3.  Spirits  distilled  within  the  United  States,  and  on  stilts. 

4.  Postage  of  letters. 

5.  Taxes  on  patents. 

6.  Dividends  on  bank  stock. 

7.  Snuff  manufactured,  in  the  United  States. 

8.  Sugar  refined,  in  the  United  States. 

9.  Sales  at  auction. 

10.  Licenses  to  retail  Wines  and  distilled  spirits. 

1 1.  Carriages  for  the  conveyance  of  persons. 

12.  Stamped  paper. 

13.  Direct  taxes. 

14.  Sales  of  public  lands. 

The  revenues  of  the  United  States,  have  been  principally  derived 


308 

from  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage.  Internal  taxes  were  laid,  at 
different  periods,  after  the  commencement  of  the  Government,  and  by 
an  act  passed  April,  1802,  were  all  discontinued,  from  and  after  the 
30th  of  June  of  the  same  year.  On  the  14th  of  July,  1798,  a  direct 
tax,  of  two  millions  of  dollars,  was  laid  upon  the  United  States,  and 
was  the  only  direct  tax  imposed  previous  to  the  late  war. 

The  customs,  as  they  are  called,  consist  of  duties  on  imports  and 
tonnage,  and  also  of  monies,  arising  from  passports,  clearances,  light 
money,  &c.  Th*;  gross  amount  of  the  customs  is  that,  which  ac- 
crues on  the  importation  of  merchandize,  the  net  amount,  as  it  is  call- 
ed in  the  Treasury  book,  is  that  which  remains,  after  deducting  the 
drawbacks  on  the  exportation  of  the  same  merchandize  ;  and  also  for 
drawbacks  on  domestic  spirits  exported,  on  which  a  duty  has  been 
paid,  and  for  bounties  and  allowances  for  the  fisheries,  and  on  the  ex- 
portation of  salted  provisions,  and  also,  after  deducting  the  expenses 
of  prosecution  and  collection. 

This  amount  is  secured  to  the  Government,  by  bonds  payable  at 
different  periods,  according  to  the  term  of  credit,  given  to  the  import- 
er. Owing,  however,  to  the  bankruptcy  of  obligors,  failure  of  col- 
lectors, and  other  causes,  the  whole  of  the  money  thus  secured,  does 
not  come  into  the  public  Treasury. 

The  amount  of  the  actual  receipts  from  the  customs,  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Government,  to  the  year  1813,  was  as  follows, 
viz. — 

From  4th  March,  1789,  to 

31st  December,  Dolls.      Cts. 

1791  -  4,399,472  99 

1792  -  3,443,070  85 

1793  -  4,255,306  56 

1794  -  4,801,065  28 

1795  -  -  -  5,588,461   26 

1796  -  6,567,987  94 

1797  -  7,549,649  65 

1798  -  -  7,106,061   93 

1799  6,610.449  31 


309 


Years. 

Dolls.     Cts. 

1800 

- 

- 

-. 

9,080,932  73 

1801 

- 

- 

- 

10,750,778  93 

1802 

- 

- 

- 

12,438,235  74 

1803 

- 

- 

- 

10,479,417  61 

1804 

- 

- 

- 

11,098,565  33 

1805 

- 

- 

- 

12,936,487  04 

1806 

- 

- 

- 

14,667,698   17 

1807 

- 

- 

- 

15,845,521   61 

(l808 

- 

- 

- 

16,363,550  58 

1809 

- 

- 

- 

7,296,020  58 

1810 

- 

- 

- 

8,583,309  31 

1811 

- 

- 

- 

13,313,222  73 

1812 

- 

- 

- 

8,958,777  53 

1813 

- 

- 

- 

13,224,623  25 

flie  amount  receivable 
mated  at  a 

,  in  ; 
bout 

1814. 

was  esti-  j 

>      7,000,000 

In  consequence  of  the  late  peace,  and  the  double  duties,  there  is 
no  doubt,  that  the  amount  of  the  customs,  which  will  accrue  in  1815, 
will  exceed  that  of  any  former  year  ;  estimates  of  the  amount  have 
varied  from  fifteen  to  thirty  millions. 

The  gross  and  net  annual  amount  of  the  customs,  which  have  ac- 
crued, with  the  amount  of  drawbacks  on  merchandize,  and  on  spirits 
exported,  of  bounties  and  allowances,  and  expenses  of  collection,  in 
each  state,  and  territory,  from  March  4th,  1789,  to  1810,  inclusive, 
appears  from  table  No.  I.  This  statement  was  laid  before  Congress, 
on  the  27th  of  February,  1812,  and  serves  to  shew,  not  only  the 
amount  of  the  customs,  with  the  drawbacks,  but  also  the  extent  of 
trade  in  each  state  and  territory. 

The  amount  of  duties,  which  accrued,  in  1805,  1806  and  1807. 
was  much  greater,  than  in  any  preceding,  or  subsequent  years. 

The  net  amount  accruing  in  1805,  being      -         $14,980,218  62 

1806,  -    16,081,976  60 

1807,  -  16,493,434  75 


Making  -  $47,555,629  97 


.310 

Of  this  sum,  the  amount  which  accrued,  and  was  secured  in  the  states 
of  Massachusetts,  New-York,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  South- 
Carolina,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

Massachusetts  in  1805,       -       -  $3,308,046  41 

1806,  -  3,524,326  92 

1807,  -       -        3,576,674   15 

$10,409,047  48 

New-York,  in  1805,   -   -  $4,882,076  56 

1806,  -    4,875,783  02 

1807,  -   -  4,826,713  42 

■ $14,584,573  00 

Pennsylvania,  in  1805,       -       -$2,300,563  37 
1806,  -  3,017,403  45 


1807,       -       -     3,162,733   16 


5,480,699  98 


Maryland,    in    1805,       -       -  $1,130,834  31 

1806,  1,446,597  73 

1807,  -       -      1,633,899  84 


$4,211,331   88 


South-Carolina,  in  1805,       -       -      $843,135  47 

1806,  -      871,393  26 

1807,  -   -    735,527  84 


2,450,056  57 


Making,  in  these  five  states,  -        $40,135,708  91 

The  duties  remained  nearly  the  same  from  1802  to  1812,  except 
an  addition  of  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  merchandize  imported, 
paying  duties  ad  valorem,  which  constituted  the  -Mediterranean  fund  : 
the  great  increase  of  the  duties,  therefore,  from  1802,  to  the  com- 
mencement of  commercial  restrictions,  was  owing,  principally,  to 
the  increased  population,  and  consumption  of  the  country,  and  U 
the  prosperous  state  of  American  commerce,  during  this  period. 


311 

The  duties  on  imports  are  laid,  either  upon  the  value  of  the  arti- 
cles imported,  and  which  are  called  duties  ad  valorem,  or  a  certain 
sum  is  imposed,  on  the  articles  themselves,  called  specific  duties. 
Many  articles,  however,  are  imported  duty  free.  These  consist  of 
articles  in  a  raw  state,  which  are  necessary  for  our  manufactures,  or 
agriculture,  such  as  bullion,  copper,  old  pewter,  tin,  salt-petre,  sul- 
pher,  dying  drugs  and  woods,  woad,  wool,  furs,  raw  hides,  to  which 
are  added  sea  stores,  wearing  apparel,  personal  baggage  and  imple- 
ments of  trade,  belonging  to  emigrants,  and  philosophical  apparatus, 
for  the  use  of  seminaries  of  learning. 

For  some  years,  prior  to  1804,  goods  imported  subject  to  duties 
ad  valorem,  were  divided  into  three  classes,  the  first  class  paid  twen- 
ty per  cent,  the  second  fifteen,  and  the  third  twelve  and  a  half  per 
cent  on  their  value.* 

On  the  25th  of  March,  1804,  by  an  act,  entitled  "  An  act  further 
to  protect  the  commerce  and  seamen  of  the  United  States  against  the 
Barbary  powers,"  an  additional  duty  of  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  was 
laid  on  all  the  imports  then  paying  duties  ad  valorem.  This  increas- 
ed the  rate  of  these  duties  to  twenty-two  and  a  half,  seventeen  and  a 
half  and  fifteen  per  cent.  A  separate  account  was  to  be  kept,  of  the 
monies  arising  from  this  additional  duty,  and  it  constituted  a  distinct 
fund,  by  the  name  of  "  the  Mediterranean  fund,"  and  was  to  be  ap- 
plied solely  "  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  expenses  of  equipping, 
officering,  manning,  and  employing  such  of  the  armed  vessels  of  the 
United  States,  as  may  be  deemed  requisite  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  for  protecting  the  commerce  and  seamen  thereof,  and 
for  carrying  on  warlike  operations  against  the  regency  of  Tripoli,  or 
any  other  of  the  Barbary  powers,  which  may  commit  hostilities 
against  the  United  States,  and  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  any  other 
expenses  incidental  to  the  intercourse  with  the  Barbary  powers,  or 
which  are  authorized  by  this  act."  This  additional  duty  was  to 
cease,  and  be  discontinued  at  the  expiration  of  three  months,  after 
(he  ratification  of  a  treaty  of  peace,  with  the  regency  of  Tripoli. 
Peace  was  made  with  that  regency,  in   1805,  yet  this  additional 

*  On  goods  imported  in  foreign  vessels   an  addition  of  ten  per  rent,  i? 
mad*1  to  the  amount  of  this  and  other  dutf  e« 


312 

duty  has  been  continued  by  various  acts  of  Congress,  until  March  3d, 
1815,  when  it  ceased  ;  and  the  proceeds  of  it  have  been  applied,  to 
the  general  expenses  of  the  Government.  On  the  1st  day  of  July, 
1812,  an  addition  of  one  hundred  per  cent,  was  made  to  all  the  per- 
manent duties,  to  continue  during  the  war  then  existing  between  Great- 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  and  one  year  thereafter.  As  the  addi- 
tional duty,  which  constituted  the  Mediterranean  fund,  was  temporary, 
this  was  not  increased  by  the  act.  This  addition  of  one  hundred  per 
cent,  increased  the  rates  of  duties  ad  valorem,  to  forty-two  and  a  half, 
thirty-two  and  a  half,  and  twenty-seven  and  a  half  per  cent,  until 
March  3d,  1815,  when  the  Mediterranean  fund  ceasing,  they  will 
continue  at  forty,  thirty,  and  twenty-five,  until  the  18th  day  of 
February,  1816,  being  one  year  from  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of 
the  treaty  of  peace,  between  the  United  States  and  Great-Britain. 

The  articles  subject  to  duties  ad  valorem,  are  numerous,  and  in- 
clude all  manufactures  of  wool,  cotton,  silk,  hemp  and  flax,  all  manu- 
factures of  metals  (except  nails,  spikes,  steel,  wool  and  cotton  cards, 
which  pay  specific  duties)  all  manufactures  of  earth,  stone,  and  leath- 
er, (except  boots  and  shoes)  all  carriages  and  parts  of  carriages,  ca- 
binet wares,  paper  hangings,  carpets  and  carpeting,  and  many  other 
articles. 

The  net  amount  of  the  ad  valorem  duties,  from  1801  to  1812,  wa^ 
is  follows,  viz. — 

Dollars. 

1801  -  7,070,430 

1802  -      -  4,960,123 

1803  -      -  ,  4,850,630 

1804  -      -  5,664,797 

1805  -  6,410,440 

1806  -  7,162,099 

1807  -      -  7,560,929 

1808  -      -      -       2,739,375 

1809  -      -      -       3,806,26:: 

1810  -  6,814,255 

1811  -  2,820,166 

1812  -       -  5.782.144 


313 

Imported  spirits,  wines,  molasses,  teas,  coffee,  sugar,  and  salt, 
have  paid  specific  duties.  In  some  years  prior  to  the  late  war,  the 
duty  on  spirits  was,  on  an  average,  about  twenty-nine  cents  per  gal- 
lon, wines  from  fifty-eight  to  twenty-three  cents  per  gallon,  and  mo- 
lasses five  cents,  teas,  on  an  average,  about  twenty  cents  per  pound, 
coffee  five  cents,  sugar  two  and  a  half  cents,  and  salt  twenty  cents 
per  bushel,  weighing  fifty-six  pounds. 

Table  No  II.  shews  the  gross  amount  of  duties,  on  each  of  these 
articles,  from  1793  to  1810,  inclusive,  (except  on  salt,  which  ceased 
in  1807,)  and  the  amount  of  drawbacks  on  the  same,  for  the  same 
period. 

The  net  amount  of  duties  accruing,  on  each  of  them,  for  the  year- 
1805,  1806,  and  1807,  was  as  follows,  viz. : — 

Dolls.  Dolls 

Spirits,  1805  2,267,389 

1806  -  3,102,219 

1807  -  2,683,802 

. 8,053,410 


Wines,  1805  843,319 

1806  559,703 

1807  868,812 

2,271,834 

Molasses,        1805  464,445 

1806  -       428,883 

1807  -       414,133 

1,307,461 

Teas,  1805  -  681,774 

1806  975,053 

1807  -  1,223,968 

2,880.79* 


40 


314 

Dolls.  Dolls, 

Goffee,  1805  352,371 

1806  1,005,574 

1807  714,975 
2,073,420 


1805  1,922,220 

1806  1,999,886 

1807  -      1,885,473 


5,807,579 


•Salt,  1805  763,391 

1806  846,318 

1807  -  711,819 

2,321,528 

The  net  amount  of  duties  on  spirits  imported,  from  1793  to  1810. 
inclusive,  was  $33,536,140,  being  about  one  fifth  of  all  the  duties  on 
imports,  during  that  period.  Specific  duties  have  also  been  laid,  on 
various  other  articles  imported,  at  different  rate.-,  which  produced,  in 
1806,  the  net  amount  of  $1,014,841  and  30  cents.  (See  Table 
No.  III.) 

INTERNAL  TAXES. 

Soon  after  the  establishment  of  the  Government,  duties  on  spirits 
distilled  within  the  United  States,  and  on  stills,  were  laid  ;  other  in- 
ternal taxes  were  afterwards,  at  different  periods,  added,  and  which, 
as  before  stated,  were  repealed  in  1G02.  Those  which  were  impos- 
ed, prior  to  that  time,  and,  in  the  Treasury  books,  were  denominated 
internal  taxes,  were — 

1.  Duties  on  spirits  distilled  within  the  United  States,  and  on  still-. 

2.  —  on  snuff  manufactured  in  the  United  State-. 

3.  —  on  retined  sugar. 

4.  —  on  sales  at  auction. 

5.  —  on  licenser  to  retail  wine-,  and  spirituous  liquor. 


315 

6.  Duties  on  carriages  for  the  conveyance  of  person.-. 

7.  —     on  stamped  paper. 

The  sums  actually  paid  into  the  Treasury  from  those  internal  tax- 
es, from  their  commencement,  to  Septemher  30th,  1812,  wal 
$0,460,003  54  cents,  and  the  annual  receipts  were — 

Dolls.  Cts. 

1792  -  -      208,942  81 

1793  -      -  -      237,705  70 

1794  -      -  -      274,089  62 

1795  -      -  -      337,755  36 

1796  -      -  -      475,289  60 

1797  -       -  -      575,491  45 

1798  -      -  -      644,357  95 

1799  -       -  -      779,136  44 

1800  -  809,396  55 

1801  -      -  -     1,048,033  43 

1802  -      -  -      621,898  89 

1803  -      -  -      215,179  69 

1804  -      -  -       50,941  29 

1805  -      -  21.747  15 

1806  -      -  20,101  45 

1807  -      -  13,051  40 

1808  -      -  -        8,210  73 

1809  -       -  4,044  39 

1810  -      -  -        7,430  63 

1811  -      -  -        2,295  95 

1812  -  -        4,903  6 


,6,460.003  54 


The  greatest  amount  of  these  taxes  accrued,  in  1801,  being 
$989,533  and  29  cents,  and  the  amount  accruing  in  each  state  ac- 
cording to  official  Treasury  statements,  was  as  follows,  viz.  : — . 

Dolls.  Cts. 
New-Hampshire.  •  9.785  70 


<il6 

Dolls.     Cts. 

Massachusetts,                -                -  232,566  33 

Rhode-Island,         -              -  32,156  99 

Connecticut.                -                -  27,220   14 

Vermont,              -              -                -  3,360  73 

New- York,                                 -  143,757  89 

New-Jersey,          ...  8,043  53 

Pennsylvania,                             -  20.?, 545  46 

Delaware,  6,994  81 

Maryland,                                               -  83,562  96 

Virginia,                                           -  115,444  32 

North-Carolina,  32,476  23 

.South-Carolina,  45,612  63 

Georgia,                  -               -             -  6,452  37 
Kentucky,                   -                .... 

Tennessee,         -                             -  9,456  99 

Ohio,                                                     -  23,095  21 


$989,533  29 
And  during  that  year,  the  following  was  the   amount  accruing  from 
each  object — 

From  spirits  distilled  within  the  United  States,    $178,659  21 
From  stills,  -  -  -  257,070     3 

From  refined  sugar,  -  -  76,539  65 

From  sales  at  auction.  -  -  66,122  84 

From  licenses  to  retailers,  -  -       69,173  74 

From  carriages,  -  -  73,926  21 

From  stamped  paper,  -  -  268,041   61 


$989,041  61 
Although  these  internal  duties  were  repealed  in  1802,  their  collec- 
tion has  never  yet  been  completed.  Considerable  sums  have  been 
annually  paid  into  the  Treasury,  from  officers  entrusted  with  the  col- 
lection of  them,  since  their  repeal;  and  on  the  1st  day  of  January, 
1812,  the  balances  due  from  the  Supervisors  and  other  officers  of  the 
internal  revenue,  in  the  several  states,  as  appears  by  the  Treasury 
!>  -ok«.  amounted  In  $254,940  64 


air 

At  the  first  session  of  the  thirteenth  Congress,  held  in  the  summer 
of  1813,  the  following  internal  duties  were  laid,  viz.  : — 

1.  Duties  on  licenses  for  stills  and  boilers. 

2.  —     on  carriages,  for  the  conveyance  of  persons. 

3.  —     on  licenses  to  retailers  of  foreign  merchandize,    wines, 

and  spirituous  liquors. 

4.  —     on  sales  at  auction. 

5.  —     on  refilled  sugar. 

6.  —     on  stamped  paper  of  a  certain  description. 

These  taxes  were  to  commence  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1814. 
And  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  the  same,  each  state  was  divided  in- 
to a  certain  number  of  collection  districts,  each  district  having  a  prin- 
cipal collector,  with  power  to  appoint  deputies  under  him. 

The  amount  of  the  tax  laid,  on  most  of  these  objects,  was  about 
double  the  former  tax  on  the  same,  and  on  licenses  to  retailers,  was 
about  three  times  the  amount  of  the  former. 

The  original  plan  of  the  Treasury  department,  and  which  was 
adopted  by  Congress,  contemplated  a  reliance  on  loans  to  carry  on 
the  war,  and  to  pay  the  reimbursements  of  the  old  debt.  A  revenue 
sufficient  to  defray  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  Government,  to  pa} 
the  interest  of  the  existing  public  debt,  and  the  interest  on  new  loans, 
was  to  be  provided. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  his  letter  to  the  Committee  ot 
ways  and  means,  of  January  10th,  1812,  in  answer  to  their  enquiries 
relative  to  supplies  and  revenue,  in  the  event  oficar,  stated,  that  the 
sum  of  about  nine  millions  of  dollars,  would  be  sufficient  to  defray  the 
ordinary  expenses  of  Government,  and  to  pay  the  interest  of  the  ex- 
isting public  debt  ;  and  that  this  sum,  with  the  amount  of  interest  on 
new  loans,  must  annually  be  provided. 

Supposing  ten  millions  to  be  borrowed  in  1812,  the  sum  to  be  rais- 
ed by  taxes  in  1813,  according  to  the  statement  of  the  Secretary, 
would  amount  to  $9,600,000.  To  meet  this,  the  Secretary  calcula- 
ted.  that  the  duties  on  import'-,  if  doubled,  and  with  a  duty  of  twenty 


313 

cents  per  bushel  on  salt,  would  produce —  -.  $5,400,000 

and  proceeds  of  sales  ofland,  -  -  600,000 


6,000,000 
Leaving  a  deficiency  of  -  3,600,000 


9,600,000 
To  make  up  this  deficiency,  the  Secretary  proposed  a  direct  tax  of 
three  millions  of  dollars,  and  a  tax  on  spirits  distilled  and  on  stills, 
on  refined  sugar,  on  licenses  to  retailers,  on  sales  at  auction,  on  car- 
riages, and  stamp  paper,  sufficient  to  produce  two  millions  more,  both 
amounting  to  $5,000,000 

Deducting  the  expenses  of  collection,  assessment,  and 

losses,  estimated  at  -  -  750,000 


Leaving,  when  in  full  operation,  in  1814,  -  4,250,000 

But  which  were  estimated  to  produce,  in  1813,  only  3,600,000 


These  taxes,  however,  were  not  laid  by  Congress,  until  the  sum- 
mer of  1813,  to  commence  from  the  1st  of  January,  succeeding. 

The  sums  which  accrued  from  these  internal  taxes,  (exclusive  of 
the  direct  tax)  for  the  two  first  quarters  of  1814,  amounted  to 
$2,212,491  and  73  i  cents,  and  the  sums  accruing  from  each,  were 
as  follows,  viz.  : — 

Licenses  on  stills  and  boilers,  $1,062,758  99 

Carriages,                   -  214,639  731 

Licenses  to  retailers,  663,887 

Sales  at  auction,  -              -          53,695  38£ 

defined  sugar,          -  -                   116  34 

Stamped  paper,  -                217,364  281 

$2,212,491   731 


319 

The  amount  accruing  in  each  State  and  Territory,  was  as  fallows, viz. : — 


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320 

It  is  calculated  that  the  duties  accruing  in  the  two  last  quarters  of 
1814,  will  amount  to  ahout  one  million  of  dollars,  making  for  that 
year,  three  millions  from  internal  duties,  of  which  ahout  two  mil- 
lions will  he  received  into  the  Treasury,  in  1814. 

During  the  session  of  Congress  which  commenced  the  19th  of  Sep- 
temher,  1814,  a  duty  of  twenty  cents,  on  every  gallon  of  spirits  dis- 
tilled within  the  United  States,  was  laid,  in  addition  to  the  duty  on 
licenses  tor  stills  and  boilers,  fifty  per  cent,  was  added  to  the  duty  on 
licenses  to  retailers,  an  addition  was  also  made  to  the  duties  on  car- 
riages, sales  at  auction,  and  on  stamped  paper. 

TAX  OX  MANUFACTURES. 

Duties  were  also  laid  during  the  same  session,  on  the  following 
<j;oods,  wares,  and  merchandize,  manufactured  within  the  United 
States,  viz. : — 

On  pig  iron  per  ton,  one  dollar. 

Castings,  of  iron,  per  ton,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents. 

Bar  iron,  per  ton,  one  dollar. 

Rolled  or  slit  iron,  per  ton,  one  dollar. 

Xails,  brads,  and  sprigs,  other  than  those  usually  denominated 
wrought,  one  cent  per  pound. 

Candles,  ot  white  wax,  or  in  part  of  white  and  other  wax,  pel 
pound,  five  cents. 

Mould  candles,  of  tallow,  or  of  wax,  oilier  than  white,  or  in  part  ol 
each,  per  pound,  three  cents. 

Hats  and  caps,  in  whole,  or  in  part  of  leather,  wool,  or  fur,  bon- 
nets in  whole  or  in  part  of  wool  or  fur,  if  above  two  dollars  in  value. 
eight  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Hats,  of  chip  or  wood,  covered  with  silk  or  other  materials,  or  not 
covered,  if  above  two  dollars  in  value,  eight  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Paper,  three  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Umbrellas  and  parasols,  if  above  the  value  of  two  dollars,  eight  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Playing  and  visiting  cards,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Saddles  and  bridles,  six  per  centum  ad  valorem. 


321 

Boots  and  shoes,  exceeding  five  dollars  per  pair  in  value,  five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Beer,  ale,  and  porter,  six  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Manufactured  tobacco,  snuff,  and  segars,  twenty  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem. 

Leather,  including  all  hides  and  skins,  whether  tanned,  tawed, 
dressed,  or  otherwise  made,  on  the  original  manufacture  thereof,  five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Gold  and  silver  plated  ware,  jewellery,  and  paste  work,  six  per  cen- 
tum ad  valorem. 

These  duties,  as  the  act  imposing  them  directs,  are  "  to  be  paid  by 
the  owner  or  occupier  of  the  buildings  or  vessels,  in  which,  or  of  the 
machines,  implements,  or  utensils  wherewith  the  said  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandize,  shall  have  been  manufactured,  or  made,  or  by  the  agent 
or  superintendant  thereof." 

To  insure  the  collection  of  this  tax  on  manufactures,  the  law  also 
directs,  that  no  person,  after  the  expiration  of  ninety  days,  from  the 
passing  of  the  act,  owning  or  occupying  any  building,  or  vessel,  ma- 
chine, implement,  or  utensil,  used  or  intended  to  be  used,  in  such 
manufactures,  shall  use  the  same,  without  a  license  from  the  Collector 
of  the  district,  for  a  term  not  exceeding  one  year,  so  to  do  ;  and  be- 
fore such  license  can  be  obtained,  such  person  is  to  give  bond,  with 
two  sureties,  1st.  That  he  will  make  a  true  and  exact  entry  and  re- 
port in  writing,  to  the  Collector,  of  every  building,  or  vessel,  ma- 
chine, implement,  or  utensil  owned  or  occupied  by  him,  with  the  size 
thereof,  the  place  where  situate,  and  the  manner,  in  which,  and  the 
time  for  which,  not  exceeding  one  year,  he  intends  to  employ  the 
same. 

2d.  A  like  report  of  the  denominations  and  qualities  of  article- 
manufactured,  on  hand,  and  the  value  thereof. 

3d.  That  he  will  from  day  to  day,  as  long  as  he  may  use  the 
same,  enter  in  a  book  or  books,  to  be  kept  for  that  purpose,  the  de- 
nominations and  qualities  of  articles  manufactured,  and  an  account  o! 
the  denominations  and  quantities  sold,  with  the  price  for  which  the 
same  were  sold,  and  the  name  of  the  person  to  whom  sold,  when  the 
amount  shall  exceed  ten  dollars  in  value,  and  that  he  will  render  to 
'he  Collector,  rrtthe  end  of  every  three  month-,  or   within  ten  dav- 

n 


322 

thereafter,  a  general  account  of  the  denominations  and  quantities  of 
articles  manufactured,  with  the  aggregate  value  thereof,  for  three 
months  preceding,  also  a  statement  in  writing,  taken  from  his  books, 
specifying  the  denominations  and  quantities  of  manufactured  articles 
sold  on  each  day,  stating  distinctly  each  sale,  with  the  name  of  the 
purchaser,  and  the  price,  when  the  quantity  sold  shall  exceed  ten 
dollars,  and  the  aggregate  denominations  and  quantities  and  aggregate 
value  of  all  other  sales  ;  this  account  and  statement  to  be  verified  by 
oath  or  affirmation.  The  Collector  to  have  a  right  to  inspect  the 
books  kept  by  the  manufacturer,  every  day,  between  the  rising  and 
setting  of  the  sun. 

4th.  That  he  will  pay  the  duties  on  the  articles  manufactured. 

In  addition  to  these  duties  on  manufactures,  duties  were  likewise- 
laid,  the  same  session,  on  household  furniture,  on  gold  and  silver 
watches,  and  fifty  per  cent,  was  added  to  the  rate  of  postage  on  let- 
ters, besides  an  annual  direct  tax,  on  houses,  lands,  and  slaves,  of  six 
millions  of  dollars. 

From  estimates  made  at  the  Treasury,  it  was  calculated,  that  these 
internal  duties,  for  an  entire  yeir,  when  in  full  operation,  would  pro- 
duce $10,159,000,  (except  the  duty  on  gold,  silver,  and  plated  ware, 
and  jewellery,  not  laid  at  the  time  of  the  estimates.) 

The  product  of  each,  was  estimated  as  follows,  viz. — 


Stamps.              .... 

$510,000 

Carriages,                ... 

300,000 

Sales  at  auction,            ... 

300,000 

Refined  sugar,          -              -              - 

150,000 

Licenses  to  retailers, 

900,000 

Licenses  for  stills,  with  the  duty  on  spirits, 

4,000,000 

Postage,              - 

250,000 

Furniture, 

1,238,000 

Gold  watches, 

60,000 

Silver  watches,       - 

170,000 

Boots, 

75,000 

Saddles  and  bridles. 

66,000 

Paper, 

50.000 

323 

Candles,                -              -  $200,000 

Playing  cards,           -             ...  80,000 

Tobacco  and  snuff,           -           -           -  200,000 

Hats,            .....  400,000 

Iron,       -           -           -  350,000 

Nails,         .....  200,000 

Beer,  ale,  and  porter,       -         -          -  60,000 

Leather, 600,000 


$10,159,000 
Their  product,  however,   for  1815,  was  es- 
timated at  only $7,053,000 

It  will  be  observed,  that  most  of  the  internal  duties,  and  particular- 
ly those  on  manufactures,  are  laid  upon  the  articles  according  to  their 
value  ;  and  that,  not  only  the  value,  but  the  quantity  of  the  articles } 
manufactured  is  made  to  depend,  principally,  on  the  books  and  oath 
of  the  manufacturer  himself,  or  of  the  persons  employed  by  him. 
This  is  a  new  mode  of  collecting  duties,  and  whether  it  will  ensure  a 
faithful  collection,  can  be  best  known  from  experience.  The  policy 
of  multiplying  oaths,  among  so  many  classes  of  the  community,  es- 
pecially in  cases,  where  the  temptations  to  violation,  arising  from  in- 
terest,  are  so  strong,  may  well  be  questioned. 

DIRECT  TAXES. 

On  the  14th  of  July,  1798,  the  first  direct  tax  under  the  Constitu- 
tion, (being  two  millions  of  dollars,)  was  laid  upon  the  United  States, 
and  was  apportioned  among  the  several  states,  according  to  the  prin 
ciplesof  the  Constitution,  as  follows,  viz. — 

Dolls.  Cts.  Mis 

New-Hampshire,  -                          77,705  36  2 

Massachusetts,  -              -              -     260,435  31  2 

Rhode-Island,  -               37,502     8  0 

Connecticut,         -  -        129,767     0  2 

Vermont,  46.864   18  7 


324 

Dolls.  Cts.  Mis. 

New-York,  -             -             -         181,680  70  7 

New-Jersey,  -             -             -     98,387  25  3 

Pennsylvania,  -             -           237,177  72  7 

Delaware,  -              -              -          30,430  79  2 

Maryland,       -  -              -                 152,599  95  4 

Virginia,  -           -            345,488  66  5 

Kentucky,  -             -              -       37,643  99  7 

N.  Carolina,  -              -               193,697  96  5 

P.  Carolina.  -              -             -         112,997  73  9 

Georgia,          -  -                 38,814  87  5 

Tennessee,  -              -         18,806  38  3 

This  tax  was  laid  upon  all  dwelling-houses,  and  lands,  and  on 
slaves  between  the  ages  of  twelve  and  fifty,  within  the  United  States. 
The  houses  and  lands  were  valued,  according  to  the  provisions  of  a 
law  passed,  on  the  9th  of  July,  1798,  and  by  the  same  act,  all  slaves 
above  the  age  of  twelve  and  under  the  age  of  fifty,  except  such  as 
•:  from  fixed  infirmity  or  bodily  disability,  were  incapable  of  labour," 
were  also  enumerated.  This  sum  of  two  millions  was  assessed,  on 
the  dwelling-houses,  lands,  and  slaves  according  to  the  valuations  and 
enumerations,  made  by  said  act,  in  the  manner  following,  viz. — 

"  Upon  every  dwelling-house,  which,  with  the  out-houses,  appurtenant 
thereto,  and  the  lot,  whereon  the  same  were  erected,  not  exceeding  two 
acres,  shall  be  valued  at  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  and  not  more  than 
five  hundred  dollars,  a  sum  equal  to  two  tenths  of  one  per  cent,  on  the 
amount  of  valuation — 

.At  more  than  S500,  and  not  more  than  §1,000,  three  tenths  of  one  per  ct 
At  more  than  1,000,  and  not  more  than  3,000,  four  tenths  of  do. 
At  more  than  3,000,  and  not  more  than  6,000,  five  tenths  of  do. 
At  more  Uian  6,000,  and  not  more  than  10,000,  six  tenths  of  do. 
At  more  than  10,000,  and  not  more  than  15,000,  seven  tenths  of  do. 
At  more  than  15,000,  and  not  more  than  20,000,  eight  tenths  of  do. 
At  more  than  20,000,  and  not  more  than  30,000,  nine  tenths  of  do. 
And  on  all  dwelling-houses,  valued  at 

more  than  ...  30,000,  one  pr  ct.  on  the  valuation." 

Upon  every  slave  enumerated,  there  was  assessed  fifty  cents. 
After  deducting  the  amount  of  the  sums,  thus  assessed  upon  dwell- 


Z25 

ing-houses  and  slaves,  within  each  state,  from  the  sum  apportioned  to 
such  state,  the  remainder  was  assessed,  upon  the  lands  in  such  state, 
according  to  the  valuation  made  in  pursuance  of  said  act,  and  at  such 
rate  per  centum,  as  was  sufficient  to  produce  the  said  remainder. 

The  number  of  acres  of  lands  in  the 

United  States,  valued  under  the  And  was  valued  at 

act,  was         -         -  -  163,746,688,     $479,293,263   13 

The   number  of  dwelling-houses, 

over  one  hundred  dollars,  was     -        276,695,       140,683,984  79 


Making  for  both,  -  -  $619,977,247  92 

And  the  number  of  slaves  enumera- 
ted, was  ....  393,219 

The  proportion  of  the  two  millions,  assessed  upon  hou- 
ses, according  to  the  foregoing  principles,  was      -  $471,988  96 

Upon  land,         -                   1,327,713  21 

And  upon  slaves,     -         -         -  196,609  50 

Table  No.  IV.  exhibits  a  general  view  of  the  number  of  acres  of  land, 
and  number  of  dwelling-houses,  with  their  respective  valuations,  and 
number  of  slaves,  in  each  state,  with  the  proportion  of  the  tax,  assess- 
ed upon  each  of  them. 

The   quantity  of  land  valued  in  each  state,  and  the  amount  of  its 
valuation,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

No.  of  acres.  Valuation. 

Dolls.       Cts. 

New-Hampshire,  -       3,749,061  -  19,028,108  03 

Massachusetts,  -         7,831,628  -  59,445,642  64 

Rhode-Island,     -  -       565,844  -  8,082,355  21 

Connecticut,  -          2,649,149  -  40,163,955  34 

Vermont,         -  -      4,918,722  -  15,165,484  02 

New-York,  16,414,510  -  74,885,075  69 

New- Jersey,     -  -        2,788,282  -  27,287,981   89 


626 

No.  of  acres  Valuation 

Dolls.      Ct*, 

Pennsylvania,       -      -   11,959,865  -  72,824,852  60 

Delaware,                          1,074,105  -  4,053,248  42 

Maryland,     -       -        -     5,444,272  -  21,634,004  57 

Virginia,         -         -      40,458,644  -  59,976,860  04 

N.  Carolina,                    20,956,467  -  27,909,479  70 

S.  Carolina,     -         -        9,772,587  -  12,456,720  94 

Georgia,       -       -           13,534,159  -  10,263,506  95 

Kentucky,       -         -       17,674,634  -  20,268,325  07 

Tennessee,                   -    3,951,357  -  5,847,662  00 


163,746,686  $479,293,263  13 

In  some  of  the  states,  the  valuations  were  not  completed,  until  three 
or  four  years  after  the  tax  was  laid.  The  amount  of  this  direct  tax, 
received  into  the  public  Treasury,  to  the  30th  of  September,  1812. 
was  $1,757,240  84,  and  in  the  following  years,  viz. — 

Dolls.    Cts. 

In  1800  -  -  734,223  97 

1801  -  -  534,343  38 

1802  -  -  206,565  44 

1803  -  -  71,879  20 

1804  -  -  50,198  44 

1805  -  21,882  91 

1806  -  -  55,763.86 

1807  -  -  34,732  56 

1808  -  -  19,159  21 

1809  -  7,517  31 

1810  -  -  12,448  68 

1811  -  -  7,666  66 
To  Sept.  30th,  1812  -  859  22 


$1,757,240  84 
Lar^e  balances  of  thi=   tax   are  still  due,  from  the  Supervisor.-,  u: 


327 

other  officers  entrusted  with  the  collection  of  it,  in  some  of  the  states  ; 
and  in  the  act  of  July  24th,  1813,  establishing  the  office  of  Commis- 
sioner of  the  revenue,  it  is  made  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  "  to 
superintend  the  collection  of  the  residue  of  the  former  direct  tax  and 
internal  duties,  which  may  be  still  outstanding,"  &c. 

The  balance  of  this  tax,  due  from  the  Supervisors  and  other  officers, 
on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1812,  was         -         -         -    $91,684  33 
Of  this  balance  there  was  due  from  the  Supervi- 
sors, <H.  of  Massachusetts,         ....      $6,528  46 
of  Vermont,         -           -         -  7,226  62 

of  South-Carolina,             -         -         •  24,374  62 

of  Georgia, 24,588  96 

A  second  direct  tax  was  laid,  August  2d,  1813,  its  amount  was 
three  millions  of  dollars,  and  was  apportioned  among  the  states,  ac- 
cording to  the  Constitution,  on  the  census  of  1810,  as  follows  : — 

Dolls.  Cts. 

New-Hampshire,         -  96,793  37 

Massachusetts,         -             -             -  316,270  98 

Rhode-Island,             -  34,750  78 

Connecticut,          -              -              -  118,167  71 

Vermont,                     -  98,343  71 

New-York,                      -             -  430,141  62 

New-Jersey,                                     -  108,871   83 

Pennsylvania,                              -  365,479   16 

Delaware,                                          -  32,046  25 

Maryland.          ....  151,623  94 

Virginia,             -           -           -  369,018  44 

Kentucky,                             -           -  168,928  76 

Ohio,             ...            .  103,150  14 

N.  Carolina,         -         -           -  220,238  28 

S.Carolina,               -                   -  151,905  48 

'Tennessee,          -            ...  110,086  55 

Georgia,          ....  94,936  49 

Louisiana,                   -                           -  28.295   11 


328 

The  sums,  thus  apportioned  to  each  state,  were,  by  the  act  laying 
the  tax,  again  apportioned  to  each  county,  in  the  state.  This  appor- 
tionment among  the  several  counties,  was  made,  according  to  two  dif- 
ferent rules,  recommended  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  In 
those  states,  where  there  was  a  state  tax,  each  county's  quota  of  the 
direct  tax  was  made  to  bear  the  same  proportion  to  the  whole  quota 
of  the  state,  as  the  amount  of  the  state  tax,  paid  by  such  county,  bore 
to  the  whole  sum  paid  in  the  state,  for  the  state  tax. 

The  second  rule,  as  stated  and  explained  by  the  Secretary,  was  as 
follows,  viz. — 

"  In  those  states,  where  there  is  no  state  tax,  or  if  there  be  one, 
the  proportions,  in  which  it  is  apportioned  among  the  counties  is  not 
known,  the  principle  assumed  for  a  basis  is,  that  the  comparative  ad- 
vancement of  wealth  (or  rather  the  increase  in  the  value  of  property, 
subject  to  the  direct  tax  now  to  be  imposed)  and  of  population  in  the 
different  districts  of  the  same  state,  have  been  equal,  since  the  year 
1799  ;  so  that  if  a  given  portion  of  a  state  containing,  for  example, 
one  fourth  of  the  population  of  the  state,  and  which  paid  in  1799, 
one  fourth  of  the  direct  tax  of  that  stale,  now  contains  one  third  of  the 
whole  population  of  the  state,  it  ought  now  to  pay  one  third  of  the 
whole  tax  to  be  imposed  upon  the  state.  And  in  respect  to  popula- 
tion for  both  epochs,  although  the  federal  numbers,  or  numbers  repre- 
sented in  Congress,  have  been  taken  as  the  Constitution  directs,  for 
ascertaining  the  quota  of  each  state,  of  the  whole  sum  to  be  raised  in 
the  United  States,  yet,  for  apportioning  the  sum  thus  found  as  the 
quota  of  any  state,  among  the  several  counties  of  that  state,  the  whole 
numbers  of  the  several  counties,  including  slaves,  have  been  taken  ; 
because  it  is  considered  that  the  slaves  increase  the  wealth,  or  the 
ability  to  pay,  in  a  ratio  at  least,  equal  to  the  augmented  quota,  which 
this  mode  will  give,  to  those  parts  of  a  state,  in  which  slaves  are  pos- 
sessed, over  those  in  which  there  are  none,  or  a  smaller  number. 
Maryland  is  the  only  state  where  there  is  a  considerable  proportion  of 
-laves,  to  which  this  mode  of  apportioning  the  tax  among  the  countie- 
has  been  applied.  The  process  then  is,  to  make  the  quota  of  each 
county  in  a  given  state,  compared  with  its  population  in  1810,  bear 
the  same  proportion  to  the  present  quota  of  the  state,  compared  with 
its  whole  population  in  1810.  as  the  quota  of  the  ^mc  county,  of  the 


329 

direct  tax  of  1799,  compared  with  its  population  by  the  census  ot 
1800,  bore  to  the  quota  of  the  whole  state  of  the  direct  tax  of  1799. 
compared  with  its  whole  population  in  1800.'"  A  difference  in  the 
value  of  lands  and  houses,  in  different  counties,  produced  a  great  ine- 
quality in  the  sums  paid  by  individuals,  in  the  same  state,  though 
possessed  oflands  valued  alike,  and  shewed  the  injustice  of  both  of 
these  modes,  of  apportioning  each  state's  quota,  among  the  several 
counties.  In  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  the  inhabitants  of  the  county 
of  Cumberland,  for  every  hundred  dollars  value  of  their  lands  and 
houses,  paid  thirty-eight  cents  and  nine  mills,  while  in  several  other 
counties,  the  sum  paid  on  every  one  hundred  dollars  value  of  lands 
and  houses,  was  only  seventeen  cents,  and  the  average  paid  through 
the  whole  state,  was  only  twenty-one  cents  and  two  mills,  for  every 
one  hundred  dollars.  Similar  inequalities,  though  not,  in  many  in- 
stances, so  great,  took  place,  in  all  the  states  in  which  valuations  were 
made. 

This  tax  was  laid  and  assessed  "  on  the  value  of  all  lands  and  loth 
of  ground,  with  their  improvements,  dwelling  houses,  and  slaves  ;" 
and  these  several  articles  were  to  be  enumerated  and  valued  by  the 
respective  assessors,  at  the  rate  each  of  them  was  worth  in  money. 
The  valuations  were  to  be  made,  within  sixty  days,  after  the  1st  day 
of  February,  1814.  Each  state  had  the  right  of  assuming  its  propor- 
tion of  this  tax,  with  a  deduction  of  fifteen  per  cent,  if  assumed  and 
paid,  before  the  10th  day  of  February,  1814,  and  if  assumed  and 
paid  before  the  1st  day  of  May  of  the  same  year,  with  a  deduction 
often  per  cent.  The  states  of  New-Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia, 
South-Carolina,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  and  Ohio,  assumed  their  propor- 
tion of  the  tax,  and  were  allowed  a  deduction  of  fifteen  pef  cent. 
The  sums  paid  into  the  Treasury  by  these  states,  was  $1,159,796 
and  83  cents. 

In  the  states  which  assumed  the  tax,  no  valuations  were  made,  un- 
der the  act.  In  the  other  states,  the  valuations  and  enumerations 
were  made,  according  to  the  law. 

In  the  following  states,  the  valuations  were  as  follows  : — 

New-Hampshire,  -  $36,957,825 

Massachusetts,  -  149.253,514 

42 


630 

Vermont,  -             -             -           #32,747,290 

Rhode-Island,  -             -                    21,567,020 

Connecticut,  -             -             -             86,550,033 

Delaware,  -             -                     14,361,469 

Maryland,  -             -             -          122,577,572 

The  amount  of  valuations,  in  the  state  of  New- 
York,  (except  the  counties  of  Essex,  Clinton, 
Franklin,  Gennessee,  Niagara,  Allegany, 
Chautaugue,  and  Cattaragus,)  was  -  232,494,940 

North-Carolina,   according  to  the  best  estimate 

from  the  returns  made,  -  -  92,157,48? 

Tennessee,  exclusive  of  the  valuations  in  the 

third  district,  -  -  -  34,415,971 

The  above  sums  include  the  valuations  taken  of  slaves,  as  well  as 
of  lands  and  houses. 

A  comparative  view  of  the  difference  in  the  value  of  lands  and 
houses  in  1799,  and  in  1814,  is  highly  interesting  ;  and  serves  to 
shew  the  increasing  wealth  of  the  United  States.  As  the  valuations 
in  many  of  the  states  were  not  made  in  1814,  and  in  others  not  com- 
pleted, this  view,  at  present,  can  only  be  a  partial  one,  and  confined 
principally  to  those  states,  where  there  are  few,  or  no  slaves. 

New-Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Vermont,  Rhode-Island,  Connecti- 
cut, and  New-York,  have  few  slaves  ;  and  the  valuations  in  these 
states  in  1799  and  1814,  were  as  follows : — 

1799.  1814. 

Lands  &  houses.  Increase. 
Dolls.  Dolls.  Dolls.  Dolls. 

New-Hampshire,    lands,    19,028,108 
houses,    4,146,938 

23,175,046    36,957,825     13,782,779 

Massachusetts,       lands,    59,445,642 
houses,  24,546,826 

83,992,468  149,253,514    65,261,046 


331 

1799.  1814. 

Lands  &  houses.  Increase. 
Dolls.  Dolls.  Dolls.  Dolls 

Vermont,  lands,    15,165,484 

houses,    1,558,389 

16,723,873     32,747,290     16,023,417 

Rhode-Island,  lands,      8,082,355 

houses,    2,984,002 

11,066,357     21,567,020     10,500,663 

Connecticut,  lands,    40,163,955 

houses,    8,149,479 

48,313,434     86,550,033     38,236,599 

New-York,  lands,    74,885,075 

houses,  25,495,631 

100,380,706  232,494,940  132,114,234 


^283,651,884  559,570,622  275,918,730 

The  increase,  therefore,  in  these  six  states,  in  the  value  of  lands 
and  houses,  so  far  as  ascertained,  has  been,  in  fifteen  years,  nearly 
two  hundred  and  seventy-six  millions  of  dollars.  Making  every  al- 
lowance for  a  difference  in  the  judgments  of  the  assessors,  and  for  the 
depreciation  of  money,  arising  from  the  increase  of  banks  and  bank 
paper,  and  other  causes,  the  increase  in  the  real  value,  must  be  great 
beyond  example.  In  1799,  the  whole  value  of  lands  and  houses,  in 
the  United  States,  was  $619,977,247,  and  in  1814,  in  these  six  states, 
the  value  falls  but  about  sixty  millions  short  of  that  sum.  The  whole 
amount  of  the  valuations,  in  New- York,  when  completed  will  proba- 
bly be  two  hundred  and  fifty  or  sixty  millions. 

In  Maryland,  in  1799,  the  value 

of  lands,  was  -  $21,634,004 

of  houses,  -  10,738,286 

$32,372,296 

And  in  1814,  the  valuations  made  of  lands,  houses,  and 

slaves,  was  ...  122.577,572 

Being  a  difference  o(  g90.205.282. 


632 

In  Delaware,  in  171U,  the  value 

of  lands,  was  -  $4,053,248 

of  houses,  -  -  2,180,165 

$6,234,413 

;md  in  1814,  the  value  of  lands,  houses,  and  slaves,  was  $14,361,469 
Being  a  difference  of  $8,127,056. 

In  North-Carolina,   in   1799,   the 

value  of  lands,  was  -         $27,909,479 

of  houses,  -  2,932,893 

$30,842,372 

And  in  1814,  the  value  ot  lands,  houses,  and   slaves, 

from  the  best  estimates,  was  -  -  92,157,487 

Being  a  difference  of  -  $61,315,115 

In  Tennessee,  in  1799,  the  value 

of  lands,  was  -  $5,847,662 

of  houses,  -  286,446 

$6,134,108 

And  in  1814,  the  value  of  lands,  houses,  and  slaves, 

(with  the  exception  of  one  whole  district)  was        $34,415,971 
Being  a  difference  of  $28,281,863 

What  part  of  the  valuations,  in  these  states,  was  made  from  slaves, 
we  have  not  been  able  t»  ascertain.  If  we  take  the  number  of  slaves 
in  each  state,  from  the  census  of  1810,  and  estimate  the  value  of  each 
slave  at  three  hundred  dollars,  the  increase  in  the  value  of  lands  and 
houses,  will  be 

In  Maryland,  about  $57,000,000 

Delaware,  -  -  7,000,000 

North-Carolina,  -  -       11,000,000 

Tennessee,  (so  far  as  ascertained)    15,000,000 


Being  an  increase,  in  these  states  of  about  $90,000,000 

Making  the  value  of  lands  and  houses,  in  1814,  so  far  ao   can,  at 
present,  be  ascertained,  and  from  the  foregoing  estimate,  of  the  value 


333 

of  slaves,  about  seven  hundred  and  twenty-four  million  five  hundred 
and  seventy  thousand  dollars,  in  ten  states,  being  an  increase,  in  the 
value  ef  lands  and  houses,  in  those  states,  since  1799,  of  about  three 
hundred  and  sixty-five  millions  of  dollars. 

The  average  value  of  lands,  per  acre,  including  all  the  buildings 
thereon,  according  to  the  valuations  made  in  1814,  in  the  states  of 
New-Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Vermont,  Rhode-Island,  Connecti- 
cut, and  New-York,  was  nearly  as  follows  : — 

Per  Acre. 
Dls.  Cts. 

New-Hampshire,  -  -  9 

Massachusetts,  -  -  13  75 

Vermont,  -  -  6  40 

Rhode-Island,  -  -  39 

Connecticut,  34 

New- York,  -  -  -  14  50 

The  amount  of  this  direct  tax  of  three  millions,  received  at  the 
Treasury,  from  the  non-assuming  states,  up  to  December  31st,  1814, 
was  about  one  million  two  hundred  and  ten  thousand  dollars ;  at 
that  time,  there  were  in  the  hands  of  Collectors,  about  sixty -six  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  the  sum  then  remaining  to  be  collected,  was  about 
three  hundred  and  seventy-six  thousand. 

On  the  9th  of  January,  1815,  Congress  passed  an  act  laying  an 
annual  direct  tax  of  six  millions  of  dollars.  This  was  laid,  and  was 
to  be  assessed  in  the  same  manner,  as  the  direct  tax  of  1813.  In 
those  states,  which  had  assumed  the  former  direct  tax,  valuations  and 
assessments  are  to  be  made  under  this  act ;  and  in  those,  which  did 
not  assume  the  tax,  the  assessments  made  under  the  act  of  1813,  are 
to  remain,  except,  where  changes  of  property,  have  rendered  altera- 
tions necessary. 

The  quotas  of  each  state  were  not  again  apportioned  among  the 
*everal  counties,  in  this  tax,  as  in  the  former,  but  the  valuations 
through  each  state  are  to  be  equalized  by  the  principal  assessors,  and 
the   tax  it  to  bf^  laid  and  rollected  on  the  assessments  tlm<;  equalized. 


334 

Each  state  has,  also,  the  right  of  assuming  and  paying,  every  year, 
its  quota  of  this  tax,  and  if  assumed  and  paid,  before  the  1st  day  of 
May,  in  each  year,  is  to  have  an  allowance  of  fifteen  per  cent,  and 
if  paid,  before  the  1st  of  October,  an  allowance  of  ten  per  cent. 
This  tax  was  laid,  as  the  title  declares  "  for  defraying  the  expenses 
of  Government,  and  maintaining  the  public  credit ;"  and  is  to  be  col- 
lected every  year,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  is  authorized 
to  fix  a  day,  in  the  month  of  February,  in  each  year,  when  the  Col- 
lectors shall  proceed,  and  collect  the  same.  This  tax,  as  well  as  all 
the  internal  taxes,  as  before  stated,  are  pledged  and  appropriated, 
"  towards  establishing  an  adequate  revenue,  to  provide  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  expenses  of  Government;  for  the  punctual  payment  ot 
the  public  debt,  principal  and  interest,  contracted  and  to  be  contract- 
ed, according  to  the  terms  of  the  contracts  respectively  ;  and  for  cre- 
ating an  adequate  sinking  fund,  gradually  to  reduce  and  eventually 
to  extinguish  the  public  debt,  contracted  and  to  be  contracted,"  &.c. 
and  remain  so  pledged  and  appropriated,  until  other  taxes  or  duties, 
which  shall  be  equally  productive,  and  for  the  same  purposes,  shall 
be  provided  and  substituted. 

SALES  OF  PUBLIC  LANDS. 

Since  the  opening  of  the  several  land  offices  for  the  sale  of  lands 
belonging  to  the  United  States,  the  following  sums  have  been  receiv- 
ed into  the  Treasury,  each  year  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of 
public  lands,  viz. : — 

Dolls.   Cts. 
In  1796  -  -  -  4,836   13 

1797  -  -  -  83,540  60 

1798  -  11,963   11 

1799  -  - 

1800  -  -  443  75 

1801  -  -  -  167,726     6 

1802  -  -  -  188,628     2 

1803  -  -  165,675  69 

1804  -  487.526  79 


335 

Dolls.     Cts. 

1805  -               -  -  540,193  80 

1806  -  -  765.245  73 

1807  -               -  -  466,163  27 

1808  -               -  -  647,939     6 
.1809               -               -  -  442,252  33 

1810  -  -  696,548  82 

1811  -               -  -  1,040,237  53 

1812  -  -  869,219     8 

1813  -               •  -  821,218     8 

1814  -               -  -  1,038,173  75 


$8,437,531  60 

The  whole  number  of  acres  sold,  at  the  different  land  offices,  up 
to  September  30th,  1814,  was  five  millions  three  hundred  eighty- 
five  thousand  four  hundred  and  sixty-seven  acres ;  the  whole  pur- 
chase money  amounted  to  $11,356,687  and  71  cents  ;  and  the  bal- 
ance, remaining  due  at  that  time,  was  about  three  millions  of  dollars. 

In  December,  1813,  the  Commissioner  of  the  land  office,  in  his 
report  to  Congress,  estimated  the  lands  then  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  to  be  four  hundred  millions  of  acres,  and  which  were  situated 
as  follows : — 

In  the  state  of  Ohio. 

Lands  to  which   the  Indian  title  has  been 

extinguished,  -  -  6,725,000 

Lands  to  which  the   Indian   title  has  not 

been  extinguished,  -  5,575,000 


Total  number  of  acres  of  land  in  Ohio,  12,300,000 


336 

In  the  Territory  of  Michigan. 

Lands  to  which  the  Indian  title  has  been 

extinguished,  -  -  5,100,000 

Lands  to  which  the   Indian  title  has  not 

been  extinguished,  -  11,400,000 


Total  in  Michigan,  -  -  16,500,000 

In  the  Indiana  and  Illinois  south  of  the  parallel  of  latitude  passing  by 
the  south  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Lands  to  which  the  Indian  title  has  been 

extinguished,  -  -  33,000,000 

Lands   to  which  the  Indian   title  has  not 

been  extinguished,  -  23,200,000 


Total  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,  -  56,200,000 

In  the  Territory  west  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  north  of  said  parallel 
of  latitude. 

Lands  to  which  the  Indian  title  has  been 

extinguished,  -  -  5,500,000 

Lands  to  which   the   Indian  title  has  not 

been  extinguished,  -  -  54,500,000 


Total  west  of  Michigan,  -  -  60,000,000 

In  the  Mississippi  Territory. 

Lands  to  which  the  Indian  title  has  been 

extinguished,  -  -  5,900,000 

Lands  to  which  the   Indian  title  has  not 

been  extinguished,  -  -         4  Q,  100,000 


Total  in  the  Mississippi  Territory.  55.000,000 


337 

In  the  cession  made  by  the  French  Government, 
April  30th,  1803,  and  including  the  Territory  of 
Missouri  and  State  of  Louisiana,  and  the  Land  east 
of  the  River  Mississippi  and  Island  of  New-Orleans, 
as  far  as  the  River  Perdido,  at  least,  200,000,000 


Grand  total  number  of  acres,  -  400,000,000 

Making  the  quantity  of  lands,  unsold,  to  which  the  Indian  title  has 
been  extinguished,  east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  fifty-six  millions  two 
hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  acres.  As  to  the  quantity  obtain- 
ed by  the  cession  from  France,  the  Commissioner  of  the  land  office 
does  not  give  the  data  on  which  he  made  his  calculation.  As  the  north- 
ern and  western  bounds  of  Louisiana  are  yet  undetermined,  the  cal- 
culation, it  is  presumed,  must  rest,  in  no  small  degree,  on  conjecture^ 

The  various  taxes  laid  in  1815  were  considered  as  war  taxes,  and 
necessary  to  support  public  credit ;  and  in  addition  to  the  internal  du- 
ties and  direct  tax,  the  produce  of  the  customs  was  estimated,  at  four 
millions  a  year,  during  the  war,  and  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  pub- 
lic lands  at  one  million,  making  the  whole  revenues  of  the  United 
States,  when  all  the  taxes  were  in  full  operation,  about  twenty-one 
millions  of  dollars. 

Internal  duties  by  estimate,            -         -  $10,159,000 

Direct  tax, 6,000,000 

Customs, 4,000,000 

Lands,       -                                      -  1,000,000 


$21,159,000 

This  is  about  three  dollars  and  fifty  cents  for  every  white  inhabit- 
ant, in  the  United  States,  or  including  slaves,  about  three  dollars  loi 
every  person. 

The  annual  amount  of  the  revenues  of  Great-Britain  and  Ireland, 
for  some  years  past,  has  been  about  seventy  millions  sterling,  or 
$310,000,000.     The  population  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great- 

43 


338 

Britain  and  Ireland,  is  about  fifteen  millions ;  making  the  amount  of 
taxes  for  each  person  about  twenty  dollars  and  seventy  cents  a  year. 

The  amount  of  the  net  revenue  of  France,  in  1806,  was  estimated 
at  one  thousand  and  fifty  millions  of  francs,  or  about  two  hundred  and 
ten  millions  of  dollars.* 

The  return  of  peace,  and  revival  of  commerce,  will,  probably,  en- 
able the  United  States  to  dispense  with  many  of  the  internal  duties, 
and  so  to  modify  those,  which  may  be  retained,  as  to  be  less  oppres- 
sive and  burdensome  to  the  community. 

POSTAGE. 

By  the  Constitution,  Congress  have  power  to  establish  post-offices 
rind  post-roads  :  and  soon  after  the  commencement  of  the  Govern- 
ment, laws  were  passed,  to  carry  this  power  into  effect. 

The  benefits  arising  from  the  post-office  establishment,  to  individ- 
uals are  immense,  and  in  some  years,  the  public  have  derived  no  in- 
considerable revenue,  from  this  source. 

Table  No.  V.  exhibits  an  account  of  the  post-office  establishment, 
from  1789  to  October  1st,  1813,  containing  the  number  of  post-offices, 
amount  of  postage,  compensation  to  post-masters,  incidental  expen- 
ses, transportation  of  the  mail,  net  revenue,  and  extent  of  post-roads, 
for  each  year,  during  that  period. 

From  this  will  be  seen,  the  increase  of  the  establishment,  at  the 
iollowing  periods — 


No.  of  post- 

Net  revenue. 

Extent  in  miles 

offices. 

Dolls.    Cts. 

of  post-roads. 

1791 

89 

9,637  29 

1,905 

1801 

1,025 

65,291    84 

22,309 

1811 

2.403 

88,148  51 

37.035 

*  See  Mr.  Walch's  very  able  letter,  on  the  genius  and  disposition  of  the 
French  Government,  including  a  view  of  the  taxation  of  the  French  Em- 
pire—1810. 


339 
The  net  revenue  for  each  year,  was  as  follows : — 

Dolls.  Cts. 

1790  -  5,794  95 

1791  -  -  -  9,637  29 

1792  -  -  12,913  06 

1793  -  -  -  32,707   10 

1794  -  -  -  38,974  28 

1795  -  -  -  42,726  78 

1796  -  63,495  42 

1797  -  -  -  63,884   16 

1798  -  -  -  63,892  94 

1799  -  -  -  76,808  44 

1800  -  -  -  66,810  81 

1801  -  -  -  65,291    84 

1802  -  45,120  25 

1803  -  29,458   74 

1804  -  -  51,947  40 

1805  -  -  44,005  92 

1806  -  -  -  33,872   17 

1807  -  -  24,877  62 

1808  ...  . 

1809  -  -  8.621   78 

1810  -  55.715  02 

1811  -  -  88,148  51 

1812  -  -  -  109,042  66 
toOct.  1,  1813                           -             -  24,178  87 

The  weekly  transportation  of  the  mail,  in  stages,  on  the  3d  ol 
March,  1793,  was  eight  thousand  five  hundred  and  sixty-seven  miles. 
in  sulkies  and  on  horseback  was  seven  thousand  six  hundred  and  six- 
ty-two miles,  and  yearly  transportation,  was  eight  hundred  forty-five 
thousand  four  hundred  and  sixty-eight  miles  ;  and  on  the  3d  of  March, 
1811,  the  weekly  transportation,  in  stages,  was  forty-six  thousand 
three  hundred  and  eighty  miles ;  in  sulkies  and  on  horseback,  was 
sixty-one  thousand  one  hundred  and  seventy-one,  and  yearly  trans- 
portation was  five  million,  five  hundred  ninety-two  thousand,  six  hun- 


;J40 

dred  and  fifty-two  miles.  In  some  of  the  states,  the  expenses  of  the 
establishment,  have  generally  exceeded  the  amount  of  the  postage  ; 
ivhile  in  others,  the  receipts  have  greatly  exceeded  the  expenses. 
Table  No.  VI.  presents  a  view  of  the  amount  of  postage  on  letters  and 
newspapers,  with  the  expenses,  in  each  state  and  territory,  in  1802. 
by  which  it  appears,  that  in  Massachusetts  proper,  and  in  the  states 
of  Rhode-Island,  Connecticut,  New-York,  New-Jersey,  Pennsylva- 
nia, Delaware,  Maryland  and  Georgia,  and  the  District  of  Columbia, 
the  amount  of  postage  exceeded  the  expenses,  and  in  New-Hampshire. 
Vermont,  Province  of  Maine,  Ohio,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  North-Caro- 
lina, Tennessee,  and  South-Carolina,  and  in  Indiana  and  Mississip- 
pi Territory,  the  expenses  exceeded  the  receipts.  The  debt  and 
credit  account,  between  the  states,  and  the  post-office  establishment, 
during,  that  year,  was  as  folloAvs,  \iz. — 

Cr.  Dr. 

Dolls.    (Jts.  Dolls.    Cts. 

New-Hampshire,  -         -  558  85 

Vermont, -         1,83G  73 

Massachusetts,  -  12,767  84  -  - 

District  of  Maine,  -  -  421    17 

Rhode-Island,  -       1,760  05 

Connecticut,     -  -  744  71  -  -  - 

New-York,  -      26,118  40 

New-Jersey,  -  -        397  35  -  - 

Pennsylvania,     -  -         27,810   11  -  - 

Ohio, 2,071   21 

Indiana  Territory,  -  ...  1,242  97 

Delaware,         -         -  827   15         - 

Maryland,     -  -  -     12,903  49 

District  of  Columbia,     -         9,096  35 

Virginia,  -  -  ...  .  3,417  83 

Kentucky,  -  ■  -  3,526  62 

North-Carolina,      -  -        12,122  43 

Tennessee,  -       -  2,957   99 

South-Carolina,       -  -  3,991    10 

Georgia,  -      361    15 

Mis-i^ippi  Territory,     -  -  1,664  32 

£92,786  60  $34,713  21 


341 

The  revenue  derived  from  the  post-office,  in  Great-Britain,  for 
the  year  ending  the  4th  of  January,  1808,  was  £1,277,538  sterling, 
and  in  the  year  ending  January  5th,  1812,  was  £1,478,505  sterling, 
or  about  $6,600,000.  The  net  revenue  from  the  post-office  in 
France,  in  1807,  was  about  seven  millions  of  francs,  or  one  million, 
four  hundred  thousand  dollars.* 

The  receipts  from  fees  on  patents,  and  other  sources,  may  be  seen, 
in  table  No.  VII.  under  the  head  "  Miscellaneous." 

RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES. 

A  general  view  of  the  annua!  receipts  from  the  various  sources  of 
revenue,  and  of  the  annual  expenditures  of  the  Government,  from  its 
commencement,  to  1814,  and  the  objects  of  expenditure,  cannot  be 
uninteresting.  Table  No.  VII.  exhibits  a  statement  of  the  annual  re- 
ceipts, from  the  customs,  internal  revenue,  direct  tax,  postage,  pub- 
lic lands,  and  other  miscellaneous  sources  ;  and  also,  the  annual  ex- 
penditures for  the  military,  Indian,  and  naval  departments,  foreign 
intercourse,  Barbary  powers,  civil  list,  and  miscellaneous  civil,  from 
the  commencement  of  the  Government  to  the  30th  of  September. 
1812. 

The  aggregate  amount  of  the  receipts  and  of  the  expenditures  for 
the  objects  above  mentioned,  for  that  period,  were  as  follows : — 

from  4th  of  March,  1789,  Receipts.                 Expenditures. 

to  31st  December,  Dolls.      Cts.                Dolls.       Cts. 

1791  4,418,913  99  -  1.718,129  37 

1792  3.661,932  31  -   1,766,077  15 

1793  -     4,614,423  14  -  1,707,348  28 

1794  5,128,432  87  -  3,500,348  20 

1795  5,954,534  59  -  4.350,596  45 

1796  7,137,529  65  -  2,531,930  40 

1797  -     8,303,560  99  -  2,833,590  9<"; 

1798  7,820,575  80  -  4.623.223  5! 

*   Walch's  letter 


342 


Receipts. 

Expenditures 

Years. 

Dolls.     Cts. 

Dolls.      Cts 

1799 

7,475,773  31 

-     6,480,166  72 

1800 

10,777,709   10 

-     7,411,369  97 

1801 

12,846,530  95 

-     4,981,669  90 

1802 

13,668,233  95 

-     3,737,079  91 

1803 

11,064,097  63 

-     4,002,824  24 

1804 

11,826,307  38 

-     4,452,858  9  J 

1805 

13,560,693  20 

-     6,357,234  62 

1806 

15,559,931     7 

-     6,080,209  36 

1807 

16,398,019  26 

-     4,984,572  89 

1808 

17,060,661   93 

-     6,504,338  85 

1809 

7,773,473   12 

-     7,414,672   14 

1810 

9,384,214  28 

-     5,311,082  28 

1811 

14,423,529     9 

-     5,592,604  86 

From  January  1st,  to  30th 

of  September, 

1812 

6,927,706  b6 

-   11,760,292  21 

$215,786,783  27  $108,102,221  21 

The  receipts  from  the  customs,  during  this 

period,  were               -                 -  $199,524,13178 

Internal  revenue,            -  -             6,460,003  5-J 

Direct  tax,  1,757,240  84 

Postage  of  letters,             -  667,348  70 

Sales  of  public  lands,  6,161,283     2 

Miscellaneous,  -              1,216,775  39 


$215,786,783  r, 


The  expenditures,  for  the  pay  and 

subsistence  of  the  army,  were  $38,572,575  15 
fortification  of  ports  and  harbours,  3,493,758  96 
Fabrication  of  cannon,  263,611   5-1 

Purchase  of  salt-petre,  150,000 

Additional  arms,  •  300,000 


643 


Arming  and  equipping  the  militia, 
Detachment  of  militia, 
Services  of  militia, 
Services  of  volunteers, 


Indian  department — 

Holding  treaties,  &c. 
Trading  houses, 


500.00U 
170,000 
406,800 
210,000 


$822,838  68 
430,298  84 


-$44,066,745  65 


$1,253,137  52 


Naval  department, 

Foreign  intercourse,  exclusive  of  Barbary  powers, 
and  which  includes  the  sum  of  $6,361,000  paid 
under  the  convention  with  France,  of  30th  of 
April,  1803,  and  with  Great-Britain,  of  8th  of 
January,  1802, 

Barbary  powers, 

Civil  list,  .... 

Miscellaneous  civil. 


29.389,660  78 


In  addition  to  the  above  sum  of 
received,  from  various  sources  of  revenue,   from 
March  4th,  1789,  to  September  30th,  1812,  there 
was  received  into  the  Treasury,  during  the  same 
period,  for 

Sales  of  bank  stock, 
Dividends  on  do. 

Interest  on  stock  remitted  to  Europe, 
Gain  on  exchange, 

And  from  foreign  and  domestic  loans,  (of 
which  $5,847,212  50  cents,  was  part  of 
the  eleven  million  loan,  in  1812,) 

Making  the  total  amount  of  receipts  to  the  30th  of 


10,311,145  33 
2,328,810  40 

12,686,493  36 
7,566,228  17 

$108,102,221  21 
$215,786,783  27 


2,671,860 

1,101,720 

136,400 

805,127 


35,141,512  61 


September,  1812. 


$255,643,403  27 


344 

Besides  the  sum  of  -  $108,102,221   21 

expended  for  the  above  objects  ;  the  expendi- 
tures, during  the  same  period,  ior  the  payment 
of  the  interest,  charges  on  the  foreign  loans,  and 
principal  of  the  foreign  and  domestic  debts,  at 
the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  by  Com- 
missioners abroad,  were  -  -  $  144,862,260  67 

And  the  expenditures,  on  account  of  the  revo- 
lutionary Government,  were  -  -  316,268  70 


Making   the   whole   expenditures  of  the   United 

States,  to  30th  September,  1812,  -  $253,280,750  58 

Leaving   a   balance,   in  the    Treasury,    at    that 

time,  of  -  -  2,362,652  69 


$255,643,403  27 


It  will  be  observed,  that  the  foregoing  account  of  receipts  and  ex- 
penditures, includes  those  of  nine  months  of  the  year  1812,  when  the 
United  States  were  preparing  for,  or  were  engaged  in  war,  and  the 
expenditures  were  much  greater  than  in  any  former  year. 

The  receipts  from  the  whole  revenue  of  the  United  States,  from 
March  4th,  1789,  to  December  31st,  1811,  were  $208,859,076  71  ; 
and  the  expenditures,  (exclusive  of  the  public  debt)  for  the  same  pe- 
riod, were  $96,341,:;29.  The  receipts,  for  a  little  more  than  the 
first  half  of  this  period,  that  is,  from  March  4th,  1789,  to  1801,  in- 
clusive, were  -  -  -  $78,139,915  80 
And  from  1 802  to  1811,  inclusive,  were           -           1 30,7  1 9, 1  GO  9 1 


Being  a  difference  of               -               -  $52,579,245  11 

The  expenditures,  from   March  4th,    1789,  to 

1801,  inclusive,  were                  -                  -  $41,901,450  94 

And  from  1802  to  1811,  inclusive,  were           -  54,437,473  6 


A  difference  of  $12,533,027   12 


345 

The  increase  of  expenditures,  in  the  latter  period,  was  principally 
in  the  naval  department,  foreign  intercourse,  civil  list,  and  miscella- 
neous civil. 

Since  the  1st  of  January,  1812,  the  whole  amount  of  the  expenses 
of  the  United  States,  has  not  yet  been  ascertained. 

The  expenditures  from  January  1st,  1812,  to  September  30th. 
1812,  as  far  as  they  have  been  ascertained,  were — 

J.  For    civil    list,     foreign    inter- 
course, kc.  -  $1,556,864  46 
2.  For  the  military  department,  7,464,814  80 
:>>.  For  the  naval  department,  2,638,612  95 

$11,660,292  21 

From  September  30th,  1812,  to  Sep-* 
tember,  30th,  1813,  the  money  paid 
from  the  Treasury  : — 

1.  For  civil  list,  foreign  intercourse, 

kc.  amounted  to  -  $1,705,016  cb 

2.  For  the  military  department,         18,404,650  49 

3.  For  the  naval  department,  6,317,411   15 

$26,427,077  99 

And  from  September  30th,  1813,  to 
December  31st,  1813,  being  the  last 
quarter  of  1813,  the  amount  paid  : — 

1.  For    civil    list,     foreign     inter- 

course, kc.  was  -  $400,000 

2.  For  the  military  department,  5,887,747 

3.  For  the  naval  department,  1,248,145  10 

$7,535,892  10 

Making  an  aggregate,  for  the  years 

1812  and  1813,  of  -  $45,623.262  30 

44 


346 

The  sums  authorized  to  be  ex- 
pended in  1814,  and  for  which  ap- 
propriations were  made,  were — 

1.  For     civil    list,     foreign     inter- 

course, &c.  -  #2,445,355  59 

2.  For  the  military  department,         24,502,906 

3.  For  the  naval  department,  8,169,910  87 

#35,118,172  46 

It  is  well  known,  that  the  expenses  of  1814  exceeded  the  appro- 
priations, by  some  millions,  and  that  there  are  claims  upon  the  Trea- 
sury, to  the  amount  of  many  millions,  yet  unsettled,  some  of  which 
are  mentioned,  in  the  preceding  Chapter,  on  the  subject  of  the  pub- 
lic debt.  What  will  be  the  amount  of  the  expenses,  on  a  final  ad- 
justment of  these  various  claims,  is  yet  uncertain.  The  whole  amount 
of  expenses  incurred  in  the  years  1812,  1813,  and  1814,  for  the  civil 
list,  foreign  intercourse,  &x.  and  for  the  military  and  naval  depart- 
ments, will  probably  equal,  if  not  exceed,  the  whole  expenses,  for 
the  same  objects,  from  the  commencement  of  the  Government,  to  the 
1st  of  January,  1812.  As  the  army  was  not  disbanded,  until  the 
summer  of  1815,  and  the  naval  establishment  remained  nearly  the 
same,  the  expenditures  of  1815  cannot  fall  greatly  short,  of  those  of 
the  preceding  year. 

The  receipts  into  the  Treasury,  for  the  years  1812,  1813,  and 
1814,  from  the  various  sources  of  revenue,  and  other  incidental  re- 
ceipts, (exclusive  of  loans  and  Treasury  notes)  were  as  follows  : — 

1812  -  -  #9,801,132  76 

1813  -  -  -  14,340,409  95 

1814  (on  estimate)  about  12,000,000 


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375 
TABLE  No.  III. 


Amount  of  duties  accruing  on  the 

following  a 

rticles, ' 

'mportedin  1806, 

with  the  rates 

of  duties  on  each. 

QUANTITIES. 

Excess  of 

Excess 

Rate 

Excess  of 

importation 
over 

of  ex- 
port. 0- 

of 
duty. 

duties 
over 

Beer,  ale,  k,  porter,           glls. 

exportation 

ver  im- 
port. 

Cts. 

drawback. 

181,815 

-      - 

8 

14,545  20 

Cocoa,             -             -      lbs. 

1,418,232 

-      - 

2 

28,364  64 

Chocolate, 

2,117 

-     - 

3 

63  51 

Sugar  candy, 

1,573 

-     - 

111 

180  89 

loaf, 

3,180 

-      - 

9 

286  20 

other  refined  and  lump, 

976 

-      - 

61           63  44 

Almonds,          -          - 

282,517 

-      - 

2 

5,650  34 

Currants, 

372,097 

-      - 

2 

7,441  94 

Prunes  and  plumbs, 

66,479 

-      - 

2 

1,329  58 

Figs, 

408,449 

-      - 

2 

8,168  98 

Raisins  in  jars  and  muscadel, 

773,398 

-      - 

2 

15,467  96 

all  other, 

2,412,221 

-      - 

n 

36,182  31 

Candles,  tallow, 

175,820 

-      - 

2 

3,516  40 

wax, 

6,254 

-      - 

6 

375  24 

Cheese, 

262,846 

-      - 

7 

18,399  22 

Soap, 

819,241 

-      - 

2 

16,384  82 

Tallow 

1,755,841 

-      - 

H    26,337  62 

Mace, 

- 

2,620 

125 

- 

Nutmegs, 

173 

-     - 

50 

86  50 

Cinnamon, 

- 

9,149 

20 

- 

Cloves, 

- 

24,318 

20 

- 

Pepper,                                 * 

1,848,617 

-     - 

6 

110,917    2 

Pimento, 

468,008 

-     - 

4 

18,720  32 

Chinese  cassia, 

181,802 

-     - 

4 

7,272    8 

j Tobacco,  manufactured  other  \ 
than  snuff  and  segars,          $ 

6,638 

-     - 

6 

398  28 

Snuff, 

16,562 

-     - 

10 

1,656  20 

Indigo, 

264,163 

-     - 

25 

66,040  75 

Cotton, 

785,378 

-     - 

3 

23,561  34 

Powder,  hair, 

5,514 

-     - 

4 

220  56 

gun, 

204,822 

"     " 

4 

8,192  88 

Starch, 

14,565 

-     - 

3 

436  95 

Glue, 

105,612 

.     . 

4 

4,224  48 

Pewter  plates  and  dishes, 

78,200 

-     - 

4 

3,128 

Anchors  and  sheet  iron, 

582,236 

, 

H 

8,733  54 

Slit  and  hoop           do. 

271,063 

-     - 

1 

2,710  63 

3re 

TABLE  No.  III. 


-CONTINUED. 


QUANTITIES.                | 

E  xcess  of  I  Excess  of  Rateofl   Excess  of 

importation  exportation  ciu^v 

duties 

over   ex-  j  over  im- 

over 

Nails,             -             -  lbs. 

portation,  jportaiion.  Cents. 

drawback. 
61,190  58 

3,059,529 

_ 

2 

Spikes, 

407,936 

-      - 

1 

4,079  36 

Quicksilver, 

51,606 

-      - 

6 

3,096  36 

Ochre,  yellow,  in  oil, 

22,079 

-      - 

n 

331  19 

dry  yellow, 

119,854 

-      - 

i 

1,198  54 

Spanish  brown, 

619,710 

-      - 

i 

6,197  10 

White  and  red  lead, 

2,648,981 

-      - 

2 

52,979  62 

Lead  &  manufactures  oflead, 

3,513,351 

-      - 

1 

35,133  51 

Seines, 

10,651 

-      - 

4 

426    4 

Cordage,  tarred, 

206,096 

-      - 

2 

4,121  92 

untarred, 

47,391 

-      - 

2i 

1,184  77 

Cables, 

30,542 

.      - 

2 

610  84 

Steel,          -              -        cwt. 

12,228 

- 

100 

12  228 

Hemp, 

116,101 

-      - 

100 

1 16,101 

Twine  and  pack  thread,     - 

3,361 

-      - 

400 

13,444 

Glauber  salts, 

103 

- 

200 

206 

Coal,             -            bushels, 

311,146 

- 

5 

15,557  30 

Fish,  dried,          -     quintals, 

219,349 

_ 

50 

109,674  50 

pickled  salmon,    bbls. 

6,862 

-      - 

100 

6,862 

mackarel,     - 

14,756 

-      - 

60 

8,853  60 

other, 

16,271 

-      - 

40 

6,508  40 

Glass,  black  qt.  bottles,  gro. 

20,273 

-      - 

60 

12,163  80 

window,  not  above  8  ) 
by  10,  100  sqr.  ft.    \ 

22,546 

160 

36,073  60 

do.  10  by  12,     - 

3,985 

-      - 

175 

6,973  75 

do.  above  10  by  12, 

4,243 

-      - 

225 

9.546  75 

Segars,             -         -      M. 

22,969 

-      - 

200 

45,938 

Foreign  lime,          -     casks, 

339 

-      - 

50 

169  50 

Boots,         -                 pairs, 

3,817 

-      - 

75 

2,862  75 

Shoes,  silk, 

6,913 

-     -      !     25 

1,728  25 

kid,  Morocco,  k.c. 

45,758 

-     - 

15 

6,863  70l 

all  other, 

5,374 

- 

10 

537  401 

Cards,  wool  &.  cotton,  dozs. 

4 

i 

50 

2       j 

playing,     -    packs, 

11,672!     -     -          25   1 

2,906  75' 

Total  excess  of  duties  over  draw 

back, 

1,024,809  70 

Excess  of  drawback  over  dutie 

'son  Mace,         -        3,275 

—         —             —       _ 

Cinnamon,     -     1,829  80 

—         —             —       , — 

Cloves,     -     ■     4,863  60 

9,968  40 
1,014,841  30 

Total, 

Treasury  Department,  Register's  Office,  4th  November,  1807. 

JOSEPH  NOURSE,  Register 


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CHAPTER  X. 


Tonnage  of  the  United  States — Amount  employed  in  foreign  trade,  and  in 
the  coasting  trade,  at  different  periods — Increase  of  American  tonnage, 
from  1793  to  1810 — Tonnage  owned  in  each  state,  in  1810,  and  in  the 
ports  of  Boston,  New-York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore  and  Charleston — Ves- 
sels built,  from  1804  to  1813 — Comparative  view  of  American  tonnage, 
with  that  of  other  nations — Amount  of  foreign  tonnage,  in  American  for- 
eign trade,  at  different  periods,  and  the  nations  to  which  it  belonged — 
American  navy,  in  1815. 

The  increase  of  the  tonnage  of  the  United  States  has  been  without 
example,  in  the  history  of  the  commercial  world.  This  has  been  ow- 
ing to  the  increased  quantity  of  bulky  articles  of  domestic  produce 
exported,  to  the  increase  of  their  population,  and  to  the  extent  of  their 
carrying  trade. 

The  actual  tonnage  was  not  ascertained,  at  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, until  the  year  1793.  Previous  to  that  time,  the  only  account 
of  the  tonnage  kept  at  the  Treasury  was  that,  on  which  duties  were 
collected,  and  which  included  the  repeated  voyages  made  by  the 
same  vessels  in  the  course  of  the  year. 

The  following  is  the  amount  of  tonnage  on  which  duties  were  col- 
lected from  1789  to  1792  inclusive,  with  its  employment,  in  the  for- 
eign trade,  coasting  trade,  and  fisheries  : — 

Foreign  trade.            Coasting  trade.  Fisheries. 

1789  -          123,893  -           68,607  -  9,062 

1790  -         346,254  -          103,775  -  28,348 

1791  -         363,110  -         106,494  -  32,542 

1792  -         411,438                   120,957  -  32,062 

Inconsequence  of  acts  of  Congress  passed  in  1792  and  1793,  no 
vessel  can  be  employed,  in  foreign  trade,  unless  duly  registered  by 


388 

the  Collector  of  the  district,  where  such  vessel  belongs,  and  the  own- 
er obtains  from  the  Collector  a  certificate  of  such  registry  ;  and  no 
vessel  can  obtain  a  register,  unless  she  was  built  in  the  United  States, 
or  has  been  taken  and  condemned  as  lawful  prize,  and  is  owned  by 
an  American  citizen. 

No  vessel  can  be  employed  in  the  coasting  trade,  unless  duly  enroll- 
ed or  licensed  by  the  Collectors  of  the  districts.  This  register,  en- 
rollment, or  license,  specifies  the  tonnage  of  each  vessel,  and  an  ac- 
count of  each  vessel  so  registered,  enrolled,  or  licensed,  is  annually 
transmitted  by  the  Collectors,  to  the  Treasury  Department. 

There  are  also  other  vessels  employed  in  foreign  trade,  owned  by 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  but  which,  on  account  of  being  foieign 
built,  or  some  other  cause,  are  not  entitled  to  a  register,  or  to  be  con- 
sidered as  American  vessels.  These  vessels  have  however  papers 
called  sea  letters,  and  are  therefore  denominated  .tea  letter  vessels.  In 
1806,  the  tonnage  of  vessels  having  sea  letters,  and  employed  in 
foreign  trade,  was  eighty-seven  thousand  tons. 

To  give  an  American  character  to  a  vessel,  it  is  not  necessary 
that  any  part  of  the  crew,  except  the  captain,  should  be  citizens  of 
the  United  States.  If  the  captain  be  an  American  citizen,  all  the 
rest  of  the  crew  may  be  foreigners. 

The  following  duties  on  tonnage  are  paid  in  the  United  States,  by 
permanent  acts. 

American  registered  vessels,  pay  6  cents  per  ton  upon  entry, 
Coasting  vessels,     -     6      do.     do.     per  annum, 
Fishing  vessels,        -     6      do.     do.         do. 
American  vessels  not  registered  (having  sea  letters)  50  cents  per 

ton  upon  entry. 
American  built  vessels,  owned  by  foreigners,  30  cents  per  ton,  and 

50  cents  light  money. 
Foreign  built  vessels,  owned  by  Americans,  50  cents  per  ton. 
Vessels  entirely  foreign,  50  cents  per  ton  and  50  cents  light  money. 

By  an  act  passed  July  1st,  1812,  and  which  is  to  continue  during 
the  war,   vessels  belonging  wholly,  or  in  part,  to  the   subjects   of 


389 

foreign  powers,  pay  an  additional  duty  of  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents 
per  ton. 

With  respect  to  merchandize  imported,  American  registered  ves- 
sels pay  American  rates  of  duties,  and  merchandize  imported  in  all 
other  vessels,  whether  having  sea  letters,  or  being  American  built, 
are  owned  by  foreigners,  or  foreign  built,  are  owned  by  Americans, 
or  are  entirely  foreign,  pay  foreign  duties. 

By  an  act  of  the  27th  of  March,  1804,  an  American  registered  ves- 
sel loses  its  American  character,  "  if  owned  by  a  person  naturalized 
in  the  United  States,  and  residing  for  more  than  one  year  in  the  coun- 
try from  which  he  originated,  or  for  more  than  two  years  in  any  for- 
eign country — unlesss  such  person  be  in  the  capacity  of  Consul,  or 
other  public  agent." 

It  is  understood,  that  the  late  Commercial  Treaty  between  the 
United  States  and  Great-Britain  places  the  tonnage  duties  of  the 
vessels  of  both  nations  on  the  same  footing  in  their  respective  ports. 
Whether  this  will  eventually  benefit  American  navigation,  indeed, 
whether  it  will  not  be  injurious  to  it,  remains  yet  to  be  decided  ;  and 
experience  alone  must  determine.  Were  the  British  West-India 
ports  open  to  American  vessels,  there  would,  perhaps,  be  less  room 
to  doubt  on  the  subject.  The  American  trade  with  the  British  West- 
Indies  always  has  been,  and  will,  probably,  continue  to  be 
great ;  and  can  now  only  be  carried  on  in  British  vessels,  navigated 
according  to  British  laws.  Should  this  policy  continue,  there  can  be 
little  doubt,  that,  in  this  trade,  American  capital,  to  a  certain  extent, 
will  be  employed  in  navigating  British  vessels,  and  in  supporting 
British  seamen.  And  it  is,  perhaps,  yet  doubtful,  whether  in  the 
circuitous  trade  between  Great-Britain  and  her  West-India  Islands, 
by  the  way  of  the  United  States,  British  vessels  will  not  be  able  to 
carry,  on  freight,  between  the  United  States  and  Great-Britain, 
cheaper  than  American  vessels. 

The  amount  of  registered  tonnage,  employed  in  foreign  tradp. 
from  1793,  to  1813,  was  as  follows,  viz. — 

Tons.    95ths 

1793  -  367,734  23 

1794  -       438.862  71 


390 

Tons.    95ths. 

1795  -  529,470  63 

1796  -  -  576,733  25 

1797  -  -  597,777  43 

1798  -  -  603,376  37 

1799  -  -  669,197  19 

1800  -  669,921  35 

1801  -  -  718,549  60 

1802  -  560,380  63 

1803  -  -  597,157  05 

1804  -  -  672,530  18 

1805  -  -  749,341  22 

1806  -  -  808,284  68 

1807  -  -  848,306  85 

1808  -  -  769,053  54 

1809  -  910,059  23 

1810  -  -  984,269  05 

1811  -  -  768,852  21 

1812  -  -  760,624  40 

1813  -  674,853  44 

And  the  following  tonnage  was  employed  in  the  coasting  trade, 
from  1793  to  1812. 


Enrolled. 

Licensed. 

Under  20  tons. 

Tons.    95ths. 

Tons.   95ths 

1793 

114,853  10 

7,217  53 

1794 

167,227  42 

16,977  36 

1795 

164,795  91 

19,601   59 

1796 

195,423  64 

22,416  66 

1797 

214,077     5 

23,325  66 

1798 

227,343  79 

24,099  43 

1799 

220,904  46 

25,736     8 

1800 

245,295     4 

27,196  91 

1801 

246,255  34 

28,296  91 

1802 

260,543  16 

29,079  58 

391 


Enrolled. 

Licensed. 
Under  20  tons, 

Tons.    95ths. 

Tons.  95ths. 

1803 

- 

268,676   12 

- 

30,384  34 

1804 

- 

286,840     1 

- 

30,696  56 

1805 

- 

301,366  38 

- 

31,296  73 

1806 

- 

309,977     5 

- 

30,562  54 

1807 

- 

318,189  93 

- 

30,838  39 

1808 

- 

387,684  43 

- 

33,135  33 

1809 

- 

371,500  56 

- 

33,661   75 

1810 

- 

371,114  12 

- 

34,232  57 

1811     - 

Enrolled 

and  licensed,  - 

420,362 

1812     - 

do. 

do. 

477,971 

The  increase  of  the  registered  tonnage,  or  that  employed  in  foreign 
trade,  from  1793  to  1801,  was  three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  fifteen  tons  and  thirty-seven  ninety-fifths,  having  nearly 
doubled,  in  that  short  period.  From  1793  to  1810,  a  period  of  se- 
venteen years,  the  increase  of  tonnage,  employed  in  foreign  trade, 
was  six  hundred  sixteen  thousand  five  hundred  and  thirty-five  tons 
and  eighty-two  ninety-fifths.  In  1793,  the  tonnage  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade,  was  one  hundred  twenty-two  thousand  and  seventy 
tons  and  sixty-three  ninety-fifths,  and  in  1801,  amounted  to  two  hun- 
dred seventy-four  thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty-one  tons,  making 
a  difference  of  one  hundred  fifty-two  thousand  four  hundred  and 
eighty -one  tons;  and  from  1793  to  1810,  the  increase  was  two  hundred 
eighty-three  thousand  two  hundred  and  seventy-six  tons.  We  have 
before  stated  the  amount  of  tonnage  employed  in  the  fisheries ;  the 
increase  from  1793  to  1807,  was  about  forty  thousand  tons.  Tables 
No.  I.  and  II.  contain  the  amount  of  tonnage,  annually  employed,  in 
foreign  trade,  and  in  the  coasting  trade,  owned  in  each  state,  from 
1793  to  1810. 

The  whole  amount  of  tonnage,  in  the  United  States,  in  1810,  was 
one  million  four  hundred  twenty-four  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
eighty-one  tons,  according  to  Treasury  statements. — Of  this, 

Tons. 
New-Hampshire  owned  ?8.817 


392 

Tons. 

Massachusetts,                                   -             -  495,203 

Rhode-Island,               -             -                         -  36,155 

Connecticut,         ....  45,108 

New-York,                 -                             -              -  276,557 

New-Jersey,         -                                     -  43,803 

Pennsylvania,            ...             -  125,430 

Delaware,         -             -           -             -  -     8,190 

Maryland,               ....  143,785 

Virginia,         -----  84,923 

North-Carolina,                -             -             -  39,954 

South-Carolina,           ....  53,926 

Georgia,             ...             -  15,619 

Ohio,         .....  none 
New-Orleans,              ....     13,240 

The  state  of  Massachusetts  has  many  hundred  miles  of  sea-coast, 
with  numerous  inlets  and  harbours  ;  and  many  of  her  inhabitants 
have  always  been  engaged  in  navigation.  The  amount  of  tonnage 
owned  in  that  state,  in  1810,  was  more  than  one  third  of  the  whole 
tonnage  in  the  United  States. 

The  amount  of  tonnage  owned  in  the  ports  of  Boston,  New-York. 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Charleston,  in  1810,  was  as  follows  :-— 

Tons.     95ths. 
Boston,  -  -  -  149,121   85 

New-York,  -  -       268,548     1 

Philadelphia,  -  -  125,258   15 

Baltimore,  -  -  -  103,444  69 

Charleston,  -  -  -        52,888   16 

It  is  believed,  that  the  shipping,  belonging  to  the  port  of  New-York, 
is  equal  to,  if  it  does  not  exceed,  that  of  any  port,  in  the  world,  ex- 
cept the  port  of  London. 


393 

Tl>e  tonnage  of  vessels  built  in  the  United  States,  from  1804  to 
1813.  was  as  follows  :— 

Tons.    95ths. 

1804  -       103,753  91 

1805  -      -  128,507  3 

1806  -  -       126,093  29 

1807  -  -       99,783  92 

1808  -  31,755  34 

1809  -      -      -       91,397  55 

1810  -      -      -       127,575  86 
1311      -      -      -       146,691  82 

1812  -      -      -       84,691  42 

1813  -  -        31,153  40 

The  number  of  vessels  built  and  registered,  during  the  same  period, 
in  all  the  ports  of  the  British  empire  (except  Ireland)  with  the  amount 
of  their  tonnage,  is  contained  in  Xo.  XIII.  of  Appendix  No.  II.  ;  the 
greatest  amount  built  in  any  one  year  was  one  hundred  thirty-five 
thousand  three  hundred  and  forty-nine. 

The  amount  of  American  tonnage  for  1310,  as  stated  above,  takes 
from  Treasury  documents,  is  greater  than  the  actual  amount.  It  wa? 
made  from  the  abstracts,  furnished  by  the  Collectors  of  the  several 
districts,  in  which  a  deduction  for  vessels  worn  out,  lost  at  sea,  or  ta- 
ken and  condemned  in  foreign  countries,  was  not  always  made. 

The  true  amount  for  1810  may  be  stated  at  about  one  million  and 
a  quarter.  The  amount  of  American  registered  tonnage,  employed 
in  foreign  trade,  in  1807,  and  on  which  duties  were  paid  (including 
the  repeated  voyages)  was  one  million  eighty-nine  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy-six.  The  amount  of  tonnage  of  vessels  which 
entered  inwards,  at  the  several  ports  of  Great-Britain,  from  all  parts 
of  the  world,  (including  their  repeated  voyages)  was,  for  the  same 
year,  one  million  four  hundred  eighty-two  thousand  four  hundred  and 
twelve.  This  amount  of  British  tonnage  includes  those  vessels,  which 
entered  inwards  from  Ireland,  the  islands  of  Jersey,  Guernsey,  and 
Man,  and  the  whale  fisheries. — (See  No.  XV.  Appendix  No.  II.)  The 
amount  of  British  tonnage,  which  cleared  outwards,  from  all  the  ports 

50 


394 

of  Ireland,  to  all  parts  of  the  world,  in  1807,  was  five  hundred  seven- 
ty-four thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty-eight. — (See  No.  XXI.  Ap- 
pendix No.  II.)  Mr.  Anderson,  in  his  view  of  the  importance  of 
Canada,  &c.  states  the  amount  of  British  tonnage,  entered  inwards, 
into  the  ports  of  Great-Britain,  from  Ireland,  Jersey,  Guernsey,  and 
Man,  and  the  whale  fisheries,  on  an  average,  from  1804  to  1813,  to 
be  about  seven  hundred  thousand.  This  would  leave  the  amount  of 
British  tonnage,  employed  in  trade  with  all  other  parts  of  the  world, 
in  1807,  about  eight  hundred  thousand. — (See  Anderson,  Appendix 
Nos.  XVI.  and  XVII.) 

That  the  increase  of  American  tonnage  has  been  Avithout  example, 
at  least  in  modern  times,  will  appear,  on  comparing  it  with  the  in- 
crease of  the  tonnage  of  other  commercial  nations,  and  particularly 
Great-Britain. 

In  1581,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  a  period  so  much  celebrated  in 
history,  the  tonnage  of  England  was  only  seventy-two  thousand  four 
hundred  and  fifty  ;  an  amount  far  less,  than  is  now  owned,  in  either 
of  the  ports  of  Boston,  New-York,  Philadelphia,  or  Baltimore.  In 
1700,  the  commercial  tonnage  of  England  was  estimated  at  two  hun- 
dred seventy-three  thousand  six  hundred  and  ninety  three,  in  1750, 
at  six  hundred  nine  thousand,  seven  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  and  in 
1800,  at  one  million  two  hundred  sixty-nine  thousand,  three  hundred 
and  twenty-nine  ;*  having  little  more  than  doubled,  in  each  half  cen- 
tury, from  1700  to  1800.  On  the  5th  of  January,  1813,  the  British 
tonnage  amounted  to  one  million  five  hundred  seventy-nine  thousand, 
seven  hundred  and  fifteen. — (See  No.  XV.  Appendix  No.  II.)  The 
state  of  New- York  now  owns  as  great,  and  the  state  of  Massachusetts 
a  much  greater  amount  of  shipping,  than  was  owned  by  England,  a 
little  more  than  a  century  ago. 

For  many  years  past,  the  United  States  have  owned  a  much  great- 
er amount  oi  tonnage,  than  any  other  nation,  except  Great-Britain. 

About  the  year  1787,  the  amount  of  tonnage,  employed  in  the  for- 
eign trade  of  France,  was  a  little  more  than  one  million  ;  of  this 
France  owned  about  three  hundred  thousand  ;  the  rest  was  foreign 
tonnage.     The  navigation  of  France  has  decreased  since  that  period. 

*  See  Chalmer's  Estimate,  234. 


395 

In  1800,  the  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  foreign  commerce  ol 
France,  that  entered  inwards,  was  seven  thousand  five  hundred  and 
eighty-one  ;  their  tonnage  two  hundred  seventy-three  thousand,  four 
hundred  and  eighty-six — Of  this  ninety-eight  thousand  three  hundred 
and  four  tons  was  French,  and  one  hundred  seventy-four  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  thirty-three  foreign.  The  number  of  vessels,  that 
cleared  outwards,  the  same  year,  was  eight  thousand  six  hundred  and 
thirty-six,  their  tonnage  three  hundred  twelve  thousand  nine  hundred 
and  sixty-seven  ;  the  French  owned  one  hundred  four  thousand,  six 
hundred  and  eighty-seven  of  this,  and  the  residue  was  owned  by  for- 
eigners.* 

In  1804,  the  number  of  trading  vessels,  belonging  to  the  states  and 
nations  around  the  Baltic,  including  those  of  Norway  and  Holstein, 
was  four  thousand  one  hundred  and  thirty-four,  and  their  tonnage 
about  four  hundred  ninety-three  thousand,  four  hundred  and  seven- 
teen British.!  The  shipping  of  the  Baltic  has  not,  probably,  increas- 
ed since  that  period.  The  American  tonnage,  therefore,  is  more 
than  double  that  of  all  the  maritime  nations  of  the  north  of  Europe. 

The  rapid  increase  of  American  tonnage,  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  government,  in  a  few  years,  almost  excluded  for- 
eign tonnage  from  the  trade  of  the  United  States.  Table  No.  III. 
contains  a  statement  of  American  and  foreign  tonnage  employed  in 
the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States,  for  each  year,  from  1790  to 
1799.  In  1790,  the  proportion  of  foreign  tonnage,  to  the  whole 
amount  of  tonnage,  employed  in  the  foreign  American  trade  was  as 
41.  4  to  100,  and  in  1799  was  as  14.  9  to  100.  In  1807,  the  propor- 
tion was  as  7.  3  to  100.  Table  No.  IV*.  presents  a  statement  of  the 
tonnage  of  vessels,  entered  in  the  United  States,  from  1790  to  179G, 
and  the  nations  to  which  the  same  belonged.  In  1790,  the  amount  oi 
foreign  tonnage  employed  in  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  State? 
was  two  hundred  fiity-one  thousand  and  fifty-eight  tons,  in  1796,  was 
forty-nine  thousand,  nine  hundred  and  sixty,  in  1802,  (a  year  oi 
peace  in  Europe)  was  one  hundred  forty-six  thousand,  seven  hun- 
dred and  seventy-nine,  and  in  1807  was  eighty-six  thousand  three 

*  See  Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce.  4th  vol.  p.  52.1  :   Oddv 


396 

hundred  and  twenty-two.     In  the  years  1790,   1796,  and   1802,  it 
was  owned  by  foreign  nations,  as  follows  : — 


1790. 

1796. 

1802. 

Tons. 

Tons 

Tons. 

Great-Britain, 

216,914 

19,669       - 

104,262 

France, 

12,059 

2,055      - 

7,659 

Spain, 

7,381 

2,449      - 

8,582 

Portugal, 

3,777       - 

637      - 

1,111 

Italy, 

-     - 

758      - 

-     - 

United  Netherlands, 

6,136       - 

301      - 

102 

Imperial, 

459      - 

.     . 

-     - 

Hanse  Towns, 

1,978      - 

4,987      - 

12,980 

Denmark, 

1,113      - 

10,430      - 

6,492 

Sweden, 

-      535      - 

5,560      - 

1,127 

Prussia, 

394      - 

.     . 

-     - 

Russia, 

.     . 

.     . 

2,994 

American  built  owned  by 
Great-Britain, 

(      "     "      " 

-     - 

519 

British  built  owned    by  ( 
Americans,         -           ' 

i      '     '      ' 

-     - 

951 

The  extensive  coasting  trade  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  the 
fisheries,  will  tend  to  increase  the  American  navigation,  and  will  al- 
ways be  an  excellent  nursery  for  seamen,  from  whence  the  American 
navy  in  case  of  emergency  can  be  supplied  with  hands.  Fortunate- 
ly for  the  country,  the  American  navy,  formerly  considered  by  many 
a  mere  gangrene  upon  the  nation,  seems  now  to  be  the  favourite  ot 
all  parties.  Its  brilliant  success,  during  the  late  war,  and  in  its  late 
excursion  to  the  Mediterranean,  has  raised  its  own  fame,  as  well  as 
that  of  the  American  character,  and  justly  entitles  it  to  public  patron- 
age, both  in  peace  and  war.  The  American  navy,  in  the  summer  of 
1815,  consisted  of  about  seventy  ships,  brigs,  and  schooners,  besides- 
some  small  sloops,  and  gun-boats.  Not  having  in  our  possession  an 
official  list,  we  are  unable  to  state  the  exact  number  of  vessels,  or  the 
number  of  guns.  Among  this  number,  however,  there  are,  it  is  be- 
lieved, five,  carrying  seventy-four  guns,  six,  forty-four  guns,  one  thir- 
ty-eight guns,  two,  thirty-six  guns,  two,  thirty-two  guns,  and  twen- 
ty-three from  twenty-eight  to  sixteen  guns. 


397 


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APPENDIX  No.  I. 


The  country,  or  vice-royalty,  of  New-Spain  and  its  dependencies,  adjoins 
Louisiana  ;  the  following-  brief  account  of  the  coinage  and  commerce  of 
that  country,  and  particularly  that  part  of  the  commerce  carried  on  from 
the  port  of  Vera  Cruz,  cannot  be  uninteresting  to  an  American  merchant  or 
statesman.  It  was  taken  from  accurate  documents  on  the  spot,  in  1810,  by 
a  gentleman  of  ability,  and  may  be  therefore  depended  on  as  correct. 

The  country  is  very  extensive,  includes  the  province  and  city  of  Mexico, 
and  contains  the  most  valuable  silver  mines  in  the  world.  The  city  of 
Mexico  is  much  more  populous,  than  any  city,  either  in  North  or  South 
America.  By  the  last  census  or  enumeration,  it  contained  upwards  of  one 
hundred  and  eighty  thousand  inhabitants;  and  in  1809,  the  number  of  births 
in  the  city,  was  6,693,  and  the  deaths,  6,160.  Judging  by  this,  its  popula- 
tion is  about  one  third  of  that  of  London  or  Paris.  The  coinage  of  gold  and 
silver  is  carried  on  in  the  mint,  which  is  established  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 

In  1809,  the  whole  coinage  was  as  follows,  viz.  : — 

In  Gold,  ....  ^1,464,818 

In  Silver,  ....  24,708,164 


Making  the  whole  coinage  for  1809,       -      §26,172,982 

If  we  add  to  this,  the  amount  coined  from  the 
first  establishment  of  the  mint  in  1630,  to  the 
end  of  the  year  1808,  a  space  of  178  years,  be- 
ing   1,496,832,112 

It  forms  the  enormous  total  of  coinage,  from  the 

first  foundation  of  the  mint,  of  -  81,523,005,094 

The  commerce  of  New-Spain  is  carried  on,  principally,  from  the  port  of 
Vera  Cruz,  on  the  Gulph  of  Mexico,  and  Acapulco,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

52 


u 


APPENDIX    NO.    I. 


The  commerce  carried  on  from  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  1809,  was  as 
follows  :■ — ■ 


IMPORTS. 


.,         „,,  ,-,     .     C  National  produce  and  manufactures, 
J:  rom  Old  Spam,  <  l  ' 

'  Foreign  do.  do. 


,.         .,     ~  ,     .       C  Colonial  industry,      -      §1.643,018 
•  t-  rom  the  Colonies.  <  ■  *J  ' 

'Effects  from  Europe,  1,620,183 


Dolls. 

10,252,698 

6,914,607 

£17,167,305 


3,263,201 


Total  amount  of  importations  for  1809, 

EXPORTS 

To  Old  Spain, 
To  the  Colonies, 

Total  amount  of  exports  for  1809, 


$20,430,506 


Dolls. 
21,825,226 
6,452,307 

^28,277,533 


COASTING    TRAUE   FROM    THE    SAME    PORT. 


Imports,  ...... 

Exports,        ...... 

In  the  year  1809,  there  arrived  from  Old  Spain,  square 
rigged  vessels,       ...... 

From  the  Colonies,  ..... 


8624,012 
346,711 


119 
172 


Total,         .... 

In  the  same  period,  cleared  out  for  Old  Spain, 
Do.  do.  do.  for  the  Colonies, 


291 

62 
177 


Total, 


239 


The  imports  and  exports,  on  Government  account,  are  not  included  in  the 
foregoing  statement;  they  amount  to  very  considerable  sums.  Government 
imports  principally  quicksilver  for  the  mines,  playing  cards,  paper,  &c.  &c 


APPENDIX    NO.    I.  Ill 

and  the  exports  consist,  in  money,  gold,  silver,  tobacco,  grin-powder,  cop- 
per, tin,  lead,  &c.  The  money  alone  exported  by  Government  in  1809,  ex- 
ceeded twenty -five  millions  of  dollars. 

Dolls. 
The  gold  coin  exported  by  individuals  in  1809,  was  -  13,052 

Silver  do.  do.  do.  was         -       21,761,188 


j; 

Total  amount  of  specie  exported  by  individuals  and  con- 
tained in  the  above  statement  of  exports  for  1809,       -       21,774,240 

To  which  may  be  added  the  specie  exported  by  Govern- 
ment, during  the  same  period,  and  which  may  be  stat- 
ed, at  least  to  be  -  -  -  -  25,000,000 


Makes  the  grand  total  of  cash  exported  in  1809,     -     £46,774,240 

Although  this  statement  appears  enormous,  yet  it  is  under-rated,  for 
though  the  coinage  during  the  year  1809,  was  only  twenty-six  millions,  yet 
it  must  be  recollected,  that  since  the  year  1804,  in  which  the  war  broke  out 
with  Great -Britain,  but  a  small  proportion  of  money  had  been  exported,  and 
of  course  much  had  been  accumulated.  The  exports  of  flour  from  Vera 
Cruz,  to  the  Havanna,  in  the  year  1809,  was  twenty-six  thousand  seven  hun- 
dred and  twenty -four  bales,  of  two  quintals  each,  upwards  of  twenty-seven 
thousand  barrels.  New-Spain  is  a  beautiful  wheat  country,  and  could  sup- 
ply not  only  the  Island  of  Cuba,  but  all  Spanish  America. 

The  articles  of  produce  and  manufacture  exported  from  New-Spain,  are 
cotton,  indigo,  sugar,  cocoa,  coffee,  flour,  horns,  lard,  rice,  cheese,  jerked 
beef,  soap,  allspice,  anniseed,  venilla  bean,  sarsaparilla,  bark,  jallap,  dye- 
woods,  oil  or  extract  thereof,  leather,  morocco,  cordovan  and  sole,  hides 
and  deer  skins,  cochineal,  wool,  tin,  copper,  lead,  pearls,  gold  and  silver,  in 
bullion  and  corned,  gold  leaf  for  gilders'  use,  earth ern  ware  from  the  man- 
ufactory of  Xalapa,  cloths,  hats,  &c.  &c.  &c.  In  the  year  1809,  the  produce 
of  the  interiour  brought  down  to  Vera  Cruz,  took  up  fifty-three  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  eighteen  mules, 


IV 


APPENDIX    NO.    II. 


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APPENDIX  NO.  II. 


XI 


No.  6. 


That  the  amount  of  the  unfunded  debt  of  Great-Britain,  under  the  heads 
of  Navy  Debt,  and  Exchequer  Bills  outstanding,  may,  for  the  years 
1804, 1805,1806,  1807,  1808, 1809,1810, 1811,  1812,  and  1813. 
be  slated  as  follows : — 


Exchequer 

Navy  debt. 

bills 

Total. 

Years  ending  5th  January, 
1804 

outstanding. 

£. 

£. 

19,067,600 

£. 

4,037,307 

23,104,907 

1805 

5,001,567 

25,253,500 

30,255,067 

1806 

5,911,588 

27,180,400 

33,0^1,988 

1807 

5,885,819 

27,207,500 

33,043,319 

1808 

6,561,237 

31,942,900 

38,504,137 

1809 

7,221,167 

39,301,200 

46,522,367 

1810 

8,263,175 

39,164,100 

47,427,275 

1811 

7,595,838 

38,286,000 

47,681,838 

1812 

7,883,890 

41,491,800 

49,375,690 

1813 

7,748,872 

45,406,400 

53,155,372 

No.  7- 


That  the  amount  of  the  unfunded  debt  of  Ireland,  under  the  head  of 
Treasury  Bills  outstanding  and  unprovided  for,  in  the  years  ending 
5th  January,  1804,  1805,  1806,  1807,  1808,  1809,  1810,  1811. 
1812,  and  1813,  may  be  stated  as  follows  : — 


! 

Irish  Currency 

Years  ending  5dv  January, 

£. 

1804 

1,999,000 

1805 

1,099,000 

1806 

299,000 

1807 

- 

1808 

400,000 

1809 

541,666 

1810 

655,729 

1811 

114,062    | 

1812 

1,840,479    1 

1813 

2,508,940    : 

Xll 


APPENDIX  NO.  II. 


No.  8. 

riutt  the  net  produce  of  the  new,  and  additional  duties,  imposed  in  Great-Bri- 
tain, in  each  year,  from  the  5th  January,  1803,  to  the  present  year,  on  an 
average  of  the  two  years,  last  past,  or  of  the  fast  two  years  tliereof  a  sepa- 
rate account  has  been  laid  before  Parliament,  7i-as  respectively  as  follows  : — 


Year 

ended 

5th  Jan 

1804 


1805 


1806 

|  1807 

I  1808 
i  1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 


Permanent 
Taxes. 


War  Taxes. 


960,346^ 


1,506,877 
996,779 


£       !  £ 

78  18S  ^  Customs  8c  excise,  7,299,056  j 
{0,L     ;  t  Property,     -     -    4,891,5015 
''Customs  taken  at  the   esti-^ 
mated  amount  for  this  year, 
and  which  with  part  of  the 
sum  included  in  the  prece- 
ding year  under  the  head,  )> 
customs  and  excise,  makes 
the  total  actual  produce  of 
the  temporary  or  war  duty 
{jn  the  two  last  years — 

Property, 

C  Excise,'   -     -     -      518,617  ? 

?  Property,   -     -      6,555,571  $ 

Excise 


•1,222,287 

105,000 


f466,101      Customs, 
-646,409      Excise,  - 


12,190,557 


Total. 


£ 

12,768,745 


1,000,000    1,960,346 


1,417,886:  2,924,763 
7,074,188|  8,070,967! 

63,681!        63,681: 

-  !  1,222,287: 

-  ,      105,000' 


64,790 
15,699 


530,891 
662,108 


*  Exclusive  of,  £375,000,  short  annuities  expired,  and  £65,000,  saving 

on  management  of  public  debt. 

|  The  produce  of  the  only  complete  year  the  duties  have  been  in  existence 
%  Actual  produce  from  5th  July,  1812,  to  5lh  July,  1813,  including  the 

estimated  amount  of  linen  bounties  repealed 


APPENDIX  NO.   II. 


"Xill 


No.  9. 

That  the  total  sum,  to    be  provided,  by  Great-Britain,  -within  the  year  1815, 
may  be  estimated  atfolloivs  : — 


Interest  on  the  public  funded  debt,  charges  of 
management,  and  sinking  fund  including  the  ad- 
dition to  the  sinking  fund  in  the  present  session  34,939,534 

Interest  on  imperial  loan,     -  496,277 

Proportion  to  be  defrayed  by  Great-Britain  of  the 
following  charges  viz. — Civil  Government  of 
Scotland,  pensions  on  revenue,  militia  and  de- 
serters warrants,  bounties  for  promoting  fishe- 
ries, &c  for  the  United  Kingdom,  estimated  to 
be  the  same  as  in  the  year  ended  5th  Jan.  1813,  j      835,000 

Charges  of  collection  and  management  of  the  rev-, 
enue  of  Great-Britain  and  Ireland,  estimated  to| 
be  the  same  as  in  the  year  ended  5th  Jan.  1813,    |  4,099,000 

Civil  list  and  other  charges  on  the  consolidated 
fund  of  Great-Britain,  and  civil  list  and  perma-' 
nent  grants  for  Ireland,  estimated  to  be  the  same 
as  in  the  year  ended  5th  January,  1813,         -       j  2,038,000 

15-17  of    -     £6,972,000 

SEPARATE   CHARGES   OF  CrREAT-HRITAIX. 

On  the  consolidated  fund,  estimated 

as  at  5th  January,  1813,      -     -     £      35,000 

Loyalty  loan  repaid, 171,836 

Interest  on  exchequer  bills,     -     -     -    1,800,000 

Do.  on  debentures, 40,000 

Grant  to  sinking  fund  in  respect  to  ex- 
chequer bills  unprovided  for,     -     -     260,000 

To  discharge  exchequer  bills  issued 
on  account  of  the  vote  of  credit, 
Anno.  1812, 3,000,000     |  j 

Supplies  voted  1813  for  Great-Britain  &  £ 

Ireland  including  a  vote  of  credit  of  £5,200,000    71,550,000' 
Deduct,  proportion  of  supplies  to  be  defray- 
ed by  Ireland,         .....I  8,417,0001 


35,435,811 


6,152,000 


5,307,136 


63,133,000 
';jllQ,Q28,~947 


XIV 


APPENDIX  NO.  II. 


No.  10. 

That  the  total  sum,  to  be  provided  by  Ireland  witlrin  the  year  1813,  may  be  esti- 
mated as  follows  ■• — 


Interest  of  public  funded  debt,  charge  of  management  and  Irish  Curr'y 


sinking  fund,  including  charges  on  the  loan  for  present  ses 
sion,         ...-.--.. 

Proportion  to  be  defrayed  by  Ireland  of  the  following  charges,] 
viz.' — 

Civil  Government  of  Scotland   (Pensions   to   the 

i     Hereditary  revenue  of  G.  Britain)  &.c.  kc.  (same 

as  No.  9.)" 905,100 

Charges  of  collection  and  management  of  the  rev- 
enues of  Great-Britain  &  Ireland,  kc.  kc.  (same 
as  No.  9.) 4,441,000,' 

Civil  list  and  other  permanent  charges  on  the  con- 
solidated fund  of  G.  Brkain,  &.c.   &c.  (same  as 

j     No.  9.)         -         -        -        -         .         -         -        2^07,800 

2-17  of    -       £7,553,900! 

SEPARATE  CHARGES  OF  IRELAND,  VIZ. 

'  Interest  on  exchequer  bills,       -       £125,500 
,  Grant  to  sinking  fund  in  respect  to 

treasury  bills,         ...  21,604 

.Supplies  voted  1813  for  G.  B.  and  Ireland  inclu-  f* 

77,512,500 


B.  and  Ireland  inclu- 
ding a  vote  of  credit  of  £5,200,000  British,     - 
Deduct,  proportion  of  supplies  to  be  defrayed  by 


Great-Britain, 


£ 

5,425,400 


888,700 


147,104 


68,394,000 9418,5001 

£15,579,704'' 


APPENDIX  NO.  II. 


XV 


No.  11. 

That  the  total  official  value  of  imports,  into  Great-Britain,  in  the  years 
ended  5th  January,  1804,  1805,  1806,  1807,  1808,  1809,  1810, 
181 1,  1812,  and  1813,  may  be  taken  as  follows : — 


Foreign 

East-India 

and   colonial 

Irish  produce. 

and 

Total. 

Years  ended  5th 

produce. 

China. 

January, 

£. 

£. 

£. 

£.      | 

1804 

21,643,577  ) 
23,986,869  \ 

includ. Ireland 

i  6,348,887 

27,992,464 

1805       - 

I  5,214,621 

23,201,490 

1806 

21,292,870 

2,979,598 

6,072,160 

30,344,628 

1807 

21,841,005 

3,248,131 

3,746,771 

28,835,907 

1808 

21,958,382 

3,494,767 

3,401,509 

28,854,658 

1809 

19,869,723 

3,910,981 

5,848,649 

29,629,353 

1810       - 

26,933,625 

3,475,759 

3,363,025 

33,772,409 

1811 

33,146,975 

3,280,747 

4,708,415 

41,136,135 

1812 

21,201,450 

3,318,879 

4,106,251 

28,626,580! 

1813 

19.443,574 

3,551,269 

Not  yet  made  up. 

No.  12. 


That  the  toiul  official  value  of  exports ,  from  Great-Britain,  in  the  years 
ended  the  bth  January,  1804,  1805,  1806,  1807,  1808,  1809,  1810, 
1811,  1812,  and  1813,  may  be  taken  as  follows: — 


Years  ended 
5th  January, 

1804  - 

1805  - 

1806  - 

1807  - 

1808  - 

1809  - 

1810  - 

1811  - 

1812  - 

1813  - 

British  pro- 
duce &  man- 
ufactures. 

Foreign  and 

colonial 
merchandize. 

Irish  produce 
and  manu- 
factures. 

Total. 

£. 

22  252  027 
23'935,'793 
25,004,337 
27,402,685 
25,171,422 
26,691,962 
35,104,132 
34,923,575 
24,131,734 
31,243,362 

£• 

£. 

£. 

9,326,468  ) 

10,515,575$ 

9,552,423 

8,789,368 

9,105,827 

7,397,901 

14,680,524 

10,471,941 

7,975,396 

11,508,673 

Includ.  Irish 
produce. 
398,085 
335,131 
289,322 
464,404 
502,244 
474,343 
302,54 1 
489,506 

$31,578,495 
I  34,451,367 
34,954,845 
36,527,184 
34,566,571 
34,554,267 
50,286,900 
45,869,859 
32,409,671 
43,241,541 

XVI 


ATTENDIX  NO.   II. 


No.  13. 

That  the  number  of  Vessels,  with  the  amount  of  their  Tonnage,  which, 
have  been  built  and  registered  in  the  several,  ports  of  the  British 
Empire,  (except  Ireland)  may  be  stated  as  follows : — ■ 


Ships. 

Tonnage. 

Year  ended  5th  January 
1804 

1 ,402 

135,349 

1805 

991 

95,979 

1806 

1,001 

89,584 

1807 

772 

69,198 

1808 

770 

68,000 

1809 

568 

57,140 

1810 

596 

6 1 ,396 

1811 

685 

84,891 

1812 

870 

115,630 

1813 

760 

94,198 

Xo.  14. 


That  the  number  of  Vessels,  with  the  amount  of  their  Tonnage,,  and  the 
number  of  Men  and  Boys  usually  employed  in  navigating  the  same, 
which  belonged  to  the  several  ports  of  the  British  Empire,  (except 
Ireland)  on  the  30th  September,  1803,  1804,  1805,  1806,  1807. 
1808,  1809,  1810,  1811,  and  1812,  may  be  stated  as  follows:— 


Ships. 

Tons. 

Men. 

Year  ended  30th  September, 
1803 

19,828 

2,108,990 

148,600  j 

1804 

20,713 

2,210,508 

148,598  ! 

1 805 

20,984 

2,226,636 

152,642 

1806 

21,106 

2,208,169 

150,940  ; 

1807 

21,192 

2,224,720 

152,658 

1808 

21,542 

2,265,860 

151,781 

1809 

21,951 

2,307,489 

155,038 

1810 

22,577 

2,367,394 

158,779 

1811 

22,973 

2,415,619 

157,063 

1812 

22,996  1 

2,421,695 

159,710  ' 

APPENDIX  NO.  II. 


XVII 


No.  15. 

That  the  number  of  Vessels,  ivith  the  amount  of  their  Tonnage,  and  the  number 
of  Jifen  and  Boys,  employed  in  navigating  the  same  (^including  their  re- 
peated voyages  J  -which  entered  inwards,  at  the  several  ports  of  Great-Bri- 
tain, from  all  parts  of  the  ivorld,  in  t/ie  years  ended  5th  January,  1804,  1805, 
1806,  1807,  1808,  1809,  1810,  181l/l812,  and  1813,  may  be  stated  as 

follows  : — 


Year  ended  5th  January, 
1804 

BRITISH. 

FOREIGN 

Ships. 
11,996 

Tons. 

Men. 

Ships 
4,252 

Tons. 

Men. 
33,660 

1,614,365 

93,004 

638,034 

1805 

10,508 

1,395,387 

82,979 

4,271 

607,299 

30,744 

1806 

11,409 

1,494,075 

87,148 

4,515 

691,703 

34,719 

1807 

12,110 

1,482,412 

88,963 

3,792 

612,800 

31,346 

1808 

11,213 

1,436,667 

84,997 

4,087 

680,144 

32,488 

1809 

11,316 

1,314,241 

82,754 

1,925 

282,892 

15,512 

1810 

12,656 

1,539,573 

95,796 

4,922 

759,287 

38,285 

1811 

13,557 

1,609,088 

102.900 

6,876 

1,176,243 

60,094 

1812 

12,908 

1,522,692 

94,740 

3,216 

687,180 

34,157 

1813 

13,869 

1,579,715 

96,371 

2,536 

518,443 

25,519 

No.  16. 

That  tlie  number  of  Vessels,  with  the  amount  of  their  Tonnage,  and  the  number 
of  Men  and  Boys,  employed  in  navigating  the  same  ("including  their  repeated 
voyages  J  -which  cleared  outwards,  at  the  several  ports  of  Great-Britain,  to 
all  parts  of  the  -world,  in  tlie  years  ended  5th  January,  1804  to  1813,  inclu- 
sive, may  be  stated  as  follows  : — 


Years  ended  5th  January, 
1804 

BRITISH. 

FOREIGN. 

Ships. 
11,072 

Tons. 

Men. 
92,940 

Ships 

Tons. 

Men. 

1,444,840 

3,662 

574,542 

30,414 

1805 

11,131 

1,463,286 

93,748 

4,093 

587,849 

30,507 

1806 

11,603 

1,494,968 

94,388 

3,930 

605,641 

30,910 

1807 

12,239 

1,485,725 

94,513 

3,457 

567,988 

29,616 

1808 

11,428 

1,424,103 

89,715 

3,846 

631,910 

31,411 

1809 

11,923 

1,372,810 

89,632 

1,892 

282,145 

15,671 

1810 

11,499 

1,531,152 

102,523 

4,530 

699,750 

37,256 

1811 

13,092 

1,624,274 

107,724 

6,641 

1,138,527 

60,870 

1812 

12,774 

1,507,353 

96,739 

3,350 

696,232 

37,262 

1813 

14,328 

1,665,518 

105,004 

2,647 

540,902 

27,841 

o4 


XVlll 


APPENDIX  NO.  II. 


Xo.  17. 
That  the  official  value,  in  Irish  currency,  of  all  imports  into,  and  exports  from 
Ireland,  for  ten  years,  ending  5th  January,  1813,   distinguisTiing  each  yeai 
and  the  value  of  foreign  articles  exported,  -was  as  follows: — 


Official 

value  of 

Official 

Irish  produce 

Foreign  &  colo- 

and manufac- 

nial merchan- 

Years ending-  the  5th  January, 
1804 

exports. 

tures  exported 

dize  exported. 

5,275,650 

4,629,086 

141,302 

1805 

5,712,802 

4,903,261 

171,179 

1806 

5,736,214 

5,059,867 

142,481 

1807 

5,605,959 

5,033,354 

157,666 

180S 

6,637,907 

5,307,806 

150,370 

1809 

7,129,507 

5,696,897 

234,112 

1810 

7,471,557 

5,408,910 

330,933 

1811 

6,564,578 

5,471,012 

627,472 

1812 

7,234,603 

5,833,996 

256,415 

!         1813 

8,820,359 

6,463,744 

404,424 

No.  18. 
That  the  number  of  Vessels,  with  the  amount  of  their  Tonnage,   that  were  built' 
and  registered,  in  the  several  ports  of  Ireland,  in  the  ten  years,  ending  5th 
January,  1813,  teas  as  follows  : — 


Years  ended  5th  January, 
1804 

Vessels. 

~~ 42~_ 

Tons. 

2,418 

1805 

38 

1,611 

1806 

28 

1,212 

1807 

41 

1,687 

1808 

io 

1,838 

1809 

32 

1,235  | 

1810 

31 

1,643  i 

1811 

21 

1,331   | 

1812 

41 

1,655   j 

1813 

50 

1,952   ' 

Xo.  19. 

That  the  number  of  Vessels,  with  the  amount  of  their  Tonnage,  and  number  of 
J\len  and  Hoys  usually  employed  in  navigating  them,  which  belonged  to  the 
several  ports  of  Ireland,  in  the  ten  years,  ending  50th  September,  1812,  dis- 
tinguishing each  year,  was  as  follows  : — 


Vears  ending1  30th  September, 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Men. 

1803 

1,065 

58,871 

5,218 

1804 

1,061 

58,060 

5,176 

1805 

1,067 

56,755 

5,062 

1806 

1,076 

55,545 

5,081 

1807 

1,098 

56,902 

5,217 

1808 

1,104 

68,958 

5,324 

1809 

1,119 

61,150 

5,560 

1810 

1,126 

58,646 

5,416 

1811 

1,133 

59,1.54 

5,484 

1812 

1,111 

57,103 

5,320 

APPENDIX  NO.  11. 


XIX 


No.  20. 


That  the  number  of  vessels,  with  the  amount  of  their  tonnage,  and  the  number 
of  men  and  boys  employed  in  navigating  the  same,  ("including  their  repeat- 
ed voyages  )  and  entered  inwards,  in  the  several  ports  of  Ireland,  from,  or  to 
all  parts  of  the  world :  in  the  ten  years  ending  5th  Jan.  1813 — distinguish- 
ing each  year,  and  the  Irish,  British,  and  foreign  vessels,  was  as  follows  : — 


Years 
ending 
5th  Jan. 
1804     - 

INWARDS. 

IRISH. 

BRITISH. 

FOREIGN. 

Ships i  Tons. 
1^3T5:  97,946 

Men. 

Ships 

Tons. 
56934 

Men. 
32,286 

Ships 
600~ 

Tons. 
947800 

Men.! 

6,529 

5,996 

6,1 59j 

1805     - 

1,243;  90,541 

6,1166,242 

610,618 

33,553 

534 

79,778 

5,182 

1806     - 

1,276    91,290 

6,230:6,139 

580,752 

33,775 

545 

82,420 

5,539 

1807     - 

1,497  102,163 

7,0496,687 

630,368 

36,818 

498 

80,001 

5,055 

1808     - 

1,503107,733 

7,231:6,836 

652,946 

36,539 

461 

78,533 

4,674 

1809     - 

1,583  111,614 

7,48517,189 

696,403 

38,426 

159 

25,326 

1,580 

1810     - 

1,546  103,698 

7,21715,975 

535,299,30,648 

343 

56,946 

3,525, 

1811     - 

1,982  130,991 

8,983:7,514 

673,540  i.38,536 

660 

119,188 

6,643' 

1812     - 

1,956  133,748 

9,125j7,404 

686,255|39,504 

644 

129,994 

6,673 1 

1813     - 

2,229|152,355 

10,398|9,022 

830,473147,809 

405 

79,307 

4,255! 

No.  21. 

That  the  number  of  vessels,  with  the  amount  of  their  tonnage,  and  the  number  of 
men  and  boys  employed  in  ?iavigati?ig  the  sa?ne,  including  their  repeated 
vonages,  that  cleared  outwards,  in  the  severed  ports  of  Ireland,  from,  or  to, 
all  parts  of  the  world :  in  the  ten  years,  ending  5th  January,  1813,  distin- 
guishing each  year,  and  the  Irish,  British  and  foreign  vessels,  was  as  fol- 
lows : — 


1       Years 

OUTWARDS. 

ending1 

IRISH.                                         BRITISH. 

FOREIGN. 

1 

1    5th  Jan. 

Ships 
131 

Tons. 

90,254 

Men.  jShipsJ  Tons.    ,  Men. 

Ships 

Tons. 

Men.l 
5,728 

;  1804     - 

6,324  5,160  509,387  29,368 

553 

93,995 

1  1805     - 

1,080 

82,934 

5,832:5,013  507,177  28,337 

531 

78,971 

5,093 

!  1806     - 

1,172 

90,173 

6,07715,442  535,761  30,648 

521 

77,783 

4,910 

!  1807     - 

1,353 

97,162 

6,754!5,888o74,688  32,441 

522 

83,048 

5,139: 

j  1808     - 

1,320 

97,856 

6,797|6,294  615,702  34,631 

418 

72,662 

4,130 

:  1809     - 

1,405 

108,435 

7,22116,473  641,157 

35,715 

163 

27,856 

1,591) 

;  1810     - 

1,527 

109,144 

7,398  5,877538,699 

30,477 

000 

56,267 

3,225 

1811     - 

1,841 

125,389 

8,650  6,931627,012 

35,595 

639  1117,414 

6,312 

'  1812     - 

1,853  129,031 

8,6516,865  642,767 

36,05 1, 

621  i'126,588 

6,265, 

.  1813     - 

2,103 

151,141 

10,04218,465  792,829 

45,437J 

421  !  85,505 

4,368: 

ERRATA. 


Page  27,  line  1,  for  "  inclusive"  read  exclusive — page  33,  last  line,  for 
"  one"  read  our — page  35,  line  1,  for  "those"  read  these — page  47,  line  9, 
for  "  these"  read  their — page  76,  Table  No.  VII.  the  heading  inserted  by 
mistake — page  92,  line  10,  strike  out  "  in" — page  95,  line  20,  for  "  prices" 
read  price — page  99,  line  1,  for  "  1804"  read  1814 — page  102,  Note,  for 
"  Peccohet's"  read  Peuchcfs — page  105,  line  15,  for  "parts"  read  ports — 
page  110,  line 26,  for  "  1795"  read  1793— page  116,  line  20,  for  "the"  be- 
fore  climate,  readier — page  136,  line  2,  for  "the"  before  citizens,  read 
their — page  141,  line  8,  for  "  them"  read  thence — page  144,  last  line,  for 
"  chapter"  read  chapters — page  170,  line  15,  strike  out  the  word  "and"  and 
figures  YT. — page  172,  line  10,  for  "negotiated"  read  regulated — page  196, 
line  21,  for  "  pounds"  read  tierces — page  248,  for  "  pounds"  after  the  word 
"  salt"  read  bushels — page  264,  line  31,  for  "  or"  read  o/i--page  290,  line  10 
strike  out  "and"  between  "lands  and  purchased" — page  301,  line  12,  for 
"  373"  read  673,  and  for  "  573"  read  873 — page  301,  last  line,  for  "  pur- 
pose" read  purchase — and  page  306,  Table  No.  1J.  line  35,  for  "  redeemed" 
read  reduced. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 

■ 

REC'D  10-UHB 

/ 

JUL  2  0 1988 

/ 

UN  2  5 1992 

/ 

/ 

Form  L9-Series  444 

/ 

/ 

3  1158  00505  0694 


HL 
105 
P68s 
1816 


